Comprehensive information on the Indian Peninsula

The Indian Peninsula, also known as the Indian subcontinent (also known as the South Asian subcontinent or the Indo-Pak subcontinent), is a large peninsula-shaped land south of the Himalayas and the southern extension of the Asian continent. Da *** is between 8-37 degrees north latitude and 61-97 degrees east longitude. Because it is blocked by the Himalayas, it forms a relatively independent geographical unit, but its area is smaller than a continent in the usual sense, so it is called a subcontinent. The total area is approximately 2.09 million square kilometers and the population is approximately 1.3 billion. The countries in the Indian subcontinent are mostly located in the Indian Plate, and some are located in South Asia. Among them, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan east of the Indus River are located on the continental crust; the island country of Sri Lanka is located on the continental shelf; and the island country of Maldives is located on the oceanic crust.

It borders the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Arabian Sea to the west, and Cape Comorin to the south. There is no clear boundary in the north, which generally refers to the south of the line between the Aravalli Mountains and the Jodanagpur Plateau, and is slightly triangular in shape. It is 1,700 kilometers long from north to south and 1,600 kilometers wide from east to west. It covers an area of ​​2.088 million square kilometers and has an average altitude of 600 meters.

One of the three largest peninsulas in southern Asia and the second largest peninsula in the world. With the Deccan Plateau as the main body, it is also called the Deccan Peninsula. The larger rivers include Narmada River, Godavari River, etc. Most areas have a tropical monsoon climate. The cool season is from October to February of the following year, with the average temperature above 10°C; the hot season is from March to June, with temperatures reaching around 35°C in the central part of the plateau; and the rainy season is from July to September. The average annual precipitation is 800 mm. The Indian peninsula in a broad sense also includes the Indus-Gangetic plain. Basic introduction Chinese name: Indian Peninsula Alias: Deccan Peninsula Region: South Asia Geographical location: Located in the Indian Ocean, bordering the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and facing Sri Lanka across the sea Area: 2.09 million square kilometers Population: about 1.3 billion Regional rivers : Narmada River, Godavari River, etc. Average altitude: 600 meters Natural conditions, climate characteristics, environmental characteristics, natural resources, animal distribution, geographical structure, terrain, geological structure, culture and history, history, religion, major cities , Bangalore, Sri Lanka, Pattaya, Maldives, natural conditions and climate characteristics. Most of South Asia is located north of the equator and south of 30° north latitude, except for the Maldives Islands and the southern part of Sri Lanka, which are close to the equator and have a tropical rainforest climate. India Except for the tropical desert climate in the northwest and southern Pakistan, most other areas have a tropical monsoon climate. The formation of the South Asian monsoon climate is closely related to the thermal difference between the land and sea in winter and summer, the seasonal displacement of the planetary wind belt, and the topography of the Tibetan Plateau. According to the advance and retreat of the monsoon, the year can be divided into three seasons: cool, hot and rainy. From December to February, the northeast monsoon blowing from the mainland to the ocean brings clear, dry, and cool weather, which is the cool season. In the cool season, the daily temperature range is large, there is a certain amount of cyclonic rain in the northwest, and there is more precipitation on the east coast of the peninsula. From March to May, as the direct sun point moves northward, the temperature increases rapidly and the climate is hot and dry, which is called the hot season. The temperature in the central Deccan Plateau reaches 35°C, and the absolute highest temperature in the Thar Desert has reached over 50°C, with sandstorms sometimes occurring. From June to September, due to the continuous high temperature in South Asia, a thermal low pressure is generated in northwest India, which strongly attracts the southwest monsoon deflected by the southeast trade wind across the equator, thus further strengthening the power of the southwest monsoon. The southwest monsoon passes through the vast warm tropical ocean and is full of water vapor, bringing abundant precipitation to most parts of South Asia, forming the rainy season. 