Idioms, proverbs, sayings, and related stories and meanings about the Yellow River

Comprehensive learning, writing, and oral communication: Yellow River, the mother river

1. Activity goals

1. Love the rivers and mountains of the motherland, feel the civilization of the Yellow River, and understand how the Yellow River, as the "Mother River", is deeply and comprehensively embedded in Chinese culture.

2． Pay attention to the mother river and strengthen environmental awareness.

3. Cultivate students' ability to collect, organize and filter data according to the theme, and guide students to master the basic methods of analyzing and using the obtained data.

4. Cultivate students' awareness of cooperation and guide students to learn division of labor and collaboration.

5. Exercise students' listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities, focusing on cultivating students' innovative consciousness and creative ability in comprehensive activities.

2. Activity Guidance and Suggestions

For the comprehensive study of this unit, teachers should make corresponding activity plans based on the actual teaching based on the overall grasp of the design intention, and can also be combined with Some content will be added, deleted, and adjusted appropriately to local and school conditions.

This unit takes "Exploring the Yellow River Civilization" as the core of the activity, and takes the study text "Ode to the Yellow River" as an opportunity for the activity to naturally lead into the entire activity. The four parts are interlocking and echo each other: the first part focuses on understanding "the impact of the Yellow River on the formation of Chinese civilization", so "Yellow River, you are the cradle of the Chinese nation" is used as the theme; the second part focuses on collecting poems, essays, Song, hold a theme party to arouse students' feelings for the Yellow River, and "Singing the Yellow River" can be used as the core; the third part is to collect materials, filter information, understand the worries of the Yellow River, arouse the awareness of paying attention to the Yellow River, and protect the Yellow River. By extension, it is also training A kind of environmental protection awareness; the fourth part requires students to express their feelings and understandings in writing on the basis of the previous three links, and summarize the gains from participating in the activities as a self-evaluation.

During the teaching process, teachers should pay attention to the following aspects:

First, break the whole into parts and arrange activities interspersed with them.

This unit has a lot of content and the class time is quite intense. When teaching, attention should be paid to breaking down many activities and interspersing them into teaching activities inside and outside the classroom within two weeks. This comprehensive activity plan takes up two periods of classroom teaching time, one period is used to arrange and guide students' activities, and one period is used to display and evaluate the results of students' activities. The rest of the activities should basically be divided into parts and carried out during and after class.

Some content (such as the relevant content in "Ode to the Yellow River" in the first part) can be integrated into classroom teaching; common knowledge and words about the Yellow River can be displayed through handwritten newspapers, blackboard newspapers, etc.; and the Yellow River Relevant stories and legends can be used in three-minute speeches before class to exercise students' oral expression skills; as for the songs and poems about the Yellow River collected by students, they can be arranged and performed by themselves in class meetings or evening parties; and of course students design public service announcements. It can also be done in your spare time, and the results can also be displayed in the classroom or on campus.

With this arrangement, the problem of insufficient class time can be solved.

Second, divide the work into groups and arrange activities.

Faced with the eight major tasks in the four parts of this unit, even if the teacher makes decomposition arrangements, students will feel exhausted. Therefore, teachers should also help students divide into several groups, so that each group takes on a task and there is a specific and clear division of labor within the group, so as to give full play to students' subjective awareness and cooperative spirit. Finally, the above division of labor is integrated through display of results, evaluation activities, etc. to achieve maximum sharing of resources so that students can benefit from each other.

However, one or two activities must still be retained (it is recommended that teachers choose the fourth part) as common activities for everyone to participate in. Students are required to write an essay after each group exchanges, and write an essay. Summarize to ensure that the activities are somewhat comprehensive and have points and points.

Explanation of design intentions and specific guidance suggestions for each activity

Part 1 activity content:

1. Review the lesson "Ode to the Yellow River", search for relevant information, and discuss the following questions (see textbook).

