Architecture of Imperial City (Forbidden City) in Yuan Dynasty
Most of them are located in today's Beijing, which is the second capital established by the Yuan Dynasty and the most important capital of the Yuan Dynasty. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan continued to expand the capital due to the transfer of the ruling center to the south. In August of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1264), Yanjing, the former capital of the Jin Dynasty, was named as the capital, and the system of visiting the capital was formally established. In the 4th year of Yuan Dynasty, due to the dilapidated old city of Zhongdu, Kublai Khan decided to build a new city in the northeast of Zhongdu. In February of the ninth year of Zhiyuan, Zhongdu was renamed Dadu, and in the thirteenth year of Zhiyuan, a new capital was built. During the Yuan Dynasty, most of them were not only the political, economic and cultural centers of the whole country, but also international metropolises with high reputation in the world at that time.
The archaeological investigation in the Yuan Dynasty was mainly carried out in the 1960s and 1970s in coordination with Beijing's urban construction. At that time, the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences and the Beijing Cultural Relics Management Office successively excavated metropolises, streets, rivers and lakes, and unearthed more than ten different types of building sites. According to the field investigation, the whole city in Yuan Dynasty was a rectangle with a slightly longer length in the north-south direction, with a circumference of about 28,600 meters. Although the northern wall and the northern section of the east-west wall were abandoned in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are still relics on the ground, that is, the so-called "tucheng" in the northern suburbs of Beijing today; The southern section of the East-West Wall is consistent with the East-West Wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The south wall is located on the south side of Chang 'an Avenue. The south wall is slightly bent outward near the twin towers of Qingshou Temple (i.e., Haiyun and Kean Second Division Tower) to bypass the twin towers. Most 1 1 city gate, Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Earth wall Wall Earth Wall Earth Wall Earth Wall Earth Wall According to the drilling results of Qingqingmen and Guangxi Gate foundation sites, the foundation of the city gate is rammed firmly, and the city gate building may be a "lintel" wooden portal. 1969 In the summer, when the Xizhimen archway was demolished, the site of the gate of Yihemen Wengcheng was discovered, and the inscription on the gate hole indicated that it was added by 1358. It is worth noting that the new technology at that time was adopted in the construction of this gate, such as changing the "lintel" wooden door opening into a brick door opening and adding fire-fighting equipment to make up for the defects of the wooden door. The walls of the Yuan Dynasty were all made of rammed earth, and the base was 24 meters wide. When the Western Wall of Beijing was demolished, it was also found that there was a semicircular tile pipe with drainage in the center of the top of Tucheng in Yuan Dynasty, which was more than 300 meters off and on along the direction of the city wall, indicating that the waterproof and drainage of Tucheng at that time was the way of pipeline drainage.
The scope of metropolitan imperial city and Miyagi is also basically clear in this survey. The Imperial City is located in the central area of the south of the city, with the east wall on the west side of today's North-South River, the west wall at the root of today's West Imperial City, the north wall south of today's Di 'anmen and the south wall south of today's East and Xihuamen Street. Miyagi is located in the east of the imperial city, its south gate (Chongtianmen) is located in the hall of supreme harmony in the present Forbidden City, and its north gate (Houzaimen) is in front of the children's palace in the present Jingshan Park, and its rammed soil foundation has been found. The east-west wall is near the east-west wall of the Forbidden City today. The wall foundation of Miyagi was demolished and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, but it was not well preserved. The widest part of Miyagi still exceeds16m. In the northwest of Miyagi, there is a West Garden centered on Wanshou Mountain (also known as Wanshou Mountain, now Qiongdao in Beihai) and Taiyechi (now Beihai and Zhonghai). On the west bank of Taiye Pool, Long Fu Palace is in the south and Sheng Xing Palace is in the north.
The central axis of the whole city in Yuan Dynasty was consistent with that of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After drilling, a 28-meter-wide north-south road relic was found in the north of Jingshan Mountain, which is a part of the avenue on the central axis of the metropolis. It is worth noting that most of the bell and drum towers at that time were not located on the central axis, but located slightly west of the central axis, that is, today's Old Drum Tower Street, which is different from Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of the streets are well laid out. The survey results show that there are many east-west hutongs equidistantly distributed on the east and west sides of the north-south main road. The main street is about 25 meters wide and the hutong is about 6-7 meters wide. Today, many streets and hutongs in the inner city of Beijing can still reflect the old traces of the street layout in the Yuan Dynasty.