A famous classical Chinese article is urgently needed.
Come back home
Author: Tao Yuanming
Come back home! Will the countryside be full of wild beards? Since you regard your heart as a servant, you are ridiculed and melancholy and only sad? Realize that the past is not admonished, and you know that you can catch up with what is coming; you are not far off when you are actually lost, and you realize that what you are doing now is not what you were yesterday.
The boat is rocking and the wind is blowing, and the clothes are blowing. I asked Zheng Husband about the way forward, and I hated the faintness of the morning light. Looking at the house, I feel happy and run away. The servant boy welcomes you, and the child waits for the door. Three paths are deserted, but only pines and chrysanthemums survive. When I brought my child into the house, there was a bottle full of wine. Use the wine cup to drink for yourself, and look at the court to enjoy your beauty. Leaning against the south window to express your pride, it is easy to rest your knees when looking at your appearance. The garden is filled with sunlight to make it interesting. Although the gate is set up, it is always closed. He helped the old man to rest, with his head raised, and he looked around. The clouds have no intention to come out of Xiu, and the birds know when they are tired of flying. The scenery is blurry and the scenery is about to enter, caressing the lonely pine and wandering around.
Come back and come back, please pay me a visit and never travel again. The world has been with me for a long time. How can I ask for my return? Love words to please relatives, music on the piano and writing to soothe worries. The farmer told me that spring was coming, and something was going to happen in the west. Or a life-carrying carriage, or a solitary boat. It is both graceful and graceful to find ravines, and also rugged to pass through hills. The trees are flourishing and the springs are beginning to trickle. When I envy all things, I feel grateful for the rest of my life.
That’s it! When will Yuxingyu be restored? Why not stay and go as you please? What is Hu Wei worried about? Wealth and honor are not my wish, and an imperial homeland cannot be expected. I can go there alone when I have a good time, or I can work hard with my stick in hand. Climb the East Col to whistle, and compose poems near the clear stream. Talking about the multiplication and returning to the end, Yuefu's destiny returns to ridicule?
"Chen Qing Biao", one title is "Chen Qing Shi Biao". "Biao" is a memorial or letter written by ancient ministers to the emperor Chen Da about his love affairs. "Chen Qing Biao" is a letter written by Li Mi to Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty stating that he could not obey the imperial edict because he supported his grandmother. ?
This article takes the concept of filial piety as the central structure. The concept of loyalty and filial piety is a set of opposites that are unified and occupy the core ethical consciousness in China's feudal patriarchal society. As a lowly prisoner of the subjugated country, Li Mi would be suspected of favoring the old dynasty if he refused to enlist after receiving the appointment edict from the new dynasty, and he might even be killed. In the article, Li Mi relied on his feelings of filial piety and raised the banner of "the holy dynasty governed the world with filial piety". He repeatedly told his request for his adopted grandmother, turning passivity into initiative, so that Emperor Wu of Jin agreed to his request.
This article mainly explains the reasons why the author refused to die. However, the author did not elaborate too much on the truth. Instead, he mainly focused on narrative and used emotions in the narrative. This article first describes the grandmother's kindness to the author in his early years and her dependence on the author in his later years. Secondly, it shows the author's gratitude to the state, county and court for his repeated conquests and the current dilemma. Once again, he expresses his feelings and does not follow the imperial edict. It was not that he had any ulterior hopes. He repeatedly stated that "grandfather and grandson are inseparable from each other." Finally, he stated that everything he said was true, and he hoped that Emperor Wu of Jin would understand it. The article tried its best to exaggerate his own misfortune and the tragedy of his family, and repeatedly described the situation of his grandmother who was old and sick and in critical condition. When reading it, one can't help but feel sympathy. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty once said emotionally after reading: "The reputation of scholars is not in vain!" (Volume 88 of "Book of Jin")
"Generally speaking, conciseness and refinement are the first priority, and use of words is taboo. It should be profound and remote, avoid delicate language, and avoid complicated narratives." (Wune's "Preface to Differentiating Styles of Articles") "Chen Qing Biao" is a model work of calligraphy articles, with simple and honest language, humble tone, and euphemistic meaning. The speech is moody and the phonology is harmonious. The sentence structure is mainly four-character sentences, with dual sentences appearing repeatedly, and sentences of varying lengths in between, which are neat and varied. The language is catchy, very lyrical and has strong appeal. Some four-character sentences are concise, concise and vivid, and have been condensed into idioms or idioms commonly used in later generations.
Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs
This article is the most famous of Han Yu's mourning essays, and is also considered to be the "unique tune of the ages" in ancient Chinese mourning essays (Ming Dynasty, Mao Kun language). The reason why this is so is not due to the superb skills used in the memorial text, but only to the sincerity of the emotion, which is naturally revealed through simple words. ?
Han Yu and Twelve Lang spent a difficult childhood together when their families suffered successive misfortunes. And because of family, affection and age relationships, although Han Yu and Twelve Lang are called uncles and nephews, they are brothers. This is the emotional basis for Han Yu to write this article without creating emotions for the article. Han Yu was thirty-six years old when he wrote this article, and Twelve Lang was slightly younger, both of whom were in the prime of life. As far as Han Yu was concerned, although he and Twelve Lang were temporarily separated, they would definitely be together for a long time afterwards, which can fully Appreciate the family happiness between uncle and nephew. However, what Han Yu didn't expect was that Twelve Lang would die before him, so the sad memories of his family and family ties and the regret that he and Twelve Lang had been apart for so long suddenly came to his writing. This is the reason why Han Yu did not need to create feelings for the text when writing this article, but the true feelings were naturally on the verge of breaking out. ?
The memorial article first recalled the difficult years spent with Mr. Twelve Lang when he was a child, and highlighted the family's suffering and desolation through the words of his sister-in-law; The brief reunions between uncle and nephew after returning home highlighted the irreparable mental trauma caused to him by Twelve Lang's sudden death. At this point in the writing, the author's emotional floodgates can no longer be suppressed. First, from "The young are mourning and die young, the old are declining and survive", a long paragraph of sad words that are both true and illusory, always doubting and finally believing, is generated, and then from Not knowing the exact date of Twelve Lang's death, a long paragraph of regretful words filled with tears and self-blame came out. At this point, the emotion of the article reaches its climax, which also gives readers a strong shock. Amidst the outpouring of emotions, the author still took the opportunity to make arrangements for Twelve Lang's funeral and family affairs one by one; for Han Yu, the only remaining elder of Twelve Lang, these are indispensable contents in the memorial.
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Complementing the natural expression of true feelings is the unfalsified carving of the sacrificial text. The author seems to have a normal conversation with Twelve Lang, sometimes narrating, sometimes expressing emotions, sometimes quoting characters' words, and sometimes quoting words from letters. On the surface, it seems complicated and verbose, and naturally creates a lingering, pathos, and recurring tragedy. atmosphere. ?
Most readers may not have the emotional experience of bereavement. Because of the time gap, today's readers especially lack a deep understanding of the desolation and loneliness of Han Yu's family, which he lamented repeatedly. However, readers throughout the ages have been moved by this article, and some have even cried sadly. The reason is that on the one hand, readers have the initiative to put themselves in others' shoes and change their stance; on the other hand, good articles have strong appeal and "empathy". ” role. The appeal of "Ji Twelve Lang Wen" comes from the above two aspects. ?
The common style of mourning poems is mostly rhyme. Han Yu's memorial essay, driven by his true feelings and eagerness to pour in, broke this convention and used prose that was smoother and easier to express emotions. This is also a creation.
Preface to Poems by Yuxi
"Preface to Poems by Yuxi" is the preface written by Liu Zongyuan for his "Eight Foolish Poems".
"Eight Foolish Poems" is a set of poems about mountains and rivers that Liu Zongyuan wrote in order to relieve the resentment accumulated in his heart after he was demoted to Yongzhou. "Eight Foolish Poems" has been lost.
Generally speaking, there are two types of prefaces, one is the book preface and the other is the separate preface. The preface is generally used to state the author's purpose and is usually placed at the beginning of the chapter. Farewells are generally used to say goodbye to friends. "Preface to Poems of Foolish Creek" is a preface to the book, in which Liu Zongyuan states his purpose in writing "Eight Foolish Poems".
The word "Stupid" is written throughout "Preface to Poems of Yuxi". There are six paragraphs in the full text. The first and second paragraphs describe the creek and the hills, springs, ditches, ponds, halls, pavilions, islands, etc. near the creek, which are named Yuxi, Yuqiu, Yuquan, and Yugou. , Yuchi, Yutang, Yuting, Yudao. The third paragraph is the reason why the river is named after Yu. The fourth paragraph is about the types and nature of stupidity. The fifth paragraph is about the fun of writing about fools. The last paragraph summarizes the reasons for writing "Eight Foolish Poems".