This activity aims to deepen the understanding of poetry and fill the "gaps" in poetic language with more knowledge. It is a typical reading method; at the same time, it is a natural introduction to this activity and is easy to read. Arouse students' interest. Teachers can ask students to complete it by themselves after class and communicate with each other during class or before class. It doesn't have to take up too much time. The specific explanation is as follows:

①For the first question, see the appendix after class. The second question - the history of capital establishment by dynasties in the Yellow River Basin is as follows: the Xia Dynasty established its capital at Yangcheng (today's Dengfeng, Henan Province), the Shang Dynasty established its capital at Bo (today's Shangqiu, Henan Province), later moved its capital to Yin (today's Anyang, Henan Province), and the Zhou Dynasty established its capital at Bo (today's Shangqiu, Henan Province). Haojing (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), the Qin Dynasty established its capital in Xianyang, the Western Han Dynasty established its capital in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), the Eastern Han Dynasty established its capital in Luoyang, the Wei and Jin Dynasties all established their capitals in Luoyang, the Sui and Tang Dynasties established their capital in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), and the Song Dynasty The capital was in Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan).

② The Yellow River originates from the northern foot of the Bayan Har Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows into the Bohai Sea. It has a total length of 5,464 kilometers and flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong. Provinces.

③ Omit.

2． Folk stories related to the Yellow River.

This activity is designed to train students' generalization ability and oral and written expression skills. In the process of collecting stories, students should be required not to copy the original text as much as possible, but to make appropriate cuts or polishes to the stories.

The stories compiled by students can be published in handwritten newspapers or blackboard newspapers. You can also use the speaking time of a few minutes before class to let students tell stories on stage and practice oral expression.

① The legend of the source of the Yellow River.

② Myths and legends related to the Yellow River.

③ Stories about historical figures related to the Yellow River.

A. Jiang Taigong is fishing.

B． Zheng Guoqu.

(For the above answers, please refer to the book "Yellow River", edited by CCTV, China Youth Publishing House, 1989 edition)

3. Activities about collecting common sayings, proverbs and idioms.

This activity provides an opportunity for students to accumulate vocabulary and cultural knowledge, thereby experiencing the profound cultural accumulation of the Yellow River in national culture. Teachers should use this to emphasize the importance of vocabulary learning, so that students can feel the fun of vocabulary accumulation and master one or two methods of learning vocabulary.

Teachers should grasp three links when guiding this activity: collecting words - understanding the meaning - and learning to use them. For example: "The river is clear and the sea is clear" is the Chinese people's ideal of peace and prosperity; "The Jing and the Wei are clear" is the cultural reflection of the two tributaries of the Yellow River (the Jing water is clear and the Wei water is turbid). Students are required to copy out example sentences in order to fully understand the meaning of the words from the situation, and are also required to use the words to make sentences.

The second part of the activity is to collect poems and songs about the Yellow River.

This activity can be carried out in conjunction with music teachers and can be regarded as a comprehensive interdisciplinary learning activity. You can ask the music teacher to recommend and introduce relevant songs and folk songs for teaching and singing. This can be done in music class or after class. You can also use class meetings or even perform in school cultural activities. Chinese teachers mainly work on reflecting the Chinese characteristics of the activities. They should ask students to copy the lyrics and guide students to taste and analyze. Students should be required to recite the poems and introduce them to their classmates.

The third part of the activity is to protect the Yellow River.

The topic of this session is "environmental protection". Among them, the first one focuses on understanding the current situation of the Yellow River, and the second one focuses on publicity and appeal, but the ultimate purpose is the same. It may be helpful for students to work in groups to undertake various tasks. First, some students collect information or conduct surveys and communicate with each other, and then guide students to design public service advertisements and display them, so that the two activities can echo each other and enhance the effect of the activities. If local conditions are limited, teachers can also organize students to investigate and collect the conditions of other rivers or local rivers. There is no need to insist on uniformity.

The organization, hosting, and lectures of investigation and exchange activities should be undertaken by students in order to fully train them.

The design of public service advertisements should strive to be clever, vivid, and creative, but it should still highlight the characteristics of the Chinese subject. If students do not have the talent to draw, they can use words only to describe their ideas. Of course, students with different specialties can also be organized into several groups and designed together to reflect the characteristics of cooperative learning.

Part IV activity content-comprehensive writing.

This part is developed based on the first three parts. Through the above activities, students have gained a certain understanding of all aspects of the Yellow River. At this time, the material accumulation process in the writing process has been basically completed. The key lies in how to determine the topic angle and how to appropriately express their opinions and feelings. Questions 1 and 2 are conventional compositions. It is recommended that teachers assign students to complete one of the questions. The "Weekly Diary" writing in question 3 can be used as students' self-evaluation of this large-scale activity. Teachers should guide students to carefully summarize their gains and experiences from the activity, as well as their own shortcomings. This is an important reference for activity evaluation. .

