What about Zhenjiang and Yangzhong? (If you are satisfied, please add more!!!)
1 Dialect Zhenjiang dialect belongs to the Jianghuai sub-dialect of the northern dialect. It is located at the junction of the two major dialects, the northern dialect and the Wu dialect. It is roughly bounded by Jianbi to the east and Shangdang in Dantu District to the south. The ancient Zhenjiang dialect belongs to the Wu dialect. Due to special political, social, transportation and other reasons, the dialect attributes have changed. Although Zhenjiang dialect belongs to the category of northern dialects, its composition is complex. It contains traces of Wu dialect and the influence of Qi dialect (similar to Beijing dialect). Yangzhou, across the river, has a great influence on Zhenjiang dialect. Compared with Mandarin, Zhenjiang dialect does not have fully voiced initial consonants and tip-back initial consonants; nasalized vowels are between front nasal rhymes and vowel finals, in, ing, en, eng, n, l are not distinguished; there are entering tones . The vocabulary retains rich Wu dialect words. The dialects of Jurong, Dantu and Yangzhong are similar to Zhenjiang dialect. Although their composition is complex, they all belong to the northern dialect system. The language east of Dagang, south of Baoyan, Jurong and Maoshan and to the west of Danyang City gradually shows the characteristics of Wu dialect from west to east. Duowenbai has different pronunciation, the speaking pronunciation is close to Wu dialect, and the reading pronunciation is close to Mandarin; the fully voiced initials disappear, there are many initials on the tongue, and there are no back initials on the tip of the tongue; there are many single vowel finals; the reading pronunciation has 4 tones, and the speaking pronunciation has 6 tones. The eastern part of Danyang enters the Wu-speaking area.
The Huaiyang dialect mentioned in "Jiangsu Province Chronicles? Dialect Chronicles" roughly includes Yangzhou City, Huai'an City, Zhenjiang City, Yancheng City, and Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province, which is equivalent to the cities in Jiangsu Province except Hongchao area outside Nanjing. Its pronunciation characteristics are:
1. There is no distinction between flat and raised tongue sounds. Among them, Yangzhou and Huai'an films are all pronounced with flat tongue sounds, and Haizhou films are all pronounced with raised tongue sounds;
2 , except for Yancheng urban area and Jianhu County, no distinction is made between n and l;
3. In the middle ages, the third-class characters with the rhyme rhyme of fake photos, such as dad, borrow, xie, etc., are used in most areas. The final rhyme is iI, which is different from the second-class characters of Xie Shejian group (such as Jie, Xie, etc.). In some areas (such as Huai'an), the vowels of these characters are raised to i;
4. Yangzhou Pian, There is no Erhua in Haizhou pictures, but there is Er in Huaian pictures;
5. In the Middle Ages, the combination of spoken words (such as retreat, right) is pronounced as "open call" in Haizhou pictures and Huai'an films. Yangzhou Pian is still read as Hekouhu;
6. The medieval characters Xian and Shanshe are divided into three parts according to the main vowels in Yangzhou Pian and Haizhou Pian, such as Guan ≠ Guan, Jian ≠ Jian, etc., which are the same as those in Yangzhou Pian and Haizhou Pian. The three rhymes of Hanshan, Huanhuan, and Xiantian in "Central Plains Phonology" are divided in the same way; the second-class characters of Xian and Shanshe (such as Jian, Jia, etc.) in Huaian Pian are transferred to Dan and Jiangshe, and the final rhymes are changed to iang. Is it still Xian? , Shan She is three points, which is still controversial;
7. The rhyme of Ru tone matches the rhyme of Yang tone, which is the same as the principle of "Guang Yun".
Based on phonetic and vocabulary characteristics, it can be divided into three small films: Yangzhou films, Huaian films and Haizhou films.
2 Survey Report on Yangzhong Language and Folklore
Yang Xinru
mentioned language folklore, which is a very important part of folk culture, mainly including proverbs and folk customs , language worship folk customs, language taboo folk customs and other major aspects. The language and folk customs of a place must be closely connected with the dialect of that place. Dialects and language folk customs are as inseparable as a complete piece of fur. Therefore, I chose my hometown, Yangzhong, as the location for my language and folklore investigation. However, due to my limited knowledge preparation and lack of time, my investigation into the language and folk customs of Yangzhong only stayed at a very superficial level and I was unable to conduct in-depth research.
