On the Folk Customs of Sanming
On the first day of New Year's Day, adults and children get up in the early hours of the morning, put on new clothes, and fire guns to open the door, so as to open the door. Youxi people should eat "sweetness" before cooking ginger and brown sugar tea. Breakfast is vegetarian, or noodles, or soup pills, symbolizing longevity and reunion; Shaxian breakfast must have garlic, tofu, red head vegetables (spinach), etc., which means that everything in the New Year is cost-effective, rich and open to the public. On the first day of the old days, people often went to temples to worship the gods and ancestors and pray for peace; When the neighbors meet, they bow to each other and say "Happy New Year" and "Congratulations on making a fortune". On this day, adults and children are forbidden to say unlucky things. If the bowl is broken, say "broken (old) broken (old) safe"; The child stumbled and said, "pick up the ingot"; Injured and bleeding, it is called "seeing the red is happy" ... On the morning of the first day, people in a village in Jiangle also have the custom of going to wells and streams to compete for the first water, which is called "taking the test for the first water", which means that everything comes first in the New Year.
From the second day of junior high school, people began to visit relatives and friends and pay New Year greetings to each other. Generally, New Year's greetings should not be empty-handed. They should bring cakes and sweets, and brown sugar to their elders. When New Year's greetings return, the host family should return gifts of the same value, which is called "reciprocity".
Sanming > Folk customs > Shaxian Shoulder Play
When it comes to Shaxian, people will naturally think of flavor snacks. Nowadays, Shaxian snacks have become a brand. No matter whether you go south or north, every city has Shaxian snacks to build a beautiful scenery. As everyone knows, Shaxian is eye-catching and this flavor snack? Shaxian Shoulder Drama not only walked out of the mountain gate, but also traveled across the ocean and enjoyed a good reputation with its enchanting local charm and unique charm of childlike interest.
Shoulder play, also known as Shoulder Ping. According to the Records of Shaxian County, during the Xuantong period of the Qing Dynasty, folk dramas in Shaxian County were very active, and various troupes competed to perform. From time to time, the foreman of the Jade Pillow Pavilion, even the fine dog, is ingenious and innovates a shoulder play in which children stand on the shoulders of adults. During the performance, children of about 8 years old stand on the shoulders of adults to perform. Children are responsible for singing, head expression and hand movements, while adults are responsible for leg movements of stage position change. The drama can be divided into life, Dan, clean, end and ugliness. What role does the child play, the adults take the catwalk; Children were originally carefully selected and well-trained at ordinary times. Standing on the shoulders of adults, they not only don't have stage fright, but also sing with clear pronunciation and mellow voice, and they are well-formed and beautiful. Adults are more unambiguous, or run, or jump, or step, or lunge, or step ... According to the needs of the plot, they skillfully cooperate with the children on their shoulders, and they are tacit and integrated.
Shaxian Shoulder Play is a unique traditional folk art in China. Unique acting skills, beautiful singing, compatibility with various tunes, and informal venues are known as "wonderful folk art on the shoulders". Earlier, it used the most popular folk tunes to play drums to sing plays such as "Little Cowherd", "Fill the Cylinder" and "Flower Pass". Later, Nanci tunes were used to perform plays such as "Catch the Ship"; Later, it developed into performances such as Yellow Crane Tower, Ping Gui Bie Kiln and Shiro Visiting Mother. In the past, whenever there was a holiday, the shoulder play had to be performed in the streets and lanes, and wherever it went, it was very popular.