3. Activity evaluation

1. Focus on process evaluation.

The purpose of comprehensive activities is to provide students with an opportunity to exercise their abilities and promote development. The purpose of student research is not only to produce results, but "process evaluation" is crucial. Teachers should first evaluate whether students actively participate, organize seriously, and try hard to organize materials to express their opinions. As long as students have worked hard on one or two of the above links, teachers should give them affirmation. As for whether the conclusions of students' homework results are complete and rigorous, and whether the design is novel and creative, they can only be used as reference factors for evaluation. Even if the student's activity fails, as long as the student actively participates, he will use a variety of knowledge, exercise various abilities, and accumulate a variety of experiences in actual operations. These are extremely valuable things and are comprehensive important basis for evaluation.

2． Don't ask for complete blame, don't ask for all the achievements in one battle.

Don’t expect to train a full range of abilities in one event. Teachers can make overall plans for cultivating students' comprehensive abilities and conduct macro-control by establishing student learning files. Through various activities, students are gradually guided to comprehensively cultivate and develop their abilities. Therefore, after each activity, students only need to be evaluated on some of their best performances (such as students' oral expression, writing, material organization, cooperation with others, etc.), and there is no requirement to cover everything.

3. Multiple evaluation methods are combined with each other.

During evaluation, students’ self-evaluation and mutual evaluation should be combined with teachers’ evaluation, striving to make evaluation a means of encouraging and motivating students, and a means for students to understand themselves and others.

At the same time, teachers should also work hard to create conditions for school evaluation and social evaluation so that students' activity results can be recognized on campus and in society. This kind of evaluation can achieve excellent educational results.

4. Relevant information

1. Ancient geological movements and the formation of the Yellow River (Chen Wutong and Chen Mingjie)

Due to the constant movement of the earth's lithosphere, the North China Platform rose about 1.7 billion years ago. Then it continued to rise, forming the earliest and largest ancient continent in China. In the long period that followed, the North China Platform sank twice and was soaked by seawater. In the Permian (285 million to 230 million years ago), it rose again and emerged from the water again. In this process of repeated uplift and subsidence, a large number of biological remains accumulated in the subsidence area, forming rich coal, oil and natural gas resources.

Then, in the Jurassic (195 million to 137 million years ago) and Cretaceous (137 million to 67 million years ago), what is known as the Yanshan Movement occurred During the orogeny, the present-day North China Plain, which was originally connected to the present-day Shanxi Plateau, turned to subsidence, first forming a basin, and then gradually developing into a large plain. The Shanxi Plateau gradually rose up, forming a situation of being lower in the east and higher in the west. Entering the Cenozoic Era (which began 67 million years ago), another Himalayan orogeny occurred. This orogeny was more intense than the Yanshan Movement. It not only caused the Himalayas to rise from the seabed and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to rise sharply, but also spread throughout China, causing some blocks to rise and become mountains, and some blocks to sink and become basins. For example, the Shanxi Plateau was affected by this orogeny, resulting in two nearly parallel large fault zones, passing through the middle of the plateau from north to south. The fault blocks of the fault zone collapsed downward to varying degrees, forming a long and narrow trough. valley. The southern end of the trough valley is connected with the subsidence zone where Guanzhong is located, forming the Fenwei Basin. Later, some uplifted mountains were eroded by weathering and gradually flattened into plateaus; sinking basins accumulated water and became lakes. Since then, this area has experienced two large-scale glacial activities, and the climate has become cold and dry. The large lakes have gradually shrunk or been divided into many small lakes. Several large lake basins and many small lakes have appeared in the entire region. Lakes and wetlands. The water on the ground flows from high to low, gradually converges into the ancient lake basin, and develops into several independent inland lake systems. At the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountain in the Qinghai Plateau, a stream of water flows from here to the southeast. Because Jishi Mountain, the Animaqing Mountain, and Bayan Har Mountain are sandwiched between the north and south, it flows to the current Ruoergai Grassland, which was sinking at that time. Area, where accumulation accumulated, forming Guzoergai Lake. Another stream of water originating between Xiqing Mountain and Animaqing Mountain flows from southeast to northwest in the canyon of the two mountains, and converges into the ancient basin of today's ***he County, Qinghai Province. On the east side of the ancient Tianhe Basin, there was another stream of water flowing eastward along the canyon at the southern foot of Laji Mountain into present-day Gansu. After passing through today's Lanzhou, it turned north and flowed to present-day Ningxia, where it converged next to the Helan Mountain and formed a fault line. The Yinchuan Basin formed by the collapse formed the ancient Yinchuan Lake. On the eastern edge of the East Ordos Plateau, another river flows through a series of small lakes and flows into the Fenwei Basin, forming the ancient Fenwei Lake. To the east of the Fenwei Basin, stands a tall Zhongtiao Mountain. The water on the east side of the mountain is blocked by the hills of Shandong, and flows eastwards into the sea through different river channels in the north and south of the hills. In this way, from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west to the Shandong hills in the east, four sections of rivers, each with its own source and not connected to each other, gradually formed. The ancient Yellow River gradually evolved based on these independent water systems.