90% of annual precipitation occurs in the rainy season. The onset of the rainy season is earliest in the western part of the peninsula and latest in northwest India. The late arrival and early departure of the southwest monsoon is a major reason for the large rainfall variability in South Asia. October to November in the Indian peninsula is the end of the rainy season. The temperature begins to gradually decrease, and the air pressure in the northern area gradually increases. As a result, the pressure gradient between the sea and the land gradually weakens. Therefore, the southwest monsoon begins to retreat, the precipitation decreases, and soon turns to cooler weather. season. Tropical monsoon forests occupy a vast area, and their distribution is closely related to precipitation. The west side of the Western Ghats, the south side of the Eastern Himalayas, the Assam region, and most of Sri Lanka are tropical rainforest areas with annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm; most of the Deccan Plateau has annual precipitation of 1,000 to 2,000 mm. In order to reduce evaporation in the hot season, trees shed their leaves in the dry season; in the interior of the Deccan Plateau and the northwest of the Indian Peninsula, the annual precipitation is between 500 and 1,000 mm, mostly shrubs and grassland vegetation; in and around the Thar Desert, rainfall is very high It is a desert or semi-desert with only sparse herbaceous plants and thorny shrubs growing there. Environmental Characteristics The natural conditions of the Indian peninsula are good. The cultivated land area accounts for more than 60% of the country's total land area and is the largest natural resource. Residents in most areas can eat two crops of grain a year, and in the eastern coastal delta area, it can be three crops a year. Indian Peninsula The raw materials and mineral resources required by modern industrial countries are also abundantly stored on the peninsula. Among them, the coal reserves rank eighth in the world, the iron reserves rank fourth in the world, and the output of mica required for manufacturing various electrical appliances ranks first in the world. Not to mention the rich plant resources, there are more than 30,000 varieties of tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal alpine plants. The forest coverage rate is even more impressive, with 74 million hectares of forest area accounting for 22% of the country's total territory.

Today, when people all over the world are worried about the lack of green, Indians can relax for a short time. Natural resources: There are large coal and iron producing areas and heavy industry centers in the northeast; there are also mineral deposits such as manganese, gold, and mica. Agricultural products include millet, rice, cotton, sugar cane, etc., and the proportion of cash crops and plantations in the south has increased. The Deccan Plateau is located on the Indian Peninsula. The terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east, with an average altitude of 600-800m. The east and west sides of the plateau are the Eastern Ghats and the Two Ghats, which are not very high. The plateau between the two mountains has been eroded for a long time. , fragmented, with many residual hills, horsts and trenches. The plateau has an ancient geological age. It is an ancient land mass in the Cambrian period. During the Himalayan movement in the Tertiary period, it was uplifted into some fault block platforms, valleys and hills. After long-term weathering and erosion, the terrain is relatively flat, which is conducive to farming. In the plateau area, Due to large-scale basalt eruptions in ancient times, fertile black soil was formed through weathering, which is suitable for growing cotton. It is also called black cotton soil and is an important cotton-producing area in India. In the south-central region, there is less precipitation and it is the production area of ​​peanuts and corns grown in India. The northeastern part of the plateau is India's main mining area. Mineral resources include iron ore, manganese ore, coal, mica and other minerals. Iron ore is exported to Japan and other countries in large quantities. The main body of the Indian peninsula. It is a vast undulating plateau with an average altitude of 450-900 meters. It is higher in the west and lower in the east. Major rivers originate from the plateau and flow into the Bay of Bengal in the east. They cut and fragment the plateau, forming east-west hills, mountains, river valleys, plains and basins of varying sizes. The western part of the plateau is covered with a large area of ​​thick basalt layer. The weathered layer has good water retention properties and is suitable for planting cotton, millet and other crops. Indian tropical rainforest The inland part of the Indian peninsula in South Asia. Located in southern India. It is an ancient platform of the Precambrian period. It is about 600 meters above sea level. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. It is wide in the north and narrow in the south. It forms an inverted triangle and extends from the Asian continent to the Indian Ocean in the south. The eastern edge of the plateau is the Eastern Ghats, and the western edge is the Western Ghats. The plateau between the two mountains has been eroded for a long time and is fragmented, with many residual hills, horsts and trenches. The vast area in the northwest, accounting for about 1/3 of the plateau, is covered by lava. It has a typical continental monsoon climate with abundant rainfall. Among them, mica reserves rank first in the world. Animal Distribution The most noteworthy thing is that the Indian Peninsula is known as the "Animal Kingdom". The animals here are large in number, widely distributed, and of many species, with more than 70,000 species. Lions and tigers are the national animals of India. In ancient times, they were symbols of power and might, and some emperors were named after lions and tigers. Elephants, cows, and monkeys are sacred animals in India and are revered by people. In India, cows are the most sacred animals and killing is absolutely not allowed. Hanuman, the monkey god, is a symbol of wisdom. Although elephants are bulky, Indians regard them as cute animals. In ancient times, elephants were a type of military force, called "elephant soldiers" and participated in battles! In addition, snakes are also one of the animals worshiped by Indians, and many artists make a living by selling snakes. The peacock is the national bird of India. It is protected by people and hunting is strictly prohibited, perhaps because of the famous Maurya Dynasty. The reason why it has become the kingdom of animals is due to the many measures taken by the Indian government to protect animal resources. These measures have been effective, and the number of endangered tigers has increased from less than 2,000 to more than 3,000 today. Geographic structure Terrain The average altitude is 600 meters. The Eastern and Western Ghats are lined up along the coast respectively. Between the two mountains is the Deccan Plateau with an altitude of about 600 meters. There is a narrow piedmont coastal plain at the outer foothills, and there are many valleys cut by rivers in the interior. Basins and hills and mountains. It is higher in the west and lower in the east, and all rivers except the Nabada River flow into the Bay of Bengal in the east. Geological structure: An ancient continent composed of ancient granite, gneiss, schist, etc., with a basalt layer covering an area of ​​520,000 square kilometers in the west, which is suitable for cotton planting after weathering. Geological structures and topography have a very obvious relationship. The Deccan Plateau in the south, which occupies most of the Indian Peninsula, is a huge ancient landmass of the Precambrian period. It is the core of the subcontinent and part of Gondwana. At the end of the Cretaceous, a large-scale basalt overflow occurred in the northwest of the Deccan Plateau, covering an area of ​​400,000 square kilometers, forming the largest lava platform in the world. The topography of the Deccan Plateau in Peninsular India is a large ancient massif that has been eroded for a long time and slopes gently to the northeast. The Western Ghats constitute the western edge of the plateau, with a height of about 1,000 to 1,500 meters. Its western slope forms a fault cliff; the Eastern Ghats It forms the eastern edge of the plateau, with a height of about 500 to 600 meters. It is in the shape of low hills, with a wide coastal plain along the coast; there are many horsts and trenches in the interior of the Deccan Plateau. In short, the Deccan Plateau is an ancient, eroded, tilted, and hilly massif of a peneplain cut by many rivers. As for the island of Sri Lanka, it was originally integrated with India in terms of geological structure. It was later separated from India due to the subsidence of the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The north is a part of the mountainous area on the southern side of the Himalayas, which is the product of the Himalayan movement. The Himalayas can be divided into three belts structurally: the northern belt, also known as the Tibetan belt or the Tibetan Himalayan belt, is composed of rock formations from the early Paleozoic to the Tertiary period; the central belt, also known as the Snow Peak Himalayan belt or the Himalayan belt, consists of exposed rocks Mainly granite and gneiss, with many modern glaciers and snow peaks; the southern belt, also known as the outer belt or foothill Himalayan belt, is located between the Indian Great Plains and the Himalayas. It is mainly low foothills, and the rock layers are composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Main, about 1,000 meters in height.