Now, in the prosperous times, Shaxian Shoulder Play is once again rejuvenated, bringing forth the new and learning from others, and it is presented to the world with a brand-new attitude. On the afternoon of January 23rd, 21 (New Year's Eve), Shaxian Shoulder Drama Troupe participated in the grand opening performance of "Wan Jia Xi Celebrates year of the snake" held in the square in front of the Macao Pavilion, and He Houhua, Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region, watched the performance with great interest. The local reporter wrote in a special report: "For local residents, the shoulder play is a rare art program. Children aged about five or six stand on the shoulders of strong men, singing and dancing in costumes, and acting in melodious music. It is a special kind of drama with high difficulty." In the second half of the same year, Shaxian Shoulder Drama Troupe participated in the 5th Folk Art Festival in China with new repertoires such as "Pig Eight Rings Visiting the Mountain" and won the gold medal.
Sanming > Folk customs > Caviar Lantern in Chadongkeng
Among the lanterns on Lantern Festival every year in Taining City, the fish lantern in Chadongkeng is the most pleasing to the eye, so it is favored by people.
Chadongkeng Village, which is only 2 Li away from the county seat, is located in a small basin surrounded by mountains and beautiful scenery. At present, there are more than 12 households in the village with a population of more than 49, all of whom are surnamed Zou, and they belong to a prosperous family with the ancestor of the third generation of Sanjiu Gongyuan under the Song Jinshi Zou Weibo. This village has a history of more than 6 years. People who have been here all lament the hospitality of the people in the green mountains and green waters of the village, praising: "This is an extremely rare land with unique advantages."
This village has a high terrain, many mountains and big ridges. It has been farming for generations, and people's work is not easy. They have worked hard for a year. In order to eliminate fatigue, celebrate the bumper harvest of that year and pray for good luck in the coming year, the first month of each year always takes a few days to carry out mass lantern-playing activities with spontaneous organization, self-production, self-rehearsal and self-appreciation. This highly entertaining folk fish lantern activity began in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty. Because the masses have regarded it as a traditional custom of "Range Rover Enjoying Auspicious Scenery", it has a strong vitality. Up to now, it has a history of more than 18 years, and it is well-known for a long time.
unlike other lamp types, the fish lamp in Chadongkeng can be used for several years, but it is changed every year, improved year by year and constantly innovated. Therefore, it has a high level of technology and appreciation value. Although it is not very complicated to make a fish lamp, the technological requirements are very exquisite and meticulous.
First of all, the fish lamp model is made of superior bamboo material. The fish head and tail are very important. In order to make it independently, this material should be cut delicately and smoothly, so that it has strong flexibility and authenticity after being made. The two-sided gills should be carefully made, and the curvature of the frame depends entirely on the spirituality and feel of the producer, so as to make a symmetrical and accurate head and tail appearance.
secondly, it's fish scale cutting, which is a very meticulous process, and it pays great attention to measurement and straightness. Scales are made of thin and smooth red paper. Cutting scales on red paper is operated by sharp scissors. Scales can neither be cut too thin nor too thin, and their thickness should be consistent with the size of the die frame, that is, in proper proportion to the size of the whole fish.
thirdly, sticking scales, which should be very careful. The operation sequence is as follows: first, stick paste on the surface of the prepared skeleton model, and then stick a thin layer of cotton yarn white paper as the substrate; Then paste the cut scale paper on the white paper. When applying the decal, use both hands to tighten the flower paper, but control the appropriate force so as not to break the scale. Only when the obvious scale flower is pulled out can it be pasted, so that the scales will be naturally exposed, giving people an intuitive and three-dimensional feeling to the fish scales.
fourthly, eye-pointing, gill-drawing and wing-drawing. This process should have a certain artistic and technological foundation, which is generally mastered by a skillful lighting master and painted in three different shades of red, blue and black.
Fifth, it is lighting. The fish lamp is active at this specific time at night, so it is called "fish lamp", which is the combination of fish and lamp as the name implies. The two interact and complement each other. The lamp is installed in the belly of the fish, and at night, with the help of the lamp, the appearance characteristics and activity scenes of the fish are set off, that is, the above-mentioned people have an intuitive and three-dimensional feeling. The production of the lamp is very simple. It is to put white rice and tea oil in a cup, and then put an ancient copper coin with a hole in the middle, and a white belt is inserted in the hole to make a wick. Because the fuel is real tea oil, the lamp will emit a thick fragrance when it is lit. This kind of lighting lamp is also called "tea oil lamp". Finally, a portable bamboo handle is attached, so that a fish lamp is completed. Accurately speaking, the caviar lamp in Chadongkeng is "carp lamp", and people also call it "auspicious lamp".
