Several questions about poetry (please refer to supplementary questions for details because there are too many words)
Poetry is written according to the medieval phonology. In order to maintain musicality, we should read according to the medieval phonology. Whether to draw a tiger according to the cat is a complicated problem, which will be discussed later. This is a principle, or an ideal; If you really read it, you can't ignore the fact. The truth is that we can't do it at all. There are many reasons, one of which is the most powerful one. We have no right to speak in Putonghua. It is not only impossible, but also too troublesome to say that every word is pronounced according to the rhyme of poetry. Impossible, so we must relax. Relaxation can also be divided into two levels: strictness is completely from the old level (not four tones), and leniency is only from the old keywords. Take Du Fu's Five Poems of Ode to Epics (Wanling Valley near Jingmen) as an example;
The valley of mountains and rivers goes to Jingmen, and the wife of light was born in the village where she grew up. On a trip to Zitailian, Shuomo and she have now become green graves in the dusk. Draw a picture, know the spring breeze, and return to the night and the moon. Pipa has been meaningless for thousands of years, and grievances are clear.
The added words have different pronunciations from ancient times to the present (of course, in terms of phonetic system), and all of them are entering tones except "Shang" here. It is impossible to read according to the incoming sound, so we have to take a step back and be satisfied with keeping the sound, that is to say, reading is like removing the sound. This is a strict way, that is, all the words entering the tone are pronounced as if they were leaving the tone. You can relax again, only the keywords remain silent, and other non-keywords will start from now on. In this way, there are only two words left in the word "knowledge" and "theory" (the word "flexion" can be pronounced in an ascending tone or changed into a falling tone). Why can you relax like this? Let me talk about this situation first.
The problem comes from musicality, which is quite complicated and even subtle. As I said before, the beat is the basis of musicality, which is not clear; If we want to make it clear, we must make clear the relationship between musicality and meter. For example, musicality is moral and requires strict and meticulous; The measurement is legal, and the so-called great virtue is not too idle, and the small virtue can come and go. Moral leniency is also a little thing that Lu Yu beauty values (so-called killing the heart). The law cannot do this, as long as it is not serious enough to touch it. So is musicality. Maybe the difference of mood should also be included. If this is the case, then for example, the rhyme is cheerful and the rhyme is dull, which is related to musicality. It can also be refined, just like a flat sound. Fifteen rhymes are suitable for expressing boldness and five rhymes are suitable for expressing frustration, which is related to musicality. It can be further refined, even homophony with ten gray rhymes. Take Du Fu's high-style couplet "My path is full of petals-I have been swept by no one, and my thatched door has been closed-but now it is open for you". If the word "sweep" in the upper voice is replaced by the word "cut", no matter what it means, will the musicality be worse? We have been ignoring such a subtle place because: first, we can't clearly understand it, so we can't accurately grasp it; Second, even if it is clear that laws and regulations are a dime a dozen and the burden is too heavy, it will certainly suffer from chaos. So I had to take a step back and take a practical road, that is, a bumpy road, just to conform to the rules. Metrics ensure obvious and remarkable musicality, in addition, it is left to the author to understand.
There are mainly two kinds of metrical patterns related to sound: one is rhyme, and the other is flat harmony.