Yangzhong City is located in the middle of the Yangtze River in the east of Zhenjiang and is surrounded by rivers. It consists of four river islands: Leigong Island, Taipingzhou, Xisha and Zhongshasha south of the main channel. The total area is 332 square kilometers and the total population 272,400 people. Among them, Zhongsha, the largest island, is the largest island in the center of the Yangtze River. Before Yangzhong built its first cross-river bridge in 1993, all transportation to the outside world relied on automobile ferries at three ferries, making transportation very inconvenient. This inconvenience has allowed the Yangzhong dialect to maintain its purity compared to other dialects and be less affected by other dialects. Therefore, the language and folk customs contained in the Yangzhong dialect are also well preserved.
Spoken sayings and proverbs are very expressive words and sentences in dialect vocabulary. Sayings and proverbs are often concise, short and concise but full of wisdom and philosophy.
Commonly used techniques in sayings and proverbs include: using distinctive images, containing profound experiences and lessons, implying life philosophy, and various rhetorical techniques (exaggeration, metaphor, contrast, etc.).
The following table lists some commonly used proverbs in Yangzhong dialect and the explanations of these proverbs.
Explanation of common sayings and proverbs
Walking along the street during the day and wasting fuel and fire at night. If you don’t take the time to work during the day, work with a light on at night
Don’t do anything during the day. , groping at night is the same as above
Peach fills a person, apricot hurts, plums in the nest kill people. Eating peaches makes you full. Eating too much apricots is bad for your health, and you can’t eat too many plums
< p>Boxwood, down to 46, grows and shrinks every year, instead of making progress, it becomes more and more backwardIt has no bones and no backbone, and it also means that children are very naughty
< p>Yellow thread race in June, ginseng yellow thread is eelHeadless work doing some meaningless things
Thousands of people hate it and everyone feels disgusted
To do something meaningless, it is similar to "headless work"
When you are full of wine and tea, you have to pour the wine fully, and just pour a shallow cup of tea
Wubaogui is a person who has nothing to do all day, a little gangster
A poor man is very nagging
These commonly used proverbs mainly fall into the following categories:
1. Life philosophy and persuasion. "Walking along the street in the day, wasting oil and fire at night", "If you don't do anything during the day, you will explore at night", "The boxwood is four or six inverted, and it grows and shrinks every year" all belong to this category. It can be seen that most of these proverbs and proverbs that encourage sincerity use the method of giving negative examples to let people understand what the correct approach is through a negative example. To make it easier to remember and recite, these proverbs all rhyme. For example, in the sentence "boxwood, inverted four or six, it grows and shrinks every year", "wood", "liu" and "shrink" are all rhymed in the dialect. The advantage of rhyme is that it is catchy, easy to understand and easy to recite.
Second, health care. "Peach fills people, apricots hurt people, and plums eat people to death", "Yellow threads in June beat ginseng" all belong to this category. These proverbs are usually closely related to some traditional Chinese medicine concepts, or are based on folk prescriptions. They all have the same characteristic, that is, they have no theoretical basis, but they are the essence of valuable experience accumulated by the people in long-term production and labor life. On the surface, it seems to lack scientific and rigorous arguments, but in real life, you have to follow its advice, otherwise you will really suffer a big loss.
Three, dealing with others and etiquette. "The wine is full and the tea is shallow", "The feelings are deep and the mouth is dull" all belong to this category.
Four. Others. For example, proverbs such as "headless work" and "doing Guanmu" cannot be accurately classified, but it can be roughly judged that these all criticize some bad phenomena and behaviors, so they are joked or satirized. Describe the tone of voice. This type of proverb is a relatively euphemistic way of cursing someone. In addition to accusing the other person of doing something wrong, it also means to persuade them to correct themselves.