In the early Quaternary period of geological time (which began 2.5 million years ago), that is, around 1 million years ago, the glaciers in this area melted, the climate became warm and humid, precipitation was abundant, and rivers Rapidly rising, the erosion and downcutting effect of running water continues to intensify. The scouring of flowing water causes the river bed to gradually change from shallow to deep, resulting in source-tracing erosion, causing the source position to move in the opposite direction of the river flow, causing the upstream to continuously extend upward. The downward cutting of the flowing water impacts the high mountains and ridges that block its progress, opening up a channel for itself, causing the downstream to extend downwards. At this time, the plateau in central and western China continued to rise, which increasingly intensified the downcut erosion effect of flowing water. The source erosion and incisal erosion of flowing water finally opened up the watershed between the two rivers, giving each closed lake basin an outlet and connecting the independent river sections. The ancient Yellow River has now begun to emerge. However, the ancient Yellow River was still an inland river at this time, and its eastern end ended at the vast Sanmen Ancient Lake, because Zhongtiao Mountain to the east still blocked its way to the sea. However, the ancient Yellow River continued to exert its erosive effect by tracing its source downwards with tenacious perseverance. When a large amount of water from the upstream enters the Sanmen Ancient Lake, the water level rises and exceeds the height of the Sanmen horst. The lake water overflows eastward and continues to cut downward. After a long time, it finally cut through the Sanmen Gorge and flowed into the North China Plain. It was connected with the water on the east side of Zhongtiao Mountain and rushed eastward into the embrace of the sea. A great life was born!

Scholars have different opinions on the specific age when the Yellow River finally rushed through Sanmenxia and connected the entire line, but one thing should be certain, that is, when people lived 70 years ago When the Peking Man appeared in Zhoukoudian from 10,000 to 200,000 years ago, the great river originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had already connected various sections of the river from west to east, and it flowed to the sea and never returned.

However, at this time her downstream is around the south of Shandong hills and enters the sea. Since then, the river channel downstream has undergone several changes and migrations, but the river channel upstream has basically been finalized. Moreover, due to the traceable erosion and extension properties of flowing water, its upper source and lower reaches continue to extend, thus ultimately forming its current appearance.

Today’s Yellow River is 5,464 kilometers long and is the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River. It flows eastward from its source, passing through nine provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong, and flows into the Bohai Sea in Lijin County, Shandong, with a drainage area of ​​752,443 square kilometers. If the area of ​​Ordos inner flow area is added, it will be 794,000 square kilometers. Including the areas along the Yellow River in Henan and Shandong provinces that are closely related to the Yellow River, there are a total of 300 million acres of cultivated land and 120 million people living there. In history, the Yellow River once flowed through the four provinces and cities of Hebei, Tianjin, Anhui, and Jiangsu. The entire alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River covers an area of ​​approximately 250,000 square kilometers. According to the latest statistics released in early 2000, the multi-year average annual runoff of the Yellow River is 58 billion cubic meters, which is only equivalent to 2% of the annual river runoff in the country. However, this Yellow River water, coupled with the limited groundwater in the basin, is responsible for the water supply of 15% of the country's cultivated land, 12% of the population and more than 50 large and medium-sized cities, and transfers water to areas outside the basin over long distances. Responsible for part of the water supply tasks outside the basin. From this number alone, we can see the Yellow River's huge contribution to the economic and historical and cultural development of the Chinese nation.