To say rhyme first is to express the beauty of music in a circular way. Rhyme is usually placed at the end of a sentence. Just so-so, because, for example, in The Book of Songs Nan Zhou Guanju, the rhyme at the end of the sentence comes before empty word. Since the Middle Ages, there has been no such form in poetry, so it can be said that rhyme is always placed at the end of a sentence. The metrical requirement of rhyming is that the rhyming words should be consistent (this is close to the form, and the archaic style and words are more restricted, so the details are left behind), so when reading, if the rhyming words are different in ancient and modern sounds (mainly flat tones), we should start from the old to maintain the musical beauty of rhyming. Take the following songs as an example:
The twilight clouds are cold, and the silver-haired people silently turn to the tracts. This life is not a good night. Where is the bright moon next year? (Su Shi's Mid-Autumn Festival Full Moon)
Birds fly in Qian Shan, but there are no footprints in a thousand paths. A boat, a bamboo cloak, a person fishing in the cold river snow. (Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue")
During the Qingming Festival, the West Lake is good and prosperous everywhere. Who is fighting for the way? Green willow and bamboo wheel ride. Tourists must go at dusk, drunk and noisy, and the road turns to the embankment until the city head is always full of flowers. (Ouyang Xiu's "Picking Mulberry Seeds")
Chilling and sad, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest. All accounts are not in the mood to drink, so you can miss the place and make a rush. Holding hands, watching each other cry (reading flat voice), I was speechless and choked up. Missing thousands of miles of smoke and waves, the evening is heavy. Affectionate since ancient times, parting hurts the body, and the autumn season is even more worthy of being left out. Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? There is a breeze and a waning moon on the bank of Yangliu. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Customs are varied, let alone who they are. (Liu Yong's "Yulinling")
The first two are poems. The first song has fourteen cold rhymes, and the fourth sentence "Look" is pronounced according to the current tone, which cannot rhyme with "cold" and "plate"; In order to keep the music beautiful, you should read it horizontally. The second song, nine rhymes, rhymes are read according to the present sound. "Jue" is a flat tone, and snow is the top tone, which cannot rhyme with "Jue"; In order to keep the beauty of music, everyone should read it like a sound. The last two songs are words. The rhyme "car" at the end of the last song cannot rhyme with "Hua", "Home", "Wow", "Oblique" and "Hua". In order to keep the music beautiful, you should read chā. The latter song basically entered the rhyme of June and Jiuxie (only "kuo" is the seven-easy rhyme, and the eighteen-part rhyme entered the tones of Wuwu, June, Qiyi, Eight Branches, Jiuxie and Sixteen Leaves), and "Xie", "Fa", "Choke" and "Shuo" are still in use today. In order to keep the beauty of music, everyone should read it like a sound.
2 levels of poetry
According to the metrical requirements of rhyming, rhyming words are key words, but the pronunciation of key words is inconsistent with the medieval phonology, which disrupts the metrical rules and destroys the beauty of music. As for rhyme, if there are no other rules (referring to flat and flat cooperation, which will be discussed below), it is ok to relax, at least it has little to do with it. For example, in the four songs mentioned above, the word "independence" in the second song is Rusheng, so it won't be unpleasant to read it flat according to today's pronunciation; In the same way, the third "zhi" is also an entering tone. If you pronounce it flat according to the current tone, you will not feel bad. This is a very wide road, only to conform to the rules, or only to focus on key words, to talk big is to make do. The purpose is to reduce the burden and let a lot of people who are interested in learning get by without thinking too much. Of course, if you voluntarily take a strict road, like the words "independence" and "straightness" mentioned just now, because you remember the words "entering the sound" and "learning the sound", then "an old man fishing in the cold river-snow" will be reduced to "plain" and "until the city is always full of flowers" will also be reduced to "plain".
Let's talk about leveling coordination first. Chinese pronunciation has tones, which can be divided into two categories: flat tones, "facts" are local and "theories" are foreign. In the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Pi wrote that "the festival is the same but different, but the things are different" (flat and flat, flat and flat), and Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote an article saying that "the sky is clear and the wind is harmonious" (flat and flat, flat and flat). This is high, which is wonderful, and it is just a trick (or unintentional) to play with the level change of water level. In the Southern Dynasties, Shen Yue, Xie Tiao and others not only intensified their efforts, but also absorbed the principle of translating Sanskrit Pinyin from Buddhist scriptures, and founded the theory of four tones and eight diseases, and their requirements for harmony changed from "dark harmony" to intentional pursuit. What do you pursue? Generally speaking, it is a beautiful voice. Specifically, it is more troublesome, because it must be clear that Li Bi's "Open the door and the snow is still floating" (flat) sounds good, while Feng Jie's "The North Wind is Tight One Night" (flat) is even worse. If it is changed to "it snows overnight", why? It can be inferred that our ears are unwilling to accept similarity. On the positive side, I like to hear about changes. The change here is a plane change. In the simplest terms, the nature of a flat voice is yang, and the nature of a low voice is suppression, just the opposite. Change means that there is inhibition after yang, and there is inhibition after yang. Why does this change sound good? Perhaps a music theorist can explain that for people outside our "home", it's no harm to be content with "nature". In other words, it is easy for us to know the course of the ear, but it is not easy to know why.
