The key strategy of anti-planning
Maintain and strengthen the continuity of the overall landscape pattern.
Cities are to the regional natural landscape pattern what fruits are to the tree of life. Maintaining the continuity and integrity of regional landscape pattern and the whole earth is the key to maintaining urban ecological security. In ancient times, Kanyu called the urban cave "fetal interest", which means the placenta of Mother Earth. Cities and people lived here and sucked the milk of Mother Earth through water systems, mountains and air ducts. Destroying the continuity of landscape pattern will cut off natural processes, including the flow of wind, water, species and nutrition, which will inevitably lead to the poor development of the city as a human embryo and even the loss of life. The disappearance of many civilizations in history is also attributed to this.
The ancient "geomantic theory" said that children and grandchildren would be lost if mountains were cut off from water. Modern ecology and landscape ecology tell us that a continuous landscape and natural habitat system is of great significance. The salmon we eat lays eggs in a stream in the forest and grows at the top of the sea. If the river is cut off, there will be no salmon. So do many fish in the Yangtze River. Wuchang fish, which we like to eat, lays eggs and breeds in the lake in the upper reaches of Wuchang, and then grows in the Yangtze River in the lower reaches. River corridor is the only continuum in nature, and water is the only continuum. A drop of snow water from the top of the Himalayas can flow to the Pacific Ocean because the river is continuous. Therefore, fish eggs and larvae in upstream valleys and lakes can grow in the Pacific Ocean, so there is continuity of life. Therefore, only by maintaining the continuity of its natural processes and patterns can this country have the continuity of its life. Otherwise, this land will be dead and life will be cut off.
This is a plan we made in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, and it is an example of "anti-planning". The first is how to maintain the integrity of the land and the continuity of the whole water network. If it is maintained in this way, our flood control will be much simpler, and droughts and floods will not be so serious. This is our research on the water veins of Xishan Mountain in Beijing. The water veins of Xishan Mountain in Beijing and the whole Beijing area should be completely preserved.
Maintain and restore the natural forms of rivers and coasts.
River system is the blood of life on earth and the main infrastructure of landscape ecology. Pollution, drought and flood are the three major problems facing the urban river system in China. Therefore, river regulation with the slogan of flood control, water storage and pollution control is often regarded as a key project of urban construction, a "popular project" and a performance project. However, people often focus on the river itself, but they don't know that the causes of the above three problems have nothing to do with the river itself. As a result, huge sums of money have been spent on river regulation, but as a result, the problems to be solved have become more serious, just like the human body taking the wrong medicine, and life on earth has been seriously damaged. These "wrong drugs" include:
1) One of the big mistakes: high dike flood: It must be recognized that flood is a resource in the case of water shortage in the whole country. The reason why floods become like beasts and wolves is that we don't treat the river system well. The way of water control has never been to build a high embankment, but to build a wetland system to detain floods and solve the regulation and storage of water resources within a regional scope. /kloc-once in 0/00 years and once in 500 years, the cement levee can be closed, which tells us that we must take the road of regional ecology to coordinate the drought and flood problems, regardless of short-term economic benefits or long-term land ecology.
2) The second biggest mistake: the cement berm base. In the water system management of major cities in the north and south of the Yangtze River, few people can survive this level. There used to be overgrown with water plants, egrets flying low, frogs binding their feet and swimming under the water, but now it is a clean cement revetment. The self-purification ability of water has disappeared, and the material energy circulation system formed between water, soil, plants and organisms has been completely destroyed;
3) Mistake 3: Cut and bend to get straight. In ancient times, feng shui was the most taboo, emphasizing that the water flow should be tortuous. Only the winding water has life and aura. The study of modern landscape ecology also confirms that meandering water flow is more conducive to protecting biodiversity and reducing the disaster and suddenness of floods.
4) The fourth biggest mistake: high dam impoundment. At least since the Warring States period, our ancestors have widely used weirs to guide water flow for agricultural irrigation and life. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Dujiangyan project of Li Bing and his son was one of the outstanding masterpieces. This kind of low weir is only used to adjust the water level and guide the water flow, and the natural terrain is used to guide the situation, which not only retains the continuity of the river, but also makes full use of the water resources. The dam around the middle of the big river caused great damage to this continuum. When there is little water left in the city, people often spend money to stop the river and build dams to "beautify" the city. On the surface, it is a great kindness, but in fact, it also has many disadvantages, including: turning running water into stagnant water, increasing eutrophication and declining water quality. If pollution is not treated, it often stinks; It destroys the continuity of rivers and hinders the migration and reproduction of fish and other creatures; Affect the downstream river landscape and habitat destruction; Without the natural form of water, the beauty of water lies in its rich and changeable form. There is not much water for leisure and beautification in urban rivers, but in its moving state, its moving place lies in nature.