(Selected from "The Biography of the Yellow River", Hebei University Press 2001 edition)

2. Loess Plateau

The Yellow River runs from Longyang Gorge in eastern Qinghai Province to Sanmen Gorge in western Henan Province, passing through the world-famous loess area. This vast loess area roughly stretches from the Riyue Mountain in the west, to the Taihang Mountain in the east, to the Qinling Mountains in the south, and to the Yinshan Mountain in the north. It covers an area of ​​about 580,000 square kilometers and has an altitude of generally between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. It is called the Loess Plateau. Due to soil erosion here, huge amounts of sediment are transported to the Yellow River every year. The reputation of the "Yellow" River is actually a gift from the Loess Plateau.

The Loess Plateau is the most typical area for loess development in my country. Entering the Loess Plateau, you will suddenly see the golden loess covering the earth. Today's Loess Plateau is almost naked with its broad chest exposed, cut into pieces by undulating hills and criss-crossing ravines, forming a unique natural landscape of the Loess Plateau.

In fact, the Loess Plateau in ancient times was not the scene before us. The mild climate and fertile soil provide a good natural environment for the growth of all things. In 1973, Chinese archaeologists unearthed a relatively complete fossil of an ancient elephant in Heshui County on the bank of the Malian River in the upper reaches of the Jing River in the ravine area of ​​the Loess Plateau. According to archaeological identification, this is the "Yellow River Stegodon" that lived in the Loess Plateau 2 million years ago. This ancient elephant fossil shows people the natural appearance of the Loess Plateau at that time: forests, wilderness and lakes were everywhere; in the vast wilderness, wild horses galloped, antelopes bleated, ostriches strolled, zokors foraged, and ancient elephants flocked ...The Loess Plateau is like a natural zoological and botanical garden.

According to archaeological excavations, the "Lantian ape man", "Dingcun man" and "Hetao man", these primitive humans of the Paleolithic Age, lived on the Loess Plateau in the Yellow River Basin. In modern times, many remains of the Yangshao Culture of the Neolithic Age have been discovered here. For hundreds of thousands of years, human beings have developed the fertile land here with their hard-working hands and created a splendid ancient culture.

Emperor Yan was a tribal leader in ancient my country. Emperor Yan lived in Jiangshui, so he had his surname. Jiangshui is located east of present-day Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, and belongs to the Weihe River Basin of the Loess Plateau. Legend has it that he "controlled the grass and taught the people how to farm due to the favorable timing of heaven and the distribution of land." He tasted hundreds of herbs to cure diseases. Therefore, Emperor Yan was also called Shennong. The ancestors of the Yandi tribe were the first to open up the Wei River Basin. In the long-term production practice, they used collective wisdom and hard work to make the fertile loess grow crops grown by human hands, making the Wei River Basin on the Loess Plateau, It became the birthplace of primitive agriculture in our country.

The emergence of agriculture marked the beginning of human settlement. From the Xia and Shang Dynasties to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Loess Plateau was gradually reclaimed, and a prosperous scene of planting "one hundred grains and one hundred vegetables" appeared. The "Yu Gong" chapter of Xia Shu is the earliest geographical work in the history of our country. It is said that this book was cast on the Jiuding and described the geography and product conditions of various parts of China at that time. "Yu Gong" says that the Loess Plateau area in Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province north of the Qinling Mountains today has "yellow soil" and "fields are on top." Shangshang is the highest among the nine levels. The Loess Plateau during the Dayu period was indeed a place with abundant products and prosperity. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, a large number of agricultural products such as rice, sorghum, millet, wheat, bean sprouts, millet, millet, and mulberry, hemp, melon, and fruit were planted here, and livestock and poultry such as horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs, and hogs were domesticated. . According to statistics from the second year of Yuanshi (2 AD) of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty, more than 2.4 million people lived in the Sanfu area (today's Huayin, Gaoling, and Meixian) around the capital Chang'an alone. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, animal husbandry was very developed here. In the Han Dynasty, there were more than 10 million livestock; in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were even more, with 6 million in northern Shaanxi alone.

The Loess Plateau is a golden land. It nourishes the people on the plateau with its abundant resources and fertile soil.

