The Methods and Skills of Junior Middle School Geography
Junior high school geography methods and skills, cultivate the concept of space, and learn to look at and use pictures correctly.
A wide variety and a large number of maps are the outstanding characteristics that distinguish geography courses from other disciplines, so some people say, "Without maps, there would be no geography". As long as you master the correct method of reading maps, cultivate good habits of using maps and form basic geographical skills, you will master the most important tool for learning geography.
First, form a good habit of reading and using pictures. You should know that geographical knowledge exists not only in the text of textbooks, but also in maps. In geography study, we should draw from left to right, pay attention to using and consulting maps at any time, and be good at discovering geographical knowledge and looking for geographical laws from maps. If you persist for a long time, you can have words in your eyes and pictures in your heart, and words and images can be organically combined to form a correct spatial imagination.
Secondly, we should master the correct method of reading pictures. Pay attention to the order of pictures, first look at the picture name, legend, scale and direction, know the main content and scope of the picture, and then observe the specific content of the picture. Observe carefully and comprehensively, and don't miss every piece of information.
The first step is to obtain information and obtain all kinds of information displayed in the schematic diagram. In the Schematic Diagram of Soil and Water Conservation of Slope Protection Forest Belt, we can observe the hillside, two forest belts, precipitation and rivers, some arrows with different thickness, different colors and different directions, and the words "trace clear water enters the river" and "sediment runoff".
The second step is to analyze the map and the relationship between all kinds of information and content we get in the map. From top to bottom, we can see that the arrows representing surface runoff change from thick to thin, and the color changes from deep to light, and finally it becomes "a small amount of clear water enters the river". These indicate that during the process of falling from the air to the ground, atmospheric precipitation is blocked by branches and leaves of trees and litter layers, which promotes a large amount of rainwater infiltration and leads to the continuous reduction of surface runoff and sediment concentration. Slope protection forest reduces the degree of sediment loss and plays a role in maintaining soil and water on sloping land.
The third step is to explain the principle and clarify the principle explained in the schematic diagram. This Schematic Diagram of Soil and Water Conservation of Slope Protection Forest Belt shows that forests have hidden water sources and soil and water conservation functions.
To understand geographical principles and concepts, we should grasp the main points and key points.
Mastering the principles and essentials of geography does not need to be as accurate as fractions and theorems in physics and mathematics. As long as we grasp the key points, it is very easy to understand and master them. For example: "In nature, sunlight, air, water, etc. What is valuable to mankind is natural resources. " We should grasp two main points: first, what exists in nature is not industrial products. For example, although gasoline is valuable to human beings, it is not directly obtained from nature by human beings, but an industrial product. Second, it is of use value to mankind. What is of no use value is not. For example, although deserts exist in nature, at present, they are of no use value to human beings and do not belong to natural resources. That's enough.
It is important to have a correct method to learn geography, but it is also important to have a correct learning attitude to learn geography well. I hope the students have the right learning attitude, master the right learning methods and learn geography well.
Learn to read and master scientific reading methods.
Geography textbooks are an important way for us to acquire geography knowledge and improve geography literacy. How can we learn geography knowledge well in textbooks? We should pay attention to the following points.
1, what's in the book?
To read a textbook, you must first understand what the book says. For example, when teaching materials introduce a certain geographical area, they are generally discussed from the geographical elements that constitute this area. Where is this area? What's the general situation of nature here? How is the economic development? What's the problem? etc
2. Reading Knowledge Network
The geographical environment is an organic whole, and the elements that constitute the geographical environment restrict and influence each other. Changes in any geographical element may affect changes in other elements. We should clarify the relationship between these geographical elements and form a knowledge network in this region in our minds.
Through the study of world geography, we know that the Antarctic continent is a special continent, and its geographical environment characteristics are unique. Strong winds, snowstorms and severe cold are the most remarkable climatic characteristics of the Antarctic continent. There are the largest continental glaciers in the world, few species of animals and plants, extreme day and night phenomena, beautiful aurora and so on. The key factor that forms these regional characteristics is that most of the Antarctic continent is located in the high latitude area south of the Antarctic circle, and many other geographical features are closely related to this factor.
3. Learn to organize knowledge
① The discussion of similar knowledge in textbooks is similar and regular.
The content of geography textbooks is characterized by a large amount of information, but the angles and methods of describing the same type of knowledge have great similarity and regularity.
For example, describing the climate characteristics of a country or region often needs to be explained from two aspects: temperature and precipitation. Temperature includes annual average temperature, annual temperature difference and temperature distribution. Precipitation is mainly composed of annual precipitation and its temporal and spatial distribution.
In addition, we can also compare and sort out countries or regions with obvious differences or similarities. ② Compare and sort out countries or regions with obvious differences or similarities.