In language folklore, language worship is also a very important component. Language worship is divided into the worship of the myth of the language and writing itself (that is, the worship of a certain language and writing itself) and the worship of the myth of the function of the language and writing. The former is often a kind of potential worship, and most worshipers will not express their worship intentions clearly. During the investigation, I discovered a very interesting phenomenon, that is, along with the worship of the language itself is discrimination against another or some languages. For example, in the survey, many older people in Yangzhong, especially those who cannot speak Mandarin themselves, often admire Mandarin. They often hope that their children can learn Mandarin as soon as possible and as standard as possible. , some young people even particularly like to listen to news broadcast in Mandarin. Because this group of people often associate being able to speak standard Mandarin with having good knowledge and accomplishments. Another phenomenon is the admiration for various dialects in the Wu-speaking area, especially Suzhou dialect and Shanghai dialect. When the "Wunong soft language" is mentioned, people often click their tongues in admiration.
This phenomenon may be related to the fact that the economy and culture of these areas have been more prosperous than other areas since ancient times. .
As for the worship of myths about the functions of language and characters, they can be divided into two categories: one is language witchcraft, and the other is language taboo. The situation of language taboo is relatively complicated and will be discussed in more detail below. Let’s talk about language witchcraft first. The scope of verbal witchcraft is very wide, ranging from the good aspects of prophecy to the "black witchcraft" used to curse people. Among the customs of Yangzhong, there is a very special kind of "black magic", which is called "Doufangchu" in dialect. This type of "black magic" usually occurs between two people who are at odds with each other, and it always occurs when one of the two discordant people dies. For example, if a daughter-in-law was not filial to her mother-in-law, or even mistreated her during her lifetime, the mother-in-law would "put her in a bad place" before her death, which is similar to the mantra for the daughter-in-law. Then during the funeral, the daughter-in-law would not only They will be too frightened to participate in the funeral, and they will often encounter difficulties. There are obviously many superstitious legends in this, but it also contains the simple idea of karma. The so-called "losing one's place to be afraid of" is nothing more than a hope that there will be less hatred between people, even if there is something unpleasant occasionally. To reconcile as soon as possible, do not dwell on it or even wait for revenge. The tradition of respecting the elderly is even more important.
Let’s talk about language taboos in detail. The so-called language taboos, in layman’s terms, mean “what you don’t want to say”.
The first category is address taboos. Chinese people have always had the custom of respecting their ancestors, and the names of their ancestors and elders cannot be called directly. In the past, it was very taboo for a junior's name to have the same name, homophony, and same character as the elder's name, but now it is no longer a taboo. Some words with better meanings are even used repeatedly in naming without taboo. Husband and wife can also call each other by their first names without saying "the mother of the child", but sometimes it is inconvenient to describe their spouse to others, so they will say "my boss" to mean "my husband". When the third party narrates, they will use "such-and-such man" and "such-and-such woman" instead. If they are familiar people, they will call them by their first names. Generally speaking, calling people by their nicknames is disrespectful to others. However, familiar relatives and friends often call each other nicknames to express intimacy, and people who are not familiar with each other usually do not tell each other their nicknames. Due to the strong local concept and national self-esteem among the people, there are some derogatory names with contempt and discrimination in terms of regional and ethnic titles. In Yangzhong, there are terms such as "Jiangbei people" and "Danyang barbarians". The former refers to people in areas north of the Yangtze River, mainly because these areas are usually economically underdeveloped, and the origin of "Danyang Manzi" is that the Danyang dialect is very complex and difficult to understand during daily communication, so people in Danyang are called "Danyang Manzi" .
The second category of age and zodiac signs is taboo. There is a saying in Yangzhong that "exceeding three is but not four". Because "four" is the same as "death", when it comes to age, "forty" is taboo, but "forty-one", "forty-two", etc. are not taboo. When celebrating birthdays, I will only celebrate my 39th birthday, not my 40th birthday.
The third category is the taboo of evil words. Because of the fear of "speak of evil, it will be evil, and words of misfortune will bring misfortune", it is taboo to mention words such as misfortune. Death is what people fear and taboo most. In general narratives, the word "death" is not taboo to be said, but when meeting an elder or one's relatives, one has to use "go" instead, and sometimes "gone" or "died".