Protection and restoration of wetland system
Wetland is an ecosystem on the earth's surface, which consists of water, soil and aquatic or wet plants. Wetland is the most important living environment for human beings, with rich biodiversity. Known as the "kidney of nature", it has many ecological service functions and social and economic values for cities and residents. Including: providing rich and diverse habitats, regulating local microclimate, alleviating drought and flood disasters, purifying the environment, meeting perceptual needs, and becoming the source of spiritual culture and educational places. In the process of urbanization, due to the continuous expansion of construction land, the area of different types of wetlands gradually decreases, tends to disappear, or is eutrophic, causing pollution to its surrounding environment. Therefore, in the process of urbanization, it is of great strategic significance to protect and restore wetlands and avoid the degradation of their ecological service functions.
We are burying wetlands. We don't have a complete concept of wetland to treat our country. Wetlands are one of the most important factors that determine national health. Why did the United States have a wetland law and a wetland protection law long ago? Wetlands are the key to maintain land moisture balance and prevent floods. Why are there so many floods in China? The wetland system was destroyed. It's very simple. Our water conservancy department only cares about the river corridor, and the wetland is not under the management of the water conservancy department. The environmental protection department can't manage the river corridor, so the river is cut off and there is no complete concept. Our research shows that if you don't build a levee, you can actually solve the flood control problem. With what? A continuous network is composed of wetland system and water system. Wetlands are sponges When it rains, it can absorb a lot of water, and it can also seep out in dry season.
Establish a green passage without motor vehicles
The experience of international urban development tells us that a car-centered city is inhuman, uninhabitable and unsustainable from the perspective of development. "Pedestrian community" and "bicycle city" have become the ideals pursued by the development of international cities.
However, it seems that the fast-developing cities in China have not been inspired by the experience and lessons of developed countries, but have imitated the practices of the early western industrialization at an alarming speed and scale, and the concept of "fast city" has occupied the core of large-scale urban transformation. Non-human scale landscape avenue, ring road project and elevated expressway project have seriously damaged the organic urban structure and the long-standing "unit system" social structure in China. The space for pedestrians and cyclists is largely occupied by cars.
You see, just a few years ago, 80% of Beijingers rode bicycles or took buses to work. At that time, there were few traffic jams and being late for work. Look at Beijing now, we have given up the old way of riding bicycles and taken driving as a fashion. People will soon find that driving will become a compulsory course for many people. Nowadays, cycling is a fashion in America and Europe. But in five years, or at most ten or twenty years, we will also ride bicycles as a fashion, and we can see our time difference. But when we recover and want to ride a bike again, we can't ride a bike. Our roads are all occupied by cars. China's cities are expanding. In the future, the cities in China will be at least three times bigger than they are now, and all cities may be at least three times bigger than they are now. So it is very important to establish an urban pattern at this time. Therefore, at the beginning of the key strategic planning, the land department and the construction department should formulate a green channel, and the green channel should leave room in the city. Along the river or the green space between communities, establish a green channel between communities. In the future, commuting will depend on cycling. In the future, China must rely on bicycles and buses to solve traffic problems, and never rely on cars. There is a serious traffic jam in Beijing. What's more, the Middle East issue, not to mention our oil crisis, China wants to rise peacefully, and hopes are pinned on bicycles and rail transit. If China is nailed to a car, the peace and security of the world will be threatened. Energy competition between countries, with the United States, with Japan's energy competition, you have to compete with them in the Middle East and East Asia, there must be friction. Therefore, the real solution is to solve the green traffic, and the key to green traffic is to set aside green passages for non-motor vehicles when planning the city, and to lay out the urban layout along the rail transit. Think about it, if you can ride a bike all the way from the core area of Beijing to Xishan, how carefree it would be! Riding to Xishan in an hour and a half not only solves the exercise problem, but also saves energy.
