On the culture of imperial examination system

Chicure/11021102a05 The imperial examination system for selecting talents is a very important official selection system in the history of China. It doesn't ask about family background, it doesn't need recommendation, and it mainly depends on test scores. It embodies the principles of open examination, equal competition and merit-based admission, and is more advanced than the World Youth Congress and the World Youth Congress system and the inspection system. This was particularly prominent in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Through the imperial examination system, the scope of selecting officials was expanded, the overall structure of officials was changed, the quality of officials was improved, and a large number of ruling talents with both ability and political integrity were selected. The far-reaching imperial examination system is helpful to resolve social contradictions and maintain social stability; At the same time, it promotes the mobility among all social strata, thus stimulating social vitality and promoting social progress. The imperial examination also promoted the development of cultural education and the popularization of culture. In addition, because the imperial examination system embodied the principles of openness, justice and fairness, it spread to Japan, Korea and Vietnam, and played a great role in the establishment of the western civil service system. The principles and methods of openness, justice and fairness in the imperial examination are also enlightening and instructive for today's examination. In ancient China, the sources of state officials were mainly as follows: rewarding officials, recommending officials, taking officials in imperial examinations, leaving officials by petty officials, supplementing officials by military service, and recruiting and buying officials. Among them, the imperial examination system mainly selects officials through examinations and improves their quality. Therefore, officials of the imperial examination system generally have a high level of education and pay more attention to the overall interests of all social strata and the long-term development of the ruling class, thus improving the efficiency of governing the country. Breaking the monopoly of official career, the imperial examination system opened the state power to all social strata, completely broke the monopoly of aristocratic families on official career, and promoted the upward and downward flow of social strata. Through the imperial examination, the imperial court can select outstanding talents from all walks of life to govern the country. This is conducive to expanding the social foundation of rule, maintaining social stability and even social development. Conducive to political and social development In fact, the ancient rulers of China did select a large number of outstanding practical talents through imperial examinations, which played a positive role in political, economic, cultural and social development. For example, Yao Chong, Lu Zhi, Pei Du, Zhang Jiuling, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty; Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Su Song, Li Gang, Yu and Zhen were all born in the imperial examination. Many of them were born in poverty, such as Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty, and they all set foot on their official careers by virtue of the imperial examination. Bao Zheng's and Wang Anshi's parents are only officials to the county magistrate, so it is difficult to dominate, participate in national politics and play an important role in history without passing the imperial examination. One of the purposes of selecting scholars in the imperial examination is to win over scholars from all over the world. Legend has it that Emperor Taizong once boarded the main entrance of the palace privately, and when he saw the Jinshi filed out, he said happily, "It was the heroes of the world who fell into my trap! Innovating the system to win over scholars In order to win over scholars, the Imperial Examination in the Song Dynasty also established a system of "special playing names": those who passed the examination and passed the provincial examination or palace examination, the last one, after accumulating a certain age, can still be given a special name by the Ministry of Ritual without having to pass the provincial examination or the provincial examination, and directly participate in palace examination, and be awarded titles such as birth, literature and teaching assistant. The imperial examination made the number of scholars surge, and the imperial examination gradually became the main way to select officials (especially middle and senior officials). Reading → imperial examination → being an official has also become a shortcut for people's career advancement, which has stimulated people's enthusiasm for diligent study, so the number of scholars has risen sharply. Song Dynasty's Essays on Persuasion Poems said: "Young children need to study hard, and articles can stand firm. Zhu Zigui is full of scholars. " "Son Huang Jinbao, how to teach once? Famous book Jinzhou, Zhu Zizuo court. It fully reflected the mentality of people studying and being an official at that time. In order to meet the needs of imperial examinations, central official schools, local official schools, local academies and various rural private schools have been developing continuously. For example, during the Northern Song Dynasty, there were three times to promote learning. In Song Huizong, there are 3,800 Taiwan Province students and167,000 state officials. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all kinds of schools were more developed. In the 12th year of Yongle (1422), there were nearly 10,000 students in imperial academy. In the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 4,000 instructors in government, state and county schools, and there were probably millions of students in government, state and county schools and private schools. With the increase in people's demand for books, the popularization of culture, the increase in the number of students and the development of school education, the demand for books such as classics, history, philosophers and books collection has also increased greatly. The development of block printing and the invention of movable type printing, as well as the improvement of papermaking, made books printed in large quantities and widely distributed, which greatly promoted the popularization of culture. China's imperial examination system was the most advanced official selection system in the world at that time, which had a great influence on many countries in East Asia.

Visit the exhibition about the ancient examinations in China.