If the Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation, then isn’t the Loess Plateau the golden infancy?

(Selected from "A Journey of Ten Thousand Miles on the Yellow River", Shanghai Education Press, 1979 edition)

3. Yellow River discontinuation and ecological environment construction in the basin

The main stream of the Yellow River is 5,464 kilometers long, with a basin area of ​​796,000 square kilometers, a cultivated land area of ​​approximately 20 million hectares, and a population of 120 million. The Yellow River is an important water source in northwest and north my country, the lifeline of economic development in areas along the Yellow River, and the axis of my country's inland economic development in the 21st century. For a long time, the Yellow River has been facing serious problems such as flood threats, soil erosion and sedimentation. In recent years, new problems such as increasing water shortages and serious water pollution have emerged. The Yellow River's drying up is no longer a simple hydrological phenomenon, but a comprehensive reflection of a serious imbalance in the ecological balance of the basin, and a reflection of the contradiction between human needs and the fragile ecological environment. These problems have seriously affected the production and life of the people in the Yellow River areas, and the Yellow River's interruption has become a major issue of concern at home and abroad. This section focuses on the discontinuation of the Yellow River and soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau and their control.

The Yellow River's drying-up began in 1972 and became more frequent in the 1990s. The time and distance of the drying-out continued to extend, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River were in danger of becoming an intermittent river.

(1) The current situation and trend of the Yellow River’s drying-up

The Yellow River’s dry-flow began in Lijin, Shandong Province in 1972, and has become increasingly serious since then. In the 27 years from 1972 to 1998, there were 21 flow interruptions in the lower reaches. Especially in the 1990s, flow interruptions occurred every year, and the first flow interruption occurred earlier, and the time and distance of the interruption continued to extend. In 1997, when the flow was severe, the Lijin Station in Shandong Province was cut off 13 times throughout the year for a total of 226 days. No water from the Yellow River entered the sea for 330 days. The starting point of the cut-off has been extended to the vicinity of Liuyuankou, Kaifeng, with a total length of 704 kilometers, accounting for the lower reaches of the Yellow River. 90% of the length. Not only that, major tributaries in the middle reaches of the Yellow River have also experienced interruptions. The source of the Yellow River began to dry up in 1997, and the stretch from Zaling Lake to Eling Lake also experienced its first drying out in the spring of 1999, with a completely exposed stretch of 8 kilometers.

(2) The impact of the Yellow River’s drying up

The Yellow River’s drying up has caused an imbalance in the supply and demand of water resources in the areas along the Yellow River. The contradiction between water use for industrial and agricultural production, urban life, and ecological environment has become increasingly serious. It has a significant impact on the socio-economic development and ecological environment of the Yellow River area, and increases the hidden dangers of downstream flood control.

Having serious harm to industrial and agricultural production and life. From 1972 to 1996, the lower reaches of the Yellow River caused industrial and agricultural economic losses of approximately 26.8 billion yuan due to flow interruption and insufficient water supply, with an average annual loss of more than 1.1 billion yuan. In the 1990s, due to increasingly severe flow outages, the average annual loss reached 3.6 billion yuan. A total of 4.7 million hectares of farmland have been affected by drought, reducing grain production by 9.86 billion kilograms. Shengli Oilfield reduced its crude oil production by hundreds of thousands of tons due to reduced water injection. The Yellow River water brings economic benefits of 10 billion yuan to Shandong every year. The economic development of Shandong is affected by the interruption of flow. The longest interruption in history in 1997 caused a direct economic impact of tens of billions of yuan to Shandong Province. loss. In the Binzhou area, in the seven years from 1992 to 1998 alone, industrial and agricultural losses due to flow interruption and pollution were 1.58 billion yuan, of which 400 million yuan was lost to agriculture. The region also invested 350 million yuan in drought relief funds. The discontinuation of the Yellow River has caused the delta to face a serious water resource crisis, which will directly affect the implementation of the sustainable development strategy. The interruption of the Yellow River has also disrupted people's normal life and work order. Cities such as Dongying, Binzhou, and Dezhou in Shandong often adopt limited water supplies within limited time periods due to insufficient water supply.