Therefore, westerners have long recognized this point and emphasized the establishment of non-motor vehicle lanes since the 1980s, but they paid the price. Because their city has been finalized, he needs to tear down parts of the city, and he needs to tear down roads. In recent years, a project called "Big Excavation" in Boston, USA, cost 20 billion US dollars, burying the express lane passing through the underground of the city, and restoring the green corridor on the ground and the space for walking and cycling. I was lucky enough to participate in the design of one of the paragraphs. People spent 20 billion yuan, and now it can be achieved without spending too much money. Why? There is still room for our suburban land, which is still farmland, so you can leave this system to future generations for ten years, and there will be good results. This is also a strategic plan for peaceful rise.
Now everyone yearns for cars and doesn't consider bicycles at all. Canada has a green bicycle lane that runs through the country, and the whole bicycle lane is unimpeded. It is entirely possible for China to build such a green bicycle corridor, and the Grand Canal is one of them. The Grand Canal will be such a green corridor in the future. If we don't plan and build now, we will build in the future, but it may cost hundreds of millions of dollars to build in the future, and it may not cost much now. So the difference is here, and we must understand it from a strategic point of view.
Therefore, as a long-term strategy of urban development, it is of great significance to use the current urban space expansion to establish a network of green trails and non-bicycle lanes that are convenient for life, work and leisure. This greenway network is not attached to the sidewalk of the existing motor vehicle road, but a quiet and safe green passage completely separated from the motor vehicle lane, which is combined with the urban green space system, schools, residential areas and pedestrian commercial streets. This will be a key strategy to deal with the future global energy and oil crisis, and it must be established from now on.
Establish a green cultural heritage corridor
The green cultural heritage corridor is a linear landscape element that integrates the functions of ecology, leisure, education and cultural heritage protection, including river canyons, canals, highways and railways. They represent the movement route of early human beings, connect human stations with the centers and nodes of activities, embody the development process of culture, and are the brand of a country or nation's development history on the earth. From the ancient plank road and the fiber road by the river used by the ancestors in the early mountainous areas to the equator built by Qin Shihuang and the Beijing-Shanghai Grand Canal across the north and south dug by Yang Di, many cultural relics with thousands or hundreds of years of history are connected in series by pearl-like linear landscapes. It should be noted that the concept of heritage is not only valuable for 5000 years, 3000 years or hundreds of years, but also for many cultural heritages under our feet. 50 and 30 years' legacy is also valuable. We transformed Yue Zhong Shipyard in Zhongshan City into a city park, which was treated as a socialist industrial heritage and won many international and domestic awards (Figure -65438+).
However, with the continuous expansion of cities and the change of transportation modes, especially the proliferation of modern expressway networks, these linear historical landscapes have been ruthlessly cut and destroyed. Even though many nodes are listed as local, national and even world-class protected cultural relics, they have already become scattered beads separated from the original environment and context, losing their due beauty and significance. These scattered pearls are connected in series, together with the equally important linear natural and human landscape elements, forming a jewelry necklace with unlimited value on the scale of cities and regions. At the same time, it is also a slow lane and bicycle corridor where no motor vehicles pass, and it will be the best place for citizens' ecological leisure, cultural education and environmental education in the future.
It can be predicted that the green heritage corridor, which integrates history and culture, natural ecology, tourism and leisure, culture and education, will build a charming network in the future landscape of China.
Protect and utilize high-yield farmland as an organic part of the city.
Protecting high-yield farmland is an important strategy for China's sustainable development in the future. Howard's garden city model also regards rural farmland as an organic part of the urban system. With the change of network technology, modern transportation and living style, the urban form will also change, the difference between urban and rural areas will narrow, and the city will be dissolved. And a large area of rural farmland will become the solution of urban functional body, high-yield farmland will penetrate into urban areas, while urban body will extend to farmland, and farmland will be combined with urban green space system to become the green matrix of urban landscape. This not only improves the ecological environment of the city, provides edible agricultural and sideline products for urban residents, but also provides a good place for leisure and education. Tsukuba Science City in Japan has reserved a large area of farmland and produced good results. In Britain, more than 20 communities introduced urban farmland in 1979, and the corresponding institutions provided technical and financial support. When building a new city in France, agricultural landscape was introduced, and farmland was introduced into the interior and periphery of the city as green space, so that the green space and water surface of the urban area reached 40%, and farmland was used as the isolation belt between cities. They call it "building a new city without suburbs".