It is not easy to know that the change of requirements is not random, but basically in two syllables (some people call it "step" and others call it "paragraph"). Take the five-character modern poetry as an example, the change of requirements is not even or even, but even or even. This change extends beyond the sentence and becomes the change of the upper and lower links:
Five words and seven words
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
This is in a couplet, two syllables of the same level and tone are combined into one, and then change is required; And the requirements are thorough, and neighbors in both directions (left and right, up and down) should be changed. There are few poems that follow the rules, such as:
Love the riverside (plain) until sunset (plain). Sleep in the yellow calf grass (flat and flat) and sit in the sand of Bai Ou (flat and flat). (Wang Anshi's "Boat Topic")
Accompanied by firecrackers (reading), the spring breeze sent warmth into Tu Su (flat and faint). Thousands of families always change new peaches into old symbols (flat). (Wang Anshi's Yuan Ri)
This is a word that conforms to the rules and does not contain Hu at all. The reward is that you will feel cadence when reading it, which is really good.
However, the neat change of every word that conforms to the rules of flat and flat tones often cannot be integrated with the meaning. For example, for a while, I felt something. I said "Baoyou is sad", which happened to be smooth and steady, and every word was in line with the rules and very satisfied; But think about it, things are not out of treasure, but out of spring friends, so we have to change it to "the sadness of spring friends" and become plain. What shall we do? In this place, the ancients did not dare to be tough, so they gave up the meaning, the site of sound, and willingly ignored the front, that is, they recognized two syllables, and the back was the key, so they had to give up the light one in front. There is also a famous saying, "No matter what 135 is, 246 is clear." This famous story was written in seven words. If it is written in five words, it should be changed to "whether it is one or three or two or four." When we look at the collection of poems, we will find that many poems will do this.
3 levels of poetry
Take Du Fu, who is conceited about his fine poetic style, as an example;
Jiangdong, the moon moves the stone (pronunciation), the stream is empty, and the clouds are beside the flowers. Birds know their way of life, who will sail at night? (one of the six quatrains)
Cao Ge (read Xu Sheng) Chai Fei stars scattered, Lang Fanjiang black (read He Se) rain flew up. The mountain bird leads the way to feed the red fruit, and the Xi woman takes the money (pronunciation) and leaves the fish (pronunciation). (One of "Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom")
The words Jiang, Yun, Fan, Xing, Jiang, Liu and Liu should be even, while the words Yue, Bird, Wave, Food and De should be even. In this way, the grass follows suit, such as reading Du Lao's following two songs:
Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers last forever, and the spring of trees and grass is back. Where petals flow like tears, I hate saying goodbye to birds. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. I stroke my white hair. It has grown too thin, and you can't escape (read it flat). (Hope in Spring)
Go back to spring clothes every day and go home drunk every day. Alcohol debt is common, and life is seventy (pronunciation). Seeing through Hua Die, dragonflies fly slowly with the water. The scenery of language is fluid, which is not contrary to the temporary reward.
(one of Qujiang's two poems)
The added words, "Guo" and "Bai" in one position and "Qi" and "Fu" in three positions are all entering tones, which can be read according to the principle of relaxing and paying attention to the current tune. It is also in accordance with the principle of light release and heavy grasp. The "Bie" in the second position and the "Ten" in the fourth position are also entering tones, so it is like being out of tune to read them according to the medieval phonology.
