About the geographical location of the Yellow River? Please know that people will publish it soon!
Watershed surrounded by surface runoff watershed is called watershed. The Yellow River basin is located between 32 and 42 north latitude and 96 and119 east longitude, starting from Bayan Kara in the west, bordering Bohai Sea in the east, Yinshan Mountain in the north and Qinling Mountain in the south. It is about 1900 km from east to west and about 165438 km from north to south. It is about three times the land area of Britain. If you count the area of Ordos, it is 794,000 square kilometers. Due to sediment deposition and estuary extension, the length and basin area of the Yellow River are constantly changing.
The topography of the Yellow River basin has a three-level decline from west to east.
The highest step is the Qinghai Plateau in the west of the basin, which is located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the famous "roof of the world", with an average elevation of more than 4000 meters.
The second level is roughly bounded by Taihang Mountain, with an altitude of 1000 ~ 2000m, including Hetao Plain, Ordos Plateau, Loess Plateau and basin.
The third level extends from the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain to the seashore, and consists of alluvial plains and hills in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The altitude is generally below 100 meters.
From Heyuan to Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, it is the upper reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. Taohua Valley from Hekou Town to Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 1.206 km. Below Taohuayu is the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of about 786 kilometers.
There are floods in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but the lower reaches are suspended rivers, which are the most serious and world-famous. Therefore, flood control in the lower reaches is the primary task of harnessing the Yellow River.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, with serious soil erosion and fragile ecological environment, which is the root cause of backward production and poor people's lives, and also the crux of the flood disaster in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Therefore, we should vigorously carry out soil and water conservation in the middle reaches, leave precious water and fertile soil in the local area, develop production, improve people's living standards and reduce sediment entering the Yellow River.
The Yellow River basin is rich in hydraulic resources, mainly concentrated in the middle and upper reaches, especially from Yehuxia to Qingtongxia (theoretical reserves account for 39% of the main reach), and the sediment concentration is small, so the development of hydropower resources in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is the focus of its governance and development. At present, of the seven large and medium-sized hydropower stations built on the main stream of the Yellow River, five are in the upstream.
The Yellow River flows through the world's largest loess plateau in the middle and upper reaches. The Loess Plateau has deep soil layer, loose soil, broken terrain, frequent rainstorms and extremely serious soil erosion, which is an important source of sediment in the Yellow River. Especially in the reach from Hekou Town to Tongguan, when the Yellow River crosses this section of the Loess Plateau, many tributaries flood in and "dye" the Yellow River. According to the measurement, the sediment entering the Yellow River accounts for 90% of the total sediment.
The widest reach of the Yellow River is from Baihe Town, Mengjin County, Henan Province to Gaocun, Dongming County, Shandong Province, with a dike distance of 5 km to 20 km. The widest part is Dacheji, Changtan County, Henan Province, which is 20 kilometers apart.
The alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is an important part of the North China Plain, the second largest plain in China. Including eastern Henan, northern Henan, western Shandong, northern Shandong, southern Hebei, northern Hebei, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu and other regions, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers. The top of the alluvial fan is located in the Qinhekou area, with an altitude of about 100 meters. The terrain of the plain is generally bounded by the Yellow River levee, and the ground slope is gentle. South of the levee is the Huanghuai Plain, which belongs to the Huaihe River Basin.
The three major natural disasters in the Yellow River Basin are drought, flood and soil erosion.
Not only the drought in the Yellow River basin is serious, but also the flood disaster in the downstream is very serious. During the 2540 years from 602 BC to AD 1938, the Yellow River burst in 543 years. Sometimes it overflows many times a year, so the number of overflows is more than 1590. The scope and situation of the disaster caused by the breach of the Yellow River are very serious.
Soil erosion is another serious natural disaster in the Yellow River Basin. The loess plateau (including Ordos plateau) in the basin has a soil erosion area of 434,000 square kilometers, with an average annual soil loss of 3,700 tons per square kilometer. Serious soil erosion has worsened the fragile local ecological environment and hindered the local social and economic development. Moreover, a large amount of sediment enters the Yellow River and deposits the downstream riverbed, which is also the crux of the serious flood control in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The Yellow River is rich in hydraulic resources. According to the general survey of 1979, the theoretical reserves of the whole basin are * * * 405 1 10,000 kilowatts, corresponding to the annual power generation of 355.2 billion kwh, accounting for about 6% of the theoretical reserves in China, second only to the Yangtze River.