Yuxi was originally called rǎnxi. Why is it called Rǎn Creek? Some people say that a person named Ran once lived here and got its name from his surname, so it is called Ran Creek. Others say that the water in the stream can be dyed, so it is called Ran Creek. In short, whether it is called Ranxi or Ranxi, there is a reason. So, why do we need to change the name of the stream? It is said that "those who live in the soil cannot but change their names." This means that the local people have been arguing over whether it is Ranxi or Ranxi, so it has to be changed. But why should it be renamed Yuxi? Because "If you are guilty of stupidity, you will be banished to Xiaoshuishui. Love is the stream. If you enter two or three miles, the family of the one who gets it will be the most outstanding. In ancient times, there was Yugong Valley, but now it is the stream at my home. But the name cannot be determined...so it is called Yuxi."
"Being guilty of being foolish" means that I was guilty of violating the criminal law because of my ignorance. "Relegated to Xiaoshui" means being demoted to Xiaoshui. "The one who has found something extraordinary can find a home", which means that he has found a place with excellent scenery and settled down. The word "home" here is a verb, which means to settle down or live down. "Foolish Old Man Valley" is located in the west of Linzi, Shandong Province. "Now my home is a stream, but the name cannot be determined", "so it is called Yugong River", which means that now I live by this stream, and I don't know what to name it. In view of the fact that there was Yugong Valley in ancient times, So the name of the stream was changed to Yuxi.
Actually, Yu Gong is not stupid. The reason why he calls himself Yu Gong is just a protest against the dark politics. Similarly, changing the name of the creek to Foolish Creek is also a protest against dark politics. Not only that, "criminalizing stupidity" is a protest against dark politics. "Using stupidity to offend sin" is a kind of irony in itself! The implication is that smart people will not do stupid things like so-called crimes. After committing a crime, not only will his wife and children be affected, but also the place where he lives will be affected. What an injustice this is! Isn’t this a protest against dark politics?
More What's more, there are the hills "above the Foolish River", the springs sixty steps northeast of the hills, the ditch where the springs merge and bend to the south, the pond where the earth is loaded with stones to block its narrow pass, the hall on the east of the pond, and the pavilion on the south of the hall. , the island in the pool... Although "the trees and rocks are misplaced, all of which are the wonders of the landscape", they are all named after the character Yu, called Yuqiu, Yuquan, Yugou, Yuchi, Yutang and Yudao. Why is this? It’s all about “giving something to others, and being foolish and humiliating”. This is even more unfair, and naturally it is also a protest against dark politics!
“Meeting and bending south” means that the springs merge together and flow southward in a twisting and turning way. "Jiamu and strange stones are staggered", which means that good forest trees and strange stones are staggered.
"The benevolent are happy in the mountains, and the wise are happy in the water." Water and fools are not originally related to each other. "Now the stream alone is humiliating to fools." Is this allowed? The truth is said to be true. "Because the flow is very low, it cannot be irrigated. It is also steep and steep, with many rocks, and large boats cannot enter. It is deep, shallow and narrow, and dragons would not look down upon it. It cannot cause clouds and rain, and it cannot benefit the world, but it is suitable for me. However, although It's okay to be insulted and foolish."
"The stream is very low" means that the water level of the stream is too low. Junji refers to the rapidity of the water; Dishi refers to the beach rocks. Deep and shallow means that the valley is deep and the stream is shallow and narrow; Jiaolong disdain means that Jiaolong disdains to live there. The dragon is an animal in ancient legends. According to folklore, it can cause wind, rain and floods. "It is not for the benefit of the world, but it is suitable for others. However, it is humiliating and foolish, but it is okay.
"The meaning of these sentences is that Xi has nothing to benefit the world, but is similar to me, so even if it is humiliated by using the title of Yu, it is okay. However, connecting Yu with me is in itself It is a feeling of anger and injustice, so it is said that the stream is "suitable for me", and humiliating the stream by using the title of Yu is naturally also a feeling of anger and injustice.
The stream is innocent, so it is called Yu. The reason for humiliating it is because "Yu's home is a stream" and "I" "offend with stupidity". So, what kind of fool is "I"? This is where I turn to writing about stupidity. Types and natures.
There are three types of fools, one is like Ning Wuzi, "a country without principles is a fool"; the other is like Yan Hui, "a person who does not violate the law is like a fool." Yan Hui is "a wise person but a fool". Therefore, they "cannot be true fools" - they are not really stupid.