In the above example, the pronunciation can be flexible, that is, the five-sentence sentence is not in the third place and the seven-sentence sentence is not in the fifth place, which means that it is always theoretically based on the best addition of two positions, even if it is not necessary. The reason is that if you don't care, it will be like this:
Five words and seven words
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
Pingping, Pingping, Pingping.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping
Yes, it doesn't sound good. Why should three out of five sentences and five out of seven sentences be treated differently? It's hard to say. Let's imagine the law of the essence of a phenomenon, just like accumulating wages and "coming from behind". From the upper layer, it plays an important role in the ear. VIPs can't wait and shouldn't relax. To this end, the poem wrote:
Flowers make seals, and phoenix tubes make sunny days. Excuse me, benefactor, how long are the two moths? (Huang Furan's "Good Complaints")
Silver Candle (Pronunciation) Qiu Guang painted a cold screen, gently fanning fireflies. The night in Tianjie is as cool as water, lying and watching Petunia and Weaver Girl. (Mutu's Autumn Night) All four punctuation words are Rusheng. Today, it reads in a flat tone, position three to five. From now on, they are not pleasant to read, and it is better to be boring. From old age, reading is like going to sound. (The first word of the five-character sentence and the third word of the seven-character sentence should also be discussed, and we will talk about it later. )
Let's talk about it from the back. This is a rhyming word. Five sentences are in the fifth place, and seven sentences are in the seventh place. Although it is singular, it is definitely different from rhyme, so we must discuss it. For example:
The green hills cross, and there is a white waterline in the east of the city. It was an (obvious) farewell, like a loose weed hundreds of miles away. Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave. (Li Bai's "Seeing Friends Off")
Flowers thanked two heartless people and sent the east wind to spring. Butterfly (pronunciation) dreamed of Wan Li and azaleas last night. Books in my hometown have been moving all these years, and Hua Fachun urged my temple to live. Of course, if you don't return it, you will return it. Who will fight for the Five Lakes Smoke Opera? (Cui Tu's Travel Notes of the Spring Festival Evening)
The four words added are all entering tone words. Today, I read in a flat tone, because the end of the sentence is symmetrical with the rhyme, so I should read from the old one, such as falling tone.
The above discussion about the cooperation between peace and equality is based on modern poetry. What about reading words? "Basically" also requires a flat change like a poem. The key words are 24 or 246 and the end of the sentence.
For example:
Canoe, short boat, West Lake, good, green water, lingering, fragrant grass, long beach, seclusion, seclusion, prosperity and Song Dynasty, places and places to follow. Wu feng shui, face, slippery (reading), endless (reading), boat, moving, slightly moving, ripple, shock, rising, sand, birds, sweeping, landing, flying. (Ouyang Xiu's "Picking Mulberry Seeds") Thin, foggy, cloudy, sad, forever, heaven, Switzerland, brain, sales, gold and beast. Jia Jiezhi (read Xu Sheng) traveled to Chongyang, where he killed Chu in the earthquake and cooled his head in the middle of the night. East, fence, wine, yellow, faint, dark, fragrant, full and sleeve. Don't know the soul, shade the wind, people are thinner than yellow flowers. (Li Qingzhao's "Drunken Flowers")
4 levels of poetry
What can be accommodated is roughly the top singular number.