The Indian Great Plains is a foredeep zone belonging to the New Fold Mountains. It was formerly part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It is about 3,000 kilometers long from east to west and 250 to 300 kilometers wide from north to south. It is one of the world's famous great plains. Culture and History: Around 2000 BC to 1500 BC, the militant Aryan group had conquered most of the Indian territory north of the Vindhya Mountains, and the Vindhya Mountains acted like a barrier, dividing part of the peninsula. Southern India and the Deccan Plateau are isolated from the Ganges and Indus river basins in the north. The Aryan language never became popular in the South, where people today speak mainly four non-Indo-European languages, collectively known as Dravidian, each of which has its own extensive ancient literature. The South also tried to resist the oppression or influence hitherto called "Aryan", but in fact the close two-way exchanges between the South and the "Aryan" North in the fields of religion, art, literature, philosophy and many other cultural fields have continued for several decades. millennium. There are undoubtedly differences between north and south in Indian culture, but Indian civilization is an overall name common to both north and south. We can only speculate as to what the South was like in Vedic times. The great narrative poems Mahabharata and Ramayana say that the south and Ceylon were inhabited by wild beasts and demons that had fought the Vedic heroes, in order to maintain contempt for the northerners whom they conquered Sexual description. However, although there may have been battles and attacks, the far south, which was forbidden by the mountains, except for the coastal plains at the east and west ends of the Vindia Mountains, which were susceptible to intrusion, the rest had not been controlled by the Aryans. However, Ceylon (today's Sri Lanka) was invaded and settled from the sea by a group of Aryan-speaking people in the 6th century BC. Soon after or perhaps earlier, it was also invaded by the Dravidians of southern India. The long history and glorious achievements of Indian civilization show that the Indian nation is a great and creative nation. The ancestors of India during the Paleolithic Age mainly relied on hunting and gathering to survive. They migrate in pursuit of food sources and generally have no fixed residence. Later, they learned to use fire to grill food and use animal skins and leaves to cover their bodies. They also began to tame wild dogs. Around 12,000 to 8,000 years ago, Indian ancestors began to plant grains, domesticate livestock, make clay pots, and learn to sew clothes. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of finely polished stone tools from the Neolithic Age across India, especially in northwestern India and the Deccan Plateau. This fact shows that the distribution of Indian ancestors has been quite extensive. India has a vast territory and abundant products. It was obviously a paradise for ancient humans. In addition to the hot summer, India's natural environment is very superior. Since it has been very suitable for human existence since ancient times, India has great attraction for human beings from different regions. Different ethnic groups from Africa, Oceania and Eurasia invaded or immigrated to India. Modern Indians are basically the mixed descendants of these races. Even today, India's race is still quite complex. Therefore, India has always been known as the Museum of Ethnology and the Paradise of Anthropology. Anthropology majors in some Western universities use India as a base for students to conduct internships and research. Religion Hindus believe that everything has a soul and that after death, its soul transfers to a new body. Today, this concept is basically understood as follows: humans can be reborn into many kinds of insects or animals. Therefore, cows, goats, bugs and insects must all be respected. Why cows are uniquely revered among meat animals in India is a mystery. Hinduism does not require its adherents to gather in large numbers in temples; its wooden temples are not gathering places but statements of faith. The doctrine is full of rules for daily life and behavior to obtain eternal life, and it also gradually emphasizes the reincarnation of life. While this concept blesses the misery of the current situation, it also instills some hope in believers. For believers who live in poverty and have a humble status, it provides a kind of comfort, that is, if a person does good deeds, he will be rewarded after death, and his soul can enter the body of a respectable and admirable person; on the other hand, The soul of a deceased person may enter a smaller animal body on its return to earth. Main city Bangalore is a city in southern India and the capital of Karnataka state. The population including the suburbs was 2.914 million (1981). At an altitude of 922 meters, it has developed from a castle into one of the economic and cultural centers of southern India. It is divided into old and new cities: the old city is a commercial area and the new city is an industrial area. Cotton, rice, oil crops, and tobacco are abundant nearby. India is an important heavy industry center, including machinery, electrical appliances, chemicals, aircraft, watches, metal processing and other industries, as well as traditional carpet weaving, cotton spinning, silk spinning and modern tanning industries. Many railways and highways intersect here. There is an airport. 35% of India's IT talents work in Bangalore, and the revenue they generate accounts for a large proportion of India's GDP. World-renowned companies such as Microsoft, HP, 3M, and Infosys have set up offices here. In addition, biotech Technology is also one of its key products. Bangalore is located on the top of a hilly ridge at an altitude of 921 meters. It has a mild and pleasant climate. The average temperature in the hottest month (May) is 27℃ and the coldest month (December) is 21℃. The annual precipitation is 924 mm. After 1681, it was the main city of the Kingdom of Mysore and an important military stronghold during the colonial era. After India's independence, industrialization developed rapidly. It has become a commercial city, the economic center of southern India and a railway and highway transportation hub leading to Madras, Mumbai, Hyderabad and other places.