Ning Wuzi, a native of Wei in the Spring and Autumn Period His surname is Ning and his given name is Yu, and Wu is his posthumous title. "The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang" says: Ning Wuzi appears to be very smart when the country is clear; when the country is dark, he pretends to be stupid. Others can do this kind of cleverness, but others can't do his kind of stupidity. Yan Hui, whose courtesy name is Ziyuan, is a loyal disciple of Confucius. "The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng" records that Confucius said: I give lectures to Yan Hui all day long. , he never raised different opinions, and seemed very stupid. However, I examined his private words and deeds and found that he could make use of what I taught, which shows that Yan Hui is not stupid like Ning Wuzi. He Yan Hui is certainly not stupid. In fact, He is not stupid, it should be said that they are both smart people. "Zhi" means wisdom; "Zhi" and "Rui" both mean smart. "Wise but acting as a fool" means being smart but pretending to be stupid; "wise as a fool" means knowing but pretending to be stupid. Therefore, neither Ning Wuzi nor Yan Hui are really stupid. And "my" stupidity It’s completely different: “Now that I have a way to deal with it, it goes against reason and goes against things. Therefore, everyone who is a fool is like me. "This is the real fool!
"Youdao" refers to the emperor's sage; "encountering youdao" means encountering the sage emperor; "against reason" means violating the truth;" "Contrary to the facts" means acting in a wrong way. This is all about the Yongzhen innovation.
In 805 AD, the first year of Yongzhen reign by Emperor Shunzong of the Tang Dynasty, Wang, Wang Shuwen, Liu Zongyuan and others took over the government. , launched a political reform movement, targeted the wealthy nobles, vassal towns, and eunuchs, and did some things that were beneficial to the people. Due to subjective and objective reasons, the movement only lasted 146 days before the eunuchs colluded with the wealthy nobles. The suppression continued. As a result, Shunzong Li Song was forced to give up his throne to Prince Xianzong Li Chun. After Li Chun came to power, he killed Wang Shuwen and forced the king to death. Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou as a Sima. , refers to meeting an emperor like Xianzong. Is an emperor like Xianzong a sage? Obviously, saying that such an emperor is a sage is purely ironic! Therefore, the so-called "unreasonable" "Contrary to the situation" is an irony. "But then no one in the world can fight for this stream, so I can get a special name. "In this way, no one in the world can compete with me for this stream. Only I own it and name it Yuxi. This is even more indignant!
Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou. Later, the court stipulated that he would not be allowed to move for the rest of his life. This meant that Liu Zongyuan could only die in his demoted position. This was naturally the heaviest blow to Liu Zongyuan. In the face of this heavy blow, Liu Zongyuan felt resentment in his heart. If you can't vent your feelings of injustice, you can only rely on the mountains and rivers to anesthetize yourself by detaching yourself from the world. This is why I wrote the fifth paragraph.
"Be good at learning from all kinds of things" means being able to learn from all kinds of things. Illuminating all things; "clear and beautiful" means clean, bright, beautiful and clear; "ringing gold and stone" means the sonorous sound of water, with a sound like gold and stone; "washing all things" means washing all things in the world; "cage all kinds of things" ", which includes various forms; "Hongmeng" refers to the chaotic state before the formation of the universe; "Super Hongmeng" means the world; "Xiyi" refers to the state of emptiness, silence and inability to perceive; "Hunxiyi" means Confused with nature, there is no distinction between things and me; "solitude" means loneliness; "I don't know" means that no one understands me.
What this passage expresses is still a feeling of anger and injustice.
The first sentence at the beginning of this paragraph says "Although the stream is not beneficial to the world", the mood is a bit low. However, as soon as the pen is turned, the emotional color is completely different: the stream can reflect all things and is clean. Bright, beautiful and clear, sonorous, with a sound like gold and stone. This is such a quiet, leisurely, beautiful and harmonious world! Compare such a world with the dark politics in real life, which one is dirty and which one is dirty. Isn't light so obvious? Can such a world only make ignorant people smile, yearn for it, and be so happy that they don't want to leave? If this is the case, then what are those smart people yearning for? What kind of world is this? It’s really a hidden meaning, and it’s thought-provoking!
Then he turned his pen again and expressed his feelings directly. After being squeezed out, although I was lonely and lonely, I had a pen that could wash away all things in the world and encompass all forms to accompany me and comfort me.
Isn't it better to return to one's original nature and enjoy oneself in this unobstructed and unencumbered nature than to live in that dark and dirty world? No one can understand me in my purity and loneliness. This is not to promote isolation from the world. There is no dispute about the thought of transcendence, but it is still expressing the cynical and unfair feelings deep in the heart!
The whole "Preface to Yuxi Poems" contains the word "foolish". From "criminalizing stupidity" to "singing stupid songs with stupid words", it fully expresses the cynicism of an upright scholar-official who has suffered heavy blows. At the same time, it also makes a powerful accusation against the dark rule of feudal society.