The word "death" should not be said during the Chinese New Year or festivals, especially during the Chinese New Year. For example, if you are hit by something and it hurts, you can't say "it hurts so much", but instead say "it hurts so much". However, most parents nowadays do not have such language taboo requirements for their children. Among the people in Yangzhong, "four" is not a completely untouchable word. On the contrary, "seven" is more taboo than "four". Old Yangzhong people will say, "Seven, seven, is not good", but they can't explain why it is bad, but young people don't pay attention to these things anymore. These language taboos are all about avoiding evil and seeking good luck, which is commonly known as "asking for luck". There is also a taboo in Yangzhong where place names are conflicting, as some place names are believed to have ominous meanings. For example, "three leaps up" is a very taboo word in Yangzhong dialect. "Sanyue" is the name of a town in Yangzhong City. It was originally nothing special. However, since the crematorium in Yangzhong is located in Sanyue Town, if you say to a person "Go to Sanyue", it means to curse that person to return to the west early.
The fourth category is taboo words for losing money. During festivals, people always say "Congratulations on getting rich" when they meet, because the quality of wealth is directly related to people's vital interests.
During the Spring Festival, many farmers will put up statues of the God of Wealth and the Stove King. However, the image of the God of Wealth is taboo against buying and selling. Buying and selling is disrespectful to the god. Therefore, you must say "please" when buying, and you must say "gift" when tearing off the portrait. Not only when posting portraits of the God of Wealth, but also in various sacrificial activities, such as buying Bodhisattvas, buying hexagrams, etc., the word "please" must be said.
There is a special type of language taboo phenomenon that cannot be investigated due to limited conditions, which is group taboo words, that is, industry slang. This requires long-term contact with people engaged in a certain type of occupation to complete the survey. This survey was not completed due to the rush of time.
Language folklore contains very rich content. This survey is only a small part of the Yangzhong language folklore, so it is inevitable that it will be one-sided and contain errors.
Attachment: Some commonly used "four-character pattern" idioms in Yangzhong dialect
sticky glutinous rice guala booger clang silly old face shaking his head bone man
Wang Mang The most important thing is to eat secretly, eat and cry to death
No mother-in-law, nine-bag rice bag, Western flowers, cracked ruler, old age, Guala
The sharp and slippery six-corner is right Bloody Guo Linluo, semen and fat
Round head and pierced face, oily and smooth face, dead arch and half-eyes twitching to the sky
Rotten skin and rotten eyes, corpse and bones, real steel, real fire, wrinkled skin Kong
The eight monsters in Xulipo, the teeth and leaks, did not catch or touch the cold Miwo spoon
The children chatted in Brazilian big words and helped ten irons and never let go of Yiyi
Dailibajiqiongzuilashadingtang, fertile water, horizontal gun and vertical stick
Four-legged and eight-pronged wood, ancient strips, pig handles, clear soup and little water
Kill the dead skin of Muri ghost Open-eyed and pregnant with single clothes and thin clothes
Working in a useless way, carrying shoulders and backs, empty stomach and hungry stomach, saving wine to entertain guests
Working hard to drag the sky and earth, saving clothes, frozen bones, disease and pain
p>
Deaf and see the eight young masters are hot-tongued and stay away from Li Haba for two or five years.
Xili Maha uses the wind to make diagonal thrusts and is so ripe that it will cause death.
3
3
p>
4
5 "Man" means "very, very" in the dialect of Zhenjiang and some surrounding areas. For example, "You are quite funny", "You have quite a lot of money on you", "This dish tastes quite good", "It is quite big, quite good, quite beautiful, quite refreshing" are all fine
Some dialects of Zhenjiang
Jiaqu (chewing maggots)
Gakou (go home)
Heque Mawu (described as very dark)
Box (child)
Target Shooting:
This morning I will hit the target,
I’m a mom,
Bald! The spicy food was exposed,
The suet was coming out on my face,
My whole body was so cool,
I told the leader: You, you, you... It's just a waste of money
Xie Da Liu Gang
A shop full of smoke
Leng Dawa female
Flat nose and crooked mouth
p>A mess of brackets
What a dirty chicken
The nest is rusty (described as rather embarrassing)
It’s like soup (the paste is inside) Confused)
Yidi'er (a little bit)
Xie Da Liu Gang - refers to a playful and smiling face, not serious.
Wrapped up and not smooth. Often used to describe the smoothness of paper, sheets, bedding, etc.
A pile of smoke - a mess, very sloppy. Often refers to the loss of order in the placement and display of items.
Lengdawafei - describes the discomfort in the stomach after eating cold food in a cold climate. "Lengdawafei" simply refers to the coldness of the food.