There are obvious differences or similarities in geographical environment or geographical elements in different countries and regions. Based on this, we can learn from comparison, compare differences and find similarities. For example, we can adopt this method when studying India and Brazil, Japan and Britain, South and North China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, Africa and South America.
We should not only understand the differences between two regions or two countries, but also think about how these differences are formed. These differences between southern China and northern China are mainly due to different geographical locations, resulting in differences in natural environment.
We can find not only differences but also similarities through comparison. For example, although India and Brazil are located on different continents, they are similar in many ways. By means of comparison and induction, we can clearly sort out the main geographical characteristics of the two countries.
India and Brazil are both tropical coastal countries; The terrain is mainly plain and plateau; Rich in high-quality iron ore resources; They are all famous producers and exporters of tropical cash crops in the world; In recent years, the electronic industry and information industry have developed rapidly, which is a relatively developed country among the developing China countries.
Be good at linking different geographical things.
To establish the connection between different geographical things, we must first ask "why?" This will form a good habit of geographical thinking. For example, the world's rainpole is Kilabandhi in India, so why did Kilabandhi become the world's rainpole? Combined with the map, according to the geographical location of Jilabangqi, it can be analyzed that Jilabangqi is located on the windward slope of the Himalayas, where there is a lot of topographic precipitation. In this way, the climate is related to the terrain and location.
Extended Reading: Eight Memory Methods of Junior Middle School Geography Knowledge: Sequential Memory Method
Similar things located adjacent to each other should adopt the habit of looking at pictures from north to south and from west to east.
1. Five Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan (the largest landlocked country in the world, adjacent to China) is in the northernmost part. The other four countries are divided into east and west, with four words in the north (Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) and three words in the south (Turkmenistan and Tajikistan). Those with auspicious words are adjacent to China.
2. Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec in the St. Lawrence River Basin of Canada.
3. Atlantic city belt in the United States: "bonneville".
Recitation memory method
Those long foreign place names should not only be read repeatedly, but also be discriminated from the aspects of relative position, image characteristics, functions, products or cultural origins.
For example: Scandinavia, Alps, Buenos Aires, Togorsk, Magney, etc. It is easy to read when you are familiar with it, and you can remember it well.
Look at the text to create meaning
The concept of geography often grasps the essential characteristics of geographical things and has a high degree of generality. It can enhance memory and deepen understanding.
Such as: clean air, weather and climate, celestial bodies, photosphere, chromosphere, sun children, moon phase, monsoon, greenhouse effect, aurora, red tide, soil fertility, etc.
Body potential memory method
Some special geographical things and phenomena can be understood and remembered by gestures.
For example, the rotation and direction of the earth-right hand rule, cyclone and anticyclone-right hand in the northern hemisphere, left hand in the southern hemisphere, deflection of horizontally moving objects on the earth's surface (right hand in the northern hemisphere, left hand in the southern hemisphere-palm facing itself, four fingers pointing to the moving direction of objects, thumb pointing to deflection).
Prefix memory method (compressed memory method)
It refers to the method of concatenating the prefixes of a series of geographical things to complete memory.
For example, when remembering how far the eight planets are from the sun, we can remember it like this: water, gold, wood, earth, heaven and sea.
Associative memory method
Associative memory method is a memory method that links some abstract geographical knowledge with a specific thing.
1, close to associative memory method
It is an associative memory method based on the proximity of some geographical things in time or space.
For example, looking back at the Amazon Plain, we should think of the Amazon River from the same geographical space, which is rich in water all year round and has little seasonal change; Think about the world's largest tropical rain forest area, which is rich in tree species and seriously damaged. The role of the "lung of the world" is weakening.
2, similar to associative memory method
It is a memory method based on the similarity of geographical things in nature, causes and laws.
For example, the Caspian Sea and Japan both cover an area of about 370,000 square kilometers.
3. On the contrary, associative memory method
Association is to cause another thing through the memory of one thing, and put together knowledge with similar meaning but opposite nature. As long as you remember one, you can think of another.
For example, Mount Everest, the highest elevation in the world, faces the Dead Sea, the lowest elevation, and so on.
Memorization of songs and rhythms
Using homophonic Chinese characters, the boring place names, products, data and other contents in textbooks are compiled into some jingles or interesting languages, which makes knowledge vivid and humorous and is conducive to learning and memory.
Twenty-four solar terms: "Spring rains shake the valley in spring, summer is full and summer is hot, autumn is cold and frost falls, and winter snow falls."
The division of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River: "Yibin Hukou Jiuli, Hukou Jin Meng (old) coal mining."
Homophonic memory method
Homophony means that words are pronounced the same or similar. Using homophonic memory method, boring learning materials can be turned into vivid and interesting learning content, which can be memorized happily.
For example, ferrous metals mainly include iron, chromium and manganese. And "iron buddies" can be used as homophonic memories.
The world's major grain exporters can do this: the United States, France (Shenzhen) and Australia, and export when it is time to export.