The total resources of the Yellow River Basin include river runoff and underground resources. The average annual runoff of rivers is 56 billion cubic meters. The total recharge of groundwater resources (including closed flow area) is 30 billion cubic meters to 40 billion cubic meters, and the exploitable amount after deducting the duplication with river runoff is 8 billion cubic meters to 654.38+05.5 billion cubic meters.
The Yellow River water resources have three characteristics:
1. Less water and more sand; 2. The water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space, that is, the runoff is unevenly distributed in different regions, and the runoff varies greatly from year to year; 3. There are different sources of water and sediment in the Yellow River.
There are floods in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In addition to the flood sources above Lanzhou in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Dawenhe Basin in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the three areas in the middle reaches of the Yellow River are the main flood sources of the Yellow River, namely Hekou Town to Longmen, Longmen to Sanmenxia and Sanmenxia to Huayuankou.
The Yellow River Basin plus the downstream flood protection zone is 9 1.5 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly110 of the total area of the country; The population is 65438+72 million, accounting for 15 1% of the total population in China.
Various activities that human beings engage in for survival or economic development, because of ignoring or ignoring environmental protection, have caused and aggravated erosion, resulting in serious consequences such as "destroying while controlling", "destroying in many ways while controlling" and even "destroying more than controlling". This view holds that the sources of new soil erosion mainly come from two aspects: First, the population of the Loess Plateau has increased sharply from 1 in recent 50 years. Second, due to the large-scale establishment of infrastructure such as roads and railways, large factories and mines, and many private mines, a huge amount of soil and slag have been abandoned.
The revised Yellow River Regulation and Development Plan proposes that 36 cascade hub projects will be arranged in the section from Longyangxia to Taohuayu, the main stream of the Yellow River, with a total storage capacity of 1.007 cubic meters and an installed power generation of 24.93 million kilowatts, with an average annual power generation of 86.2 billion kWh. In the mainstream project, Gaoba Reservoir is alternately arranged with runoff power station or backwater hub, forming Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Daliushu and backwater hub.
Dayu had three treasures when he governed the Yellow River. One is the river map; The second is a mountain axe; Third, avoid the water sword. It is said that the river map was given to Dayu by Hebo, the water god of the Yellow River.
In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Tongyong Township, Huayin. He was worried about farming and wanted to become an immortal. He heard that people can become immortals after drinking the juice of daffodils 100, so he looked for daffodils everywhere.
Before Dayu's flood control, the Yellow River flowed to the Central Plains without a fixed channel and flooded everywhere, often causing disasters. There are seven strands and eight lanes on the ground, and the branches in the ditch are all yellow river water. Feng Yi ran around looking for daffodils, so he often crossed the Yellow River. After 99 days, he found another daffodil and smoked it for a day.
After Feng Yi's death, he was full of grievances and resented the Yellow River, so he went to the Jade Emperor to sue the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor heard that the Yellow River was unruly and rampant, endangering the people. He was angry, too. Seeing that Feng Yi had sucked the juice of daffodils for 99 days, it was time to become an immortal. She asked Feng Yi if she would be the water god of the Yellow River and govern it. Feng Yi was overjoyed and readily promised.
Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River and was called Hebo. He has never been involved in water control, so he suddenly assumed the responsibility of managing the Yellow River. He is helpless and worried. what should he do ？ He was shallow and had no magic weapon, so he went to the Jade Emperor for advice. The Jade Emperor told him that to manage the Yellow River well, we must first find out the water conditions of the Yellow River and draw a river map. According to the water chart of the Yellow River, it will be much easier to manage the Yellow River.