It has a significant impact on the ecological environment along the river, especially in the estuary delta area. This impact is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, coastal erosion retreats. Due to the reduction of sediment entering the sea, the Yellow River Delta coastline has become dominated by net erosion, causing coastal recession. Second, the groundwater environment has deteriorated. Due to the decrease in surface freshwater recharge and the increase in underground freshwater water consumption, the groundwater level has dropped, seawater intrusion, saltwater intrusion, and water quality have deteriorated. Third, the surface water environment capacity is reduced and pollution is aggravated. Due to the increasing amount of sewage discharge and the reduction of surface water, the concentration of pollutants in major rivers not only exceeds the water quality standards for fishery water, but also reaches or exceeds fish-lethal concentrations in the middle and lower reaches of some tributaries, and fish are basically extinct in many river sections. . Fourth, salinization and desertification of land in the estuary area have degraded the wetland ecosystem. The surface vegetation in the Yellow River Delta is very fragile and easy to succession. The vegetation is mainly grassland. There are currently 218,000 square kilometers of various types of grassland, including 185,000 square kilometers of natural grassland. Due to the lack of flow, not only the soil is salinized, causing the grassland to degrade into halophytic vegetation, but also affecting the growth of artificial grassland. Fifth, biodiversity in estuary areas and offshore areas has decreased, and biological populations and genetic diversity have been lost. The flow interruption has unbalanced the water environment of the delta wetland, seriously threatening the survival and reproduction of thousands of aquatic organisms, hundreds of wild plants, and more than 180 species of birds in the wetland reserve, causing the biological population to decrease and the structure to become simpler. The cutoff has deprived the Bohai Sea of ​​an important source of food, affecting the reproduction of marine life. More than ten kinds of fish have been unable to migrate.

The river channel has shrunk, changing the river scouring pattern. Silt deposition has shrunk the river channel and raised the river bed. The lower reaches of the Yellow River have become an aboveground river, reducing the ability to carry out floods, increasing the risk of breaches and diversions, and threatening the lower reaches. The safety of people’s lives and property.

(3) The main reason for the Yellow River’s drying up

From a hydrological point of view, the Yellow River’s drying is a seasonal change in water volume.

But in essence, the flow cutoff is a reflection of the contradiction between human needs and the fragile ecological environment when human consumption of water resources exceeds its natural limit.

Surge in water consumption is the root cause of the Yellow River's drying up. Most of the Yellow River Basin belongs to arid and semi-arid areas. Especially since the 1990s, rainfall and runoff have been low, and the per capita and per mu water volumes are far below the national average. Drought is the natural cause of the Yellow River drying up.

Industrial and agricultural production in the Yellow River Basin has developed rapidly, and water consumption has increased dramatically. 90% of the water from the Yellow River is used for agricultural irrigation, and the area irrigated by the Yellow River increased from 800,000 hectares in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to 7.31 million hectares in 1994. The water consumption in the entire basin for agriculture, industry and domestic life has increased year by year: 7.4 billion cubic meters in 1949, 12.4 billion cubic meters in the 1950s, and 29.6 billion cubic meters in the 1990s. The actual water consumption in the Yellow River Basin now exceeds 37 billion cubic meters, so the ecological water used to wash the river (21 billion cubic meters) is not guaranteed at all. At present, the development and utilization rate of Yellow River runoff has exceeded 50% of the multi-year average natural runoff, exceeding the utilization levels of other domestic rivers and developed countries such as the United States and Japan. It can be seen that the sharp increase in water consumption is the fundamental reason for the Yellow River's drying up.

The ecological environment in the source and upper and middle reaches has deteriorated. Qinghai is the largest runoff-producing area and water source conservation area in the Yellow River Basin. The internal basin area accounts for 19.6% of the entire basin area, but the runoff accounts for nearly 10% of the total runoff of the Yellow River. 1/2. Vegetation destruction leads to grassland desertification and reduced water conservation function. Since the mid-1980s, the runoff in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has begun to decrease year by year. After entering the 1990s, the decrease became more obvious. The runoff from January to March 1997 dropped by 23% to a historical low. The source was cut off for the first time, and the downstream experienced the most severe cutoff in history. The Loess Plateau area in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River suffers from serious soil erosion and sediment. The amount of sediment input into the Yellow River every year is 1.6 billion tons, and the sediment deposited in the lower river bed reaches an average of 400 million tons per year. The river bed is raised by 10 centimeters every year, already higher than both banks. The land is 3 to 10 meters long, forming an above-ground "hanging river" of nearly a thousand miles. The downstream river embankment has become "increasingly dangerous and increasingly dangerous."