It has developed modern industries such as steel, machinery, electronics, chemistry, textiles, leather, and food. Located at the intersection of Kannada, Telugu and Tamil cultures, Bangalore has become an active cultural center with educational and research facilities such as Bangalore University, Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Science, University of Agriculture, and National Power Research Institute. The city still retains historical sites such as the stone city built in 1761 and ancient temples. Next to the center of the castle, there are vast gardens and magnificent modern buildings. The seventh largest city in India, with an area of ​​174.7 square kilometers and a population of 5.2 million, it is the capital of Karnataka and an industrial city and commercial center in South India. Many military factories are built here. This prosperous modern commercial center is known as India's "Silicon Valley" and "Garden City". Bangalore means "boiled beans" and was founded in the 16th century. It was occupied by British colonialists since 1831, and it was not until 1947 that British troops evacuated the city. In 1958, Texas Corporation established a design center in Bangalore, paving the way for other multinational information technology companies to set up operations here. In the 1960s, the central government established key national defense and communications research institutions in the city, such as the Scientific Research Institute, the National Aviation Research Institute, and the Radar Electronics Development Company, which enabled the city's information technology industry to develop rapidly. It has become Become India's science and technology hub. Bangalore is also one of the key areas for industrial investment in India. There are India's major aircraft manufacturing plants, electrical appliances, communication equipment, machine tools, automobile manufacturing, pharmaceutical and other factories. Sri Lanka is an island country in the Indian Ocean at the southern tip of the South Asian subcontinent, facing the Indian Peninsula across the Palk Strait to the northwest. Close to the equator, it feels like summer all year round, with an average annual temperature of 28°C. The average annual precipitation in various places ranges from 1283 to 3321 mm. The scenery is beautiful and it is known as the "Pearl of the Indian Ocean". From 2000 BC to 1500 BC, the Aryans, an Indo-European race from the South Russian steppes in Central Asia, immigrated to Ceylon and established the Sinhala dynasty. In 247 BC, King Asoka of the Mauryan Dynasty of India sent his son to the island to promote Buddhism, and was welcomed by the local king. Since then, the Sinhalese people abandoned Brahmanism and converted to Buddhism. Around the 2nd century BC, the Tamils ​​from South India also began to migrate and settle on the island of Ceylon. From the 5th century to the 16th century AD, there were constant wars between the Sinhala Kingdom and the Tamil Kingdom on the island. Since the 16th century, it has been ruled by the Portuguese and the Dutch. It became a British colony at the end of the 18th century. It gained independence in February 1948 and named the country Ceylon. On May 22, 1972, it was renamed the Republic of Sri Lanka. On August 16, 1978, the name of the country was changed to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Pattaya Pattaya tourist area is famous for its sunshine, sandy beaches and seafood. It is known as "Oriental Hawaii" and is a world-famous emerging seaside tourist resort. Pattaya is located on the Gulf of Siam, 154 kilometers southeast of the capital Bangkok, between Indochina and the Malay Peninsula. The urban area covers an area of ​​more than 20 square kilometers, with beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. Every year, 200 to 300 international conferences attended by hundreds of people are held here. It receives more than 1 million tourists every year and earns foreign exchange equivalent to more than 7 billion baht in Thai dollars. It is one of the important pillars of Thailand's tourism industry. Pattaya Maldives Maldives is located in the Indian Ocean southwest of the Indian Peninsula, close to Sri Lanka, with an area of ​​298 square kilometers and a population of more than 220,000. The Maldives Islands are an atoll composed of 1,196 beautiful coral islands, like a garland, so they are also known as the "Garland Islands". The islanders of the Maldives call their country the "Kingdom of the Islands." In ancient times, sailors who sailed in the Indian Ocean and Indian business travelers called it the "Island of Garlands" - "MALDAIV" because of its terrain. This is where the name Maldives comes from. The coconut groves, sea water, sunshine, beaches and colorful corals on the island are a paradise in the minds of many people. Most of the local residents believe in Islam, speak Divali, and speak English among officials and the upper class. Its capital, Male (or Mali), is the smallest national capital in the world, with a population of approximately 46,000.

Maldives