Every year, the fish lanterns played in Chadongkeng are made and lit by all households, but the production is centralized and unified. The production time is usually from the fourth day to the sixth day of the first month, and there are special people to teach the basic knowledge and technical essentials of making lanterns. Therefore, making lights every time is not only a practical process to complete the production task, but also an excellent opportunity to learn from each other and watch and learn. After the fish lamp is made, everyone hangs on their own altar and lights it up every night to show their brilliance and auspiciousness. It is this collective way that shows that Hakka can make lanterns and everyone can play with them. Therefore, the mass fish lantern activities in this village can always be passed down from generation to generation.
The industrious and wise people in Chadongkeng not only make fish lanterns beautifully, but also play them brilliantly. The reason why they like to enjoy fishing lanterns is that they have an indissoluble bond with "fish". As the saying goes, the phrase "fish and water are deep" is all vividly reflected in them. The lantern dragon consists of four parts: carp lamp, bear fish lamp, five-pointed star lamp and Chairman Mao portrait lamp. The Chairman Mao portrait lamp and the five-pointed star lamp were added only after liberation. Adding these two kinds of lamps means that the people of Chadongkeng have entered a brand-new socialist era from the dark old society, and the people have been liberated since then to express their gratitude to Chairman Mao and the * * * production party. The arrangement order of lanterns and dragons is: the first one is a portrait lamp of Chairman Mao, followed by a pair of five-pointed star lamps and a pair of bear fish lamps, followed by dozens of carp lamps. The leader of the lantern is five people, who are elected by everyone to be old, prestigious and skilled. All lantern-bearers have a high sense of self-discipline, that is, they are kind-hearted, focused, energetic, and orderly in their actions. They should not only dance the lanterns vividly, but also avoid burning them, so as to ensure a joyful, lively, lively and safe entertainment charm and show a prosperous, developed and auspicious future. On the happy night of the fifteenth day of the first month of each year, when people are full of food and drink, every household lights up, and all men, women and children go out. When the leader of the fish lamp gives the order, all the young men who hold the lamp are happy, and they hold up their own fish lamps and join the ranks of the lamps in a high-spirited manner, forming a mighty dragon of lanterns in an instant. Thus, the long lantern dragon, coupled with the sonorous sound of gongs and drums and firecrackers of "Tea East Pit, Tea East Pit, Tea East Pit", made the small village of Tea East Pit boil up at an instant. It was really a lively scene with lights like dragons, people like streams and songs like tides. There is a free from worry Hall for clan in Chadongkeng Village. The central column beam of this hall is 5.5 meters high, 6 meters wide and 6.6 meters long, covering an area of 39.6 square meters. This hall is known as the ancient ancestral hall, and all major events such as weddings, funerals and celebrations in the village are held in this hall. Of course, the fish lanterns on the Lantern Festival night on the fifteenth day of the first month are all activities in the hall first. The dancing lights started with the earth-shattering sound of three "three-pin spear". At this time, two rows of fish lights entered the gate at the same time from the left and right sides in front of the gate. There were firecrackers in the hall, gongs and drums sounded, and the fish lights were right. The performance was very beautiful and the scene was spectacular. After dancing in the hall for a while, the fish lanterns extended to the open air in front of the village. At this time, I saw the fish lanterns getting more and more fierce, the firecrackers getting louder and louder, the sound of gongs and drums, firecrackers and the loud noise of "three products" intertwined, and the fish lanterns activities lasted for two hours before and after, which made the whole village full of bright lights, colorful, surging people's hearts and an abnormal lively atmosphere. Yes! At the beginning of the year, people's joy, joy, blessings and good luck, as well as beautiful ideals and sustenance, seem to be condensed in this joy. After playing in