Lack of unified management and low water utilization rate. The main projects and large-scale irrigation areas of the Yellow River belong to different departments and regions respectively. The management system and operating mechanism for the unified dispatch and hierarchical management of the Yellow River water resources have not yet been perfected. It is difficult to Achieve overall planning for the entire river, taking into account the upper, middle and lower reaches. The upstream irrigation area accounts for 27% of the entire basin, but water consumption accounts for 44% of the irrigation water in the entire basin. The agricultural irrigation water utilization rate is only 30%, and the industrial water reuse rate is only 20% to 30%. The average water consumption per 10,000 yuan of output value is more than 1 times higher than the national average, and more than 6 times higher than that of advanced countries in water use. Extensive management and extensive waste of water resources are the main reasons for the Yellow River's drying up. In addition, the industrial wastewater treatment rate in the entire basin is less than 21%, exacerbating the water shortage.

(4) Basic countermeasures to alleviate the Yellow River’s drying-up

The increasingly serious drying-out in the lower reaches of the Yellow River has long attracted the attention of all sectors of society. Relevant departments organized experts and scholars to conduct on-site inspections and discussions on the causes, impacts and countermeasures of the outage, and put forward many opinions and suggestions.

The basic countermeasures to alleviate the Yellow River's drying-up can be summarized into the following four aspects:

a. Strengthen the unified management and protection of water resources in the river basin and implement unified regulation of water volume in the entire river;

b. Adhere to the water-saving policy, develop water-saving agriculture, and establish water-saving industries;

c. Strengthen the protection and construction of the ecological environment of the river basin;

d. Accelerate the South-to-North Water Diversion process.

4. Questions and Answers on the Yellow River

① "To despise the Yellow River is to despise our nation!" Which great man said this?

This famous saying was made by Comrade Mao Zedong. After commanding the People's Liberation Army to win the great victory in Yichuan, the Party Central Committee decided to cross the Yellow River eastward to North China. On March 23, 1948, the central government crossed the river from Chuankou Village, Wubao County. There were more than a dozen wooden boats in one group. Mao Zedong got on the first boat, Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi got on the second boat, and Lu Dingyi and Hu Qiaomu and others boarded the third boat. When the boat reached the middle of the stream, huge waves mixed with ice blocks as big as millstones roared and roared. The ice blocks hit the wooden boat with a thrilling banging sound. The small wooden boat suddenly jumped to the top of the waves, and sometimes sank into the trough of the waves. Facing this situation, Mao Zedong was filled with excitement, pondered for a long time, and sighed deeply: "You can despise everything, but you cannot despise the Yellow River. To despise the Yellow River is to despise our nation!"

② Yellow River There are many ancient battlefields in the basin. Can you name a few?

Makino Ancient Battlefield: Located in the north of Weihui City, Henan Province today, it was a suburb of the capital Chaoge during the Shang Dynasty. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou swore an oath here when he attacked King Zhou of Yin. He attacked Chaoge in one fell swoop and forced King Zhou to commit suicide, ending the 600-year history of the Shang Dynasty. This is the famous Battle of Makino in history.

The ancient battlefield of Xiaoshan: in the northwest of Luoning County, Henan Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the two countries Qin and Jin, who had a marriage relationship, had been fighting openly and secretly because they both wanted to be the hegemons. After the death of Duke Wen of Jin, conflicts over the struggle for Zheng became public. Duke Xianggang of Jin ambushed the Qin army in the Xiaoshan Mountains, which was the only way for the Qin army to pass, and annihilated the Qin army with 300 chariots. This is the famous Battle of Xiaoshan in history.

Julu Ancient Battlefield: in present-day Pingxiang County, Hebei Province.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled and were defeated by Qin Zhanghan's army. Zhang Han then suppressed another uprising army led by Xiang Liang, then attacked Zhao and occupied Handan, the capital of Zhao.

King Zhao retreated to Julu and asked for help from Qi, Yan, Chu and other countries. King Chu sent two groups of troops, one led by Liu Bang to directly attack Xianyang, the capital of Qin; the other led by Song Yi