Hebo, according to the instructions of the Jade Emperor, was bent on drawing a river map. He went to his hometown first and wanted to ask the villagers for help. Everyone in the village hated him for being lazy, and no one answered him. He found the old man in the village and told him his ambition to manage the Yellow River. When the old man saw that he was a fairy now, he promised to help him. From then on, Hebo and the old man came and went in the rain. After the old man was tired, he had to go back, leaving Hebo to continue to check the water situation along the Yellow River. When we parted, the old man repeatedly told Hebo that the director should go all the way and not give up halfway. He painted a picture and began to harness the Yellow River. He was short of hands, so he persuaded the villagers to help.
It is a hard job to check the water regime and draw a river map. Hebo is old and weak when he draws a river map. Hebo looked at the river map to see where the Yellow River was deep and shallow. Where it is easy to explode, it is easy to explode; Where to dig and where to block; I can draw clearly where the water is cut off and where the flood is discharged. I can only sigh that I have no strength to manage the Yellow River according to the map, which is very sad. Hebo thought that one day someone would come to harness the Yellow River. At that time, give him a river map, and he won't worry in vain.
Hebo spent his later years under the Yellow River and never appeared again. Unexpectedly, the Yellow River flooded repeatedly. People know that the Jade Emperor sent Hebo to control water, but they didn't see his face. They called Hebo irresponsible, regardless of people's lives.
After looking forward to Hebo every day in his hospital bed, the old man hasn't seen each other for many years. He is uneasy about managing the Yellow River and wants to go to Hebo. His son's name is Yi, and he shot every shot. No matter what the old man says, Yi won't let him go to Hebo. After not listening to his son's advice, the old man was washed away and drowned in the Yellow River, and even the body was not found. Hou Yi hated Hebo very much.
Later, Dayu came out to control water, and Hebo decided to give him the map of the Yellow River.
On this day, Hebo heard that Dayu came to the Yellow River with an axe and a water-dodging sword, so he came out from the bottom with a river map to look for Dayu. Hebo and Dayu have never met before, and neither of them knows anyone. Hebo walked for a long time and was so tired that he wanted to have a rest. He saw a young man walking across the river. This young man must be Dayu, so Hebo shouted and asked, "Hello, who are you?"
The young man on the other side is not Dayu, but Hou Yi. He looked up and saw an old man shouting across the river and asked, "Who are you?"
Hebo said loudly, "I'm Hebo. Are you Dayu? "
When Hou Yi heard that it was Hebo, he immediately rushed to his heart with anger and sneered, "I am Dayu." Don't ask, don't indiscriminate, suddenly an arrow hit Hebo's left eye. Hebo hit him in the eye with an arrow, which made him sweat. He cursed in his heart: "damn prison, it's unreasonable!" " The more he thought about it, the angrier he got, so he tore up the water map. Just then, a loud cry: "Hebo! Don't tear the picture. " Hebo reluctantly looked at it with his right eye. On the other side, a man in a hat stopped Hou Yi. This man is Dayu. He knew that Hebo had drawn a picture of the Yellow River and was about to ask Hebo for advice. Hou Yi pushed Dayu away, trying to get a bow and arrow. Dayu grabbed him desperately and told Hebo about the hardships of painting. Hou Yi regretted it.
Hou Yi and Dayu crossed the river together. Hou Yi admitted his mistake to Hebo. Hebo learned that Hou Yi was the old man's son and didn't blame him much. Dayu said to Hebo, "I'm Dayu, and I'm here to ask you how to manage the Yellow River."
Herb said: "My heart and blood and the way to govern the river are all on this picture. Now I want to give them to you. "
When Dayu looked at the exhibition, it was dense and dense, and he drew a circle to draw the water regime of the Yellow River clearly. Dayu was extremely happy. He wanted to thank Hebo. Looking up, Hebo jumped into the Yellow River and disappeared.
Dayu got the hydrological map of the Yellow River and worked day and night. According to the instructions on the map, he finally managed to control the Yellow River.
Legend has it that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It runs as it pleases, like a grinning monster, growling day and night, devouring thousands of fertile fields. It eats Wanshan, and the Hui people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a slash-and-burn life at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the ditch.
At that time, Ningxia was not the frontier plain of Ma Pingchuan, but green mountains and green valleys. There is no flat field, and no field can be irrigated with Yellow River water.
Legend has it that there are several families living in Niushou Mountain who return to the Han family. They carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm at the top of the mountain for generations. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. No one can endure this torture for a long time.