the village, the fish lantern entered the county seat, pushing the fish lantern activity to a climax. There is no uniform time to enter the city. Some years are on the sixth and seventh nights, and some years are arranged on the night of the Lantern Festival. On the day of entering the city, the lantern-holding team had dinner early, and after some preparation, they hurried down the mountain, singing songs and lighting a street lamp all the way, and came to the county seat with great interest. Tea East Pit has always been famous for playing gongs and drums, because their melodies are beautiful, their rhythms are distinct, their ups and downs are constant, and they can be heard far and near. Especially in their gongs and drums, there is also a sound similar to the homonym of the words "Tea East Pit". Therefore, from a long distance, when you hear the sound of gongs and drums, you will know that this is the fish lamp coming from Tea East Pit. Often, the fish lamp has not entered the city but the sound of gongs and drums has advanced to the city. When people in the city heard the fish lamp coming from Tea East Pit, they were all overjoyed, so men, women and children flocked to the streets to enjoy the lamp. The fish lantern team is cautious about the performance of the city people, because they are determined to feast their eyes on the city people with their unique fish lantern charm, so that they can spend a happy Lantern Festival night. To this end, the fish lantern team in Chadongkeng follows the life habits and swimming movements of carp in the water, and performs a complete performance according to the five major arrangements of playing, companionship, surfing, getting out of the water and jumping over the dragon gate. In particular, the scene of carp jumping over the Longmen is particularly vivid. I saw pairs of red carp coming out of the water, rising from low to high, and then jumping straight over the Longmen, making the fish lanterns particularly vivid and vivid. Coupled with the close cooperation of gongs and drums, the whole performance has a compact action, distinct rhythm, unusual excitement and touching artistic effect. In this situation, it is hard to believe that this is a lamp, just like a live fish swimming in the water, which really makes the fish lamp live. The audience said: Watching the fish lanterns of Tea Dongkang makes people feel that this is an artistic enjoyment.
Sanming > Folk customs > Hakka love song
Sanming Hakka is the hometown of folk songs. After the "Yongjia Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty, groups of Han people in the Central Plains moved southward to avoid natural and man-made disasters such as war, famine and plague. After all the hardships, I came to this paradise in northwest Fujian to live and multiply. For thousands of years, Hakka ancestors and indigenous people have lived in peace, and the Central Plains culture and Fujian-Vietnam culture have blended and infiltrated each other. In order to convey their feelings and express their feelings, many Hakka folk songs with great characteristics have been created.
in the long historical years, Sanming folk songs and local folk customs have merged into one furnace, with a earthy flavor and become an indispensable part of people's cultural life. Hakka love songs, in particular, express young people's pursuit of love, longing for happiness, contempt for feudal ethics and resistance to feudal marriage with fiery and healthy emotions, vivid images, humorous and refined language. Like a clear spring, refreshing.
Hakka love songs are mostly seven-character, rhyming every other sentence, with four names, paragraph structure and various forms. There are also duets and songs, which are deeply loved by the masses.
Sanming > Folk customs > Shek Pik Custom
Shek Pik, a tiny mountain village that attracts Hakka people's attention, has attracted more and more people's attention. Not only Hakka scholars come in droves to search for the mystery, but also tourists come here in an endless stream, all of whom want to appreciate her extraordinary charm and lift her mysterious veil. What is particularly fascinating is the people's customs of Shek Pik, which make us think of the splendid culture with a long history in ancient China, and the Hakka's persistent beliefs that have been left over to this day. No matter whether we study Shek Pik or Hakka, we should start with the customs of Shek Pik, so as to reveal its profound cultural connotation. The study of customs aims to "explore modern social systems and customs."