Say "roughly" or "basically" because the level of words is stricter than that of poems, and the level of change is more complicated than that of poems. The difference comes from the syntax and rhythm of words and poems. Grammar first. Poetry, especially modern poetry, can be said to have only five words and seven words (there are few works with six words). Words are different, from one word to a cross. Let's take an example where both ends are not common. There are two words: big break and small break. For example, at the beginning of the sixteen-character sequence, a sentence must be broken, and when it comes to rhyme, it is a big break; Many protagonists, such as "the frost is getting tighter and the cold wind is getting tighter" and "the light in the guest is falling due to yin deficiency", need to pause when reading the words, which is a small break. Many words are used in the head change, such as "bright moon, bright moon" and "Jiang Guomo". There are three more words, such as "Xiao Sheng pharynx" and "Qin Louyue". There are not many words over seven, such as "It's colder than the autumn festival", "The hero hasn't found Sun Zhongmou" is an eight-character sentence, "Sunset at the willow heartbroken place" is a nine-character sentence, and "Don't you see the dusty Yuhuan" is a cross sentence. Let's talk about melody again. Deep pursuit can be said in Li Qingzhao's On Ci: "Gai Shi Wen is divided into flat edges, while Ci is divided into five tones, five tones, six rhythms and clear turbidity." We dare not ask for this, but we can't shrink back to being like a poem, just content with being dull or even changing. The situation outside poetry can be roughly divided into two categories. A relatively thick, flat and even change, not a flat and even change. It can also be divided into shortening and lengthening: shortening the change within two words, such as "Like a dream" (flat exhibition, flat exhibition), "Tears" in "Fairy" (flat exhibition) and "May spring come and stay temporarily" in "Six Ugliness". Prolongation is just a change of more than two words, such as "Peach Blossom Red" in The Memory of Qin Moth, "Dream Like a Dream with Dark Tears" in The Warrior's Lanling, and another refinement in "Yellow", which not only distinguishes between flat and flat, but also restricts which sound to use in some places. For example, "can you still eat" and "can't" in "Yong Yu Le" must be pronounced; The "thin again" and "thin" in Ruihexian must be voiced. The "small place" and "place" that the entrance department must use. ("Qin Yi E", "He Xinlang" and other words that are used to rhyme, of course, rhyme words should be in tune. ) So trivial, what should a novice do? There are two ways of work and leisure: work is to compare the word spectrum, and leisure is to read it roughly like poetry (pay attention to change and rhyme). Of course, if you copy it, you can only take the road of labor.
To sum up, take the following two songs as examples, and add words from the old ones so as not to spoil the beauty of music.
Good rain knows the season (jiè), and spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. Wild trails, clouds, furniture (j ū), black (hè), river boats, fire and independence (dü). The small ridge (kān) is red and wet (stone), and the flowers in Jinguan City are heavy. (Du Fu's "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night")
I am tasting wine alone, but I am disappointed with the light and yin deficiency on my guests. May spring stay, return like wings, and disappear without a trace (j‖). Why ask home? It rains at night and the Chu Palace is buried. Where the hairpin falls, the fragrance is fragrant (zè), the Taoxi is messy, and the willow turns gently. Affectionate who pursues cherish (X)? "But the bee-borne butterfly (diè) knocks on the window (gè) to make it quiet, gradually turns dark blue, and still goes around the bottom of the treasure tree, turning to sigh and sigh (xü). A long strip annoys travelers, as if talking with clothes on. Don't (biè) have no feelings (Jiì). Disabled people are small but strong (zè). Finally, I don't like it. The head of a hairpin quivers and leans towards people. Drifting land, not taking advantage of the tide, sunseeker (X). I'm afraid there is still the word acacia in red. Why do you see it? (Zhou Bangyan's "Six Ugliness")
In the end, there is nothing that may be encountered in theory. In fact, it is: it is difficult to read from the old (that is, several books), and it is completely impossible from now on? Difficulties come from different sources. Small and "labor saving" are contradictory. This has been said before. In order to save effort, we have to sacrifice the beauty of music. You can only take one of the two roads. This is personal freedom, and it is useless to be forced. Another big problem is the contradiction with the promotion of Putonghua. As far as I know, it is for this reason that radio and television read poems, and they are all read according to the current voice. This is collective freedom, there is no need to force it. But this will lead to a small contradiction, that is, reading mostly describes how beautiful a song is, including the beauty of artistic conception and the beauty of sound. However, if you recite it according to the current tone, such as "watching it alone" which is symmetrical to "she is watching the moonlight in Fuzhou", read it as gu and zh instead of ngzh ǐ dú kà n, and the sound will become quite ugly. How to solve it? It is inevitable to be in a dilemma. This is enough to prove that how to pronounce poetry is still a problem worth studying.