History: Among the traditional cultural resources in China,

The imperial examination system is undoubtedly an important cultural heritage. China's imperial examination system is a basic system for selecting officials through examinations in the history of China. He originated in Han, stood in Sui, stood in Tang, became in Song, flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and abandoned in the late Qing Dynasty, and experienced Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to historical records, it was officially abolished from the first year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (605) to the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1.905), which lasted 1.300 years. In the long imperial examination of 1300 years, there were more than 700 champions, 1,000 Jinshi 1 10000, and 1 million juries (as for the Jinshi, there are countless more). After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, almost every intellectual has an indissoluble bond and close relationship with the imperial examination, and few historical celebrities have not participated in the imperial examination. In the history of China, most famous ministers, celebrities, politicians, thinkers, writers, artists, scientists, diplomats, military strategists and people who made outstanding contributions came from top scholars, literati and juren. Open to different occupations, fair: the imperial examination system precedes foreign countries —— From the development history of China's ancient official selection system, compared with the inspection and adjustment system in Han Dynasty and the nine-product system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the imperial examination system established in Sui Dynasty established the principle of * * * taking exams and allowing candidates to enter the exam freely, with almost no restrictions on identity, class and occupation, which expanded the scope of candidates and embodied the openness of the imperial examination. The openness of the imperial examination system broke through the monopoly of blood relationship on political power, gave the broad masses of lower classes the opportunity to be officials, and embodied a spirit of equality. In order to ensure this formal equality, the imperial examination is based on the principle of "everything is decided by the process", and candidates are selected through open competition; In order to achieve justice, * * * has also formulated a set of detailed and strict examination rules to prevent deviant behavior, such as locking the courtyard to prevent missing questions, searching to prevent entrainment, invigilating to prevent peeking, affixing names to prevent joints, separating internal and external curtains to prevent collusion and cheating, re-examining after the game to prevent imposters, and avoiding the examiner system to prevent fraud. The formal equality and fairness of the imperial examination system gave every "Tian Shelang" the illusion of "getting along with each other day and night", opened up a ladder for the grassroots of society, dredged the institutional channel for the flow of talents from all walks of life, increased the mobility within society, dispelled the unstable factors within society, adapted to the political needs of feudal society, and became the stable existence of feudal system in China 1000 years. The imperial examination system is the most pioneering and equal system for selecting officials and talents in the history of China and even the world. It is the inevitability of human social history and a great progress of human society. Therefore, Dr. HGCreel, a famous American sinologist, believes that "China's contribution to world culture goes far beyond the invention of papermaking and gunpowder. The modern civil service system under the unified management of the central government constitutes the characteristics of our times in a wider scope, and the imperial examination system in China has played an important role in establishing the modern civil service system. It can be clearly said that this is China's greatest contribution to the world. " Known as the "fifth invention" of China. As a product of Chinese civilization, the imperial examination system is an examination system with world influence. Influenced by China's culture, some neighboring countries in history, such as Japan, North Korea, Viet Nam, etc. And established the imperial examination system in his own country. The civil servant selection system in modern western society and the contemporary education examination system all come from this and have been used ever since. Influence China Customs: After a system is formed, even if you abolish it, its lasting influence will permeate all aspects of society, especially social customs. The imperial examination still has an important influence on the customs of modern society. The popularity of imperial examination cultural customs is spontaneous, and some imperial examination customs can be transformed into new folk customs, such as the Mid-Autumn Festival "Bo Cake" custom popular in Xiamen, Taiwan Province Province and overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. Being the first is still the dream of modern students. "Being the best" inspired the high morale of the players on the field, and "Sun Shan's falling out of the list" made many candidates lose their motivation. A number of original ecological cultures, such as the unique "champion culture" derived from the imperial examination system, have lasted for a long time among the people and are increasingly showing strong cultural vitality. As the saying goes, "360 lines, each line is the best." A series of "champion culture" idioms such as "champion in college entrance examination" and even "champion in raising pigs" have become vivid oral expressions in contemporary society. There are also many special foods named after the champion among the people.

Such as "champion rice", "champion cake", "champion tea" and "champion red", and caused many commercial wars. The word "Wenquxing", which evolved from the imperial examination culture, was actually packaged into an intangible asset of electronic dictionary brand worth hundreds of millions of yuan by modern society. The imperial examination culture, a potential traditional cultural resource, is attracting more and more businessmen's attention, and some shrewd businessmen have dug up the first bucket of gold for their business. Modern tourism development: (1), Shuntian Palace Garden in Beijing (2), Jiangnan Palace Garden in Nanjing (3), Imperial Examination Museum in China, Jiading, Shanghai (4), Gong Yuan in Dingzhou, Hebei (5), Imperial Examination Cultural Street in Langzhong, Sichuan (6), "World Scholar City" in Cicheng, Ningbo (7) and Mentougou, Beijing. ....

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