"Preface to Poems by Foolish Stream" focuses on lyricism. The article uses foolishness as a clue, integrating one's own foolishness with that of the stream. It is obviously a place with excellent scenery, but "Yu's home is a stream." Since I live beside this stream, I have to impose the word "silly" on the head of the stream. Obviously it is "the misplacement of fine trees and strange stones, all of which are the wonders of the landscape", but for my sake I have to impose the word "foolish" on the heads of hills, springs, ditches, ponds, halls, pavilions and islands. In this way, the author integrates his own foolishness with the foolishness of streams, hills, springs, ditches, ponds, halls, pavilions, islands, etc. From the humiliation of being given foolish titles such as streams, hills, springs, ditches, pools, halls, pavilions, islands, etc., we can naturally think of the humiliation the author suffered. Streams, hills, springs, ditches, pools, halls, pavilions, and islands all seem to be the author's confidants in suffering, and the strange rocks and trees have become symbols of the author's honest character. The article is fresh and beautiful. The first two paragraphs are basically narratives, expressing emotions in the narratives, while the last three paragraphs are mainly discussions, expressing emotions in the discussions. The language is concise and vivid, and the structure is rigorous and appropriate. It is worthy of being a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation.
"Qian Chibi Fu" was written in July of the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), when Su Shi had been living in Huangzhou for nearly four years. The author was innocently killed and was demoted for a long time. It is inevitable to feel depressed and angry. But he was able to deal with it calmly, seek spiritual relief with an optimistic mind, and not be overwhelmed by the depression of world-weariness. In this poem, he expressed his sorrow and explained his sorrow, which reflects this complicated mood.
The poem mainly expresses the author's feelings of boating on Red Cliff on a moonlit night. From boating to lying on the boat, he uses the form of subject-object dialogue to raise and resolve contradictions, revealing the author's hidden worries in a subtle and tortuous way. It also shows his broad-minded attitude towards life. The sadness of the "guest" in the article is caused by three feelings: First, the mountains and rivers in the Red Cliff area trigger him to think of the heroes in history. What heroes they were back then, but where are they now? Not to mention my fishermen and woodcutter on the river! Second, the endless water of the river. When I think about life, it is as small as a drop in the ocean. The third is to get rid of the real situation, hoping to "carry flying immortals to travel, hold the bright moon and live forever", but "do not know how unexpected it is". Writing about the cause of the "guest"'s sadness actually prepares the ground for Su Zi's enlightening words. Su Zi's words in the article are based on the feelings of the "guests". He talked about the changes in the universe and the philosophy of life. I believe that from the perspective of change, heaven and earth will not remain unchanged for a moment, and life is short and naturally sad; but from the perspective of change, that is, heaven and earth are born with me, and all things are one with me, and they will be endless. Moreover, everything in heaven and earth has its own owner, "If it is not my property, I will not take even a single cent of it." In this way, honor, disgrace, gains and losses, joys and sorrows in the world will no longer matter. Finally, he pointed out a way out for the "guests": to seek spiritual sustenance in nature. Obviously, the words of the guest and Su Zi in the poem reflect the author's ideology. The philosophy of life he talked about has a reasonable and positive side, but it also contains the negative factors of the Buddha's thought of being content with the situation and only being compatible with nature. Therefore, the words of the "guest" truly reflected the author's inner pain. Therefore, when he sent the handwritten "Ode to Qian Chibi" to his friend Qin, he specially wrote a letter and warned: "I am afraid of many difficulties, but Qin loves me." , It must be hidden deep and cannot come out."
The poem is divided into three levels of meaning. One is about the joy of night outing, the second is about the joy that comes from the extreme sadness, and the third is about the enlightenment due to sorrow. The emotional twists and turns are deep and deep. The writing style is ups and downs, integrating description of scenery, lyricism and discussion. The scene is the water and the moon, the light, the emotion is the sadness and joy, the logic is the harmony between things and me, mixed with the sound of the flute, and the long history. The beauty of writing about objects is that they never leave the foreground, and discussions and insights are not limited to the foreground. Emotions arise from the scenery, and the scenery appears from the emotions. The two of them touch each other, making them misty and colorful, creating a wonderful mythical realm. He also uses scenery to reason and combines reasoning with emotion, making the poem full of poetry and painting, as well as philosophy. The author uses a fresh prose style to compose the poem, with parallel words and haiku in the middle, as well as rhyme, and more prose elements. This kind of Fu is called Wen Fu. In addition to adopting the traditional subject-object question-and-answer format of Fu style, "Qian Chibi Fu" has sentence patterns of any length, well-proportioned rhymes, clear and clear language, lyrics and dialogues, free and easy lyricism and reasoning, and strong expressive power. These are all a development of fu style writing.