One year, Del, a 70-year-old Hui Hui native, opened a melon garden on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He gets up early every day and goes to the Yellow River to fetch water and water cucumbers. His shoulders are swollen and his feet are peeling. He cultivated cucumber carefully, and the yellow grew tender and sweet.
On this day, the old man was tired and fell asleep at the garden gate.
As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed that there was a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, Baiyun became an imam with a white beard, shook his silver beard and said to Elder Gerd, "There are two strong winds today, so you should pay attention. It is yellow wind at noon, which can blow away cucumbers; There is black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumber pedicels fall off. No matter how windy it is, don't pick cucumbers.
When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam had gone, and the yellow wind was overwhelming in the north. Suddenly, Niushou Mountain came. The old man looked at the cucumbers carefully, and sure enough, they faded one by one. He was very sad, and all his efforts for a year were in vain, but he stopped at the thought of the white-bearded imam.
In the afternoon, a black wind blew and shook the earth, and the leaves fell layer by layer. When the old man saw it, the cucumber was about to fall to the ground. He was so angry that he picked a cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. Just as a fairy cut it with a knife, he saw the bottom of the river clearly. When the old man swooped down, the river "wow" again.
At this time, the old man heard the white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquer the Yellow River. You can call the Yellow River cut off, or you can call the Yellow River to listen to people. But now the Yellow River is called Yellow Wind and Black Wind, and two Iberians are miserable. Don't be impatient, be patient and make greater efforts. Next year, you will plant another cucumber garden. When the cucumber is ripe, you will pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River.
The next year, the hardworking old man Gerd planted another cucumber garden. He was not afraid of being far away, so he was sweating like a pig and brought water from the Yellow River to water melons. Everything pays off. Finally, a three-foot cucumber grew in the garden, which looked like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden for a day and a night until the melon was ripe.
On this day, the weather was fine and there were no clouds in Wan Li. Gerd picked three feet of cucumber, read the word "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, he only heard a roar from the Yellow River, and the stones at the bottom of the river were clearly visible. Old man Gerd went down to the bottom of the river and saw a hole near the river bank, where pearls and agates were everywhere. The old man took some and listened as soon as he left.
At this time, the cracks in the Yellow River gradually tightened. Del's old man remembered the charge of the white-bearded imam, and he knew very well that this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He thought, I want to ask the Yellow River to fill the ditch and level the mountain beam. The old man plunged his two swords into the Yellow River, and the water in the Yellow River stopped flowing immediately, as if a Great Wall had been blocked in front, but it was still rising steadily, which was really scary from a distance.
Three days later, from Liupanshan in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain tips. Until then, the old man Ge Decai drew his sword and told the Yellow River to flow forward.
Since then, Ningxia, a deep mountain valley, has become Ma Pingchuan, and the Hui people living on both sides of the Yellow River have dug ditches for farmland with hard-working hands and lived a happy life.
Once upon a time, there was an old man fishing. He has a daughter named Yellow River. One day, the old man found a little boy in the river. The boy is about the size of the Yellow River. The old man took the boy home and named him Yellow River. The Yellow River gradually grew into a handsome and mighty boy, and the old man married the beautiful and wise Yellow River. One Spring Festival, the old man suddenly fell ill and couldn't eat anything. Still can't cure the old man's illness. This incident made a rich man who was hostile to the yellow lotus very happy. The rich man told people to play tricks, saying that he would cure the old man's illness unless cliff grass and river bottom sand were used as medicine primers. The young couple went their own way to get medicine primers, the Yellow River went to the river bottom to get sand, and Huang Lian went to collect grass on the cliff.
Who knows that the Yellow River is gone forever and drowned in the river. After the family knew, they cried their eyes out. Soon, Huang He's parents died one after another. When the rich man saw that the time was ripe, he tried every means to force Yellow Crane to marry him. The Yellow Crane pretended to agree to avenge his father, but she asked the rich man to call the river that took sand from the Yellow River "Grandpa" three times. On that day, the yellow crane stood by the river in white, with tears like a broken line.
Since then, the water of the Yellow River has never been clear, as if telling people about the unfortunate experiences of the Yellow Lotus day and night.