Flat nose, crooked mouth - describes the demeanor and expression of people when they are panic, frustrated or frustrated.
A collapsed bracket means completely and completely. Synonymous with it is "ramming but not doing it". For example, if a friend wants to borrow a pack of cigarettes from you, you say, these are the only ones I have. The meaning is all there.
Wow filthy chicken - often used to describe food that is not refreshing, unpalatable to the eyes, and unbearable to swallow.
There is also "killing", which is sometimes used to describe "enjoyment".
Shaken (a term used in bathhouses that only started to exist in the mid-1990s)
嘬了 (get rich)
The axis head is weird (unconvinced) , very stubborn)
Xiaoerlao (stingy guy)
Jinganggang (neck)
Disrespectful (picky)
Kowtow to the head of the machine (knee)
Stay like a monkey
Erwuxixi
Scrape even the machine
Handparticles (handkerchief )
Little decapitated (child)
Little trick (child)
The moon is quite round today
1. Explanation of words
1. Laisi: full of sticks.
2． Jiegu: full of silk.
3. Shakeng (keng): Something in the shape of a dragon is bad.
4. Branding axis: If you are unsuccessful in doing something, you will be troubled.
5． Rest and consumption: Xinglong's work is time-consuming and energy-consuming, but he cannot enter the cup.
6． Area A: Those who shorten their words will be stopped, Hajia.
7. Beard soup: A certain edge of the dragon shape makes the temple confused.
8. Xida Luogang: Shape of a dragon with a certain edge, B big, B, the earth is lazy and does not increase.
9． Black paint? Scratching: The old man disappeared from the forest after drinking.
10. The strange thing is that Zuosi and Bieleng are at odds with each other.
11. Dig the five-answer machine: Dirty, looking at the heart
12. In the blood paste: The eight virtues of a dragon lying in blood are the eight virtues.
13. Rotten chicken scrapes: The chicken is rotten and sticky to death.
14. Eat crookedly and pull out the axis: Xinglonghen eats vegetarian food and pulls out the ground.
2. Sample Essay
Today, a friend from Sangwu came to me. He arrived at 49 o'clock and asked me to pick him up. I forgot about it. It wasn't until Lin Si died at nine o'clock that he remembered it. He obeyed, and when Si was playing the song in a hurry, he didn't count his teeth or wash his face, so he was ready to pick up the ribs. When he walked to the door, he found that he didn't bring the porcelain, so he quickly picked it up. , after taking the posture, it became more and more complicated. When the classmate saw me, he shrank back and said, "Hey, you're so silky. Let me go. Ayou, look at your hair. You're so stupid. Didn't you wash your face? Ayouwei." , how can you save face~~~~~~~
Supplementary information:
1. Xiaoqiazi or Xiaotiaozi (referring to small DD, or the former can only refer to small birds) Category) Note: Don’t look at kittens
2. Cunning (generally refers to someone’s cleverness in front of everyone being pointed out)
3. Lupu (referring to indirect intentional “ To raise someone's face, which is ironic)
4. To be dangerous (referring to doing things recklessly without remembering the consequences)
5. To be sensational or sensational (referring to A local way of meeting and greeting old friends in Laozhenjiang, which is a common vernacular in the city)
6. Hairy and spicy (referring to the image of someone who has just woken up, his eyes are full of color, his hair is messy)
7. Jiwazi (referring to the words that parents hate when children talk too much)
8. Duowanzila (referring to asking about the current time)
9. Pao Zi Zhu (referring to the preface of the elders scolding the little ones, it can also be said: the little ones are measured)
10. Staff (referring to the elders urging the younger ones to eat quickly)
11. Brush Scratch (refers to evaluating someone for doing things neatly)
Added:
1. Pi (naughty, disobedient)
2. Evil (chei) hair Leave a dog (a person or behavior that looks like a hooligan)
3. Diban (doing a great job, the evaluation given by others after the thing is over)
Synonyms: banza/scratching Scratch
4. Same as 3, slippery (describes the ground as slippery, same as the cleaning work is in place, and the light is as bright as a mirror)
5. Xiao Lao Dad (a child or a small child) Guy, with a bit of a lesson tone, he can also be called: Xiao Lao Ya)