What are the characteristics of Pinellia ternata?
Pinellia ternata )Breit。 , alias old stork eye, old crow taro, wild taro, croton, etc. It is a perennial herb of Araceae. Distributed in most parts of China, mainly in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Zhejiang and other provinces, of which Sichuan Province has a large output and good quality. Underground tuber is used as medicine, containing 53.2% starch, about 0.0 13% volatile oil and a little fat. In addition, it also contains choline, 1- ephedrine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde glucoside and β -sitosterol glucoside. Gao Long cholic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, β -aminobutyric acid, etc. Pharmacological experiments show that the extract has antitussive, expectorant, antiemetic and detoxification effects. The lethal dose of the extract was 65438 03.65438 042g/kg for mice and 65438 0g/day for rabbits. Most of them had diarrhea, and half of them died within 20 days. Raw Pinellia ternata is the most toxic, followed by bleached Pinellia ternata, followed by Jiang Banxia and steamed Pinellia ternata, and alum Pinellia ternata is the least. Xin, Wen, toxic. It has the effects of eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm, reducing adverse reactions, stopping vomiting and resolving hard mass, and can be used for treating cough and asthma due to excessive phlegm, dizziness due to excessive phlegm, dizziness due to wind phlegm, headache due to phlegm syncope, vomiting and nausea, and chest carbuncle with excessive phlegm. Mainly used for external treatment, Jiang Banxia is used for reducing adverse reactions and stopping vomiting, and Pinellia is used for eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm.
I. Morphological characteristics
Plant height1.5-3cm, underground tuber oblate, diameter1-3cm, and yellowish brown leaf base residue on the surface; There are many fibrous roots in the upper part of tuber, and the bottom and lower part are light yellow and smooth. There are leaves at the top of the tuber and small beads at the lower part of the petiole. The annual leaves are simple, egg-shaped and heart-shaped, and after 2-3 years, they are trifoliate and compound leaves. Leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, apex pointed, base cuneate, entire smooth and glabrous. Flowers are unisexual, monoecious, spikes are terminal, Buddha's flame is green, the lower part of the tube is not swollen, and the upper part is slightly open. Female flowers are born at the base of inflorescence, and male peanuts are above female flowers, so they are self-incompatible. 2n= 144. Berries are oval and green. The style is obvious (figure14-51).
Fig.14-51morphological diagram of Pinellia ternata.
1. Plant 2. Female flower 3. Longitudinal section of ear
Second, biological characteristics.
Pinellia likes mild and humid climate and cool environment, and is afraid of high temperature, drought and strong light. The reason is that the palisade tissue of leaves is underdeveloped, and the cells of sponge tissue are loosely arranged with large gaps (Figure 14-52). Most of them are wild in rivers, ditches, bushes and hillside forests. It is most suitable for planting in sandy loam with loose soil and good drainage. Soil viscosity is not conducive to the development of root system and the formation of Pinellia ternata. Requirements for environmental conditions:
Fig. 14—52 cross section of leaf tissue of Pinellia ternata
(1) lighting
Light intensity has a great influence on the growth and development of Pinellia ternata.
For example, the development of bulblets is closely related to the light intensity, and the most bulblets are formed in semi-shady areas, which is about 6.38 times of the number of mother tubers, and the light intensity is too strong or too weak (Table 14-56).
Table 14—56 Relationship between the growth of pearl buds and light.
The weight gain of Pinellia ternata is also closely related to the light intensity. The semi-shaded area gained the most weight (Table 14-57).
Table 14—57 Relationship between tuber weight gain and light.
(2) Temperature
Pinellia ternata germinates and grows at 8- 10℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 20-25℃. It grows slowly above 30℃, and the aboveground part dies above 35℃. Therefore, Pinellia ternata grows vigorously in spring, shoots in hot summer and germinates again in cool autumn.
(3) Moisture
Pinellia ternata has a great demand for water. Pinellia ternata is easy to wither because of its shallow root system, limited absorption capacity, poor drought tolerance, lack of water or too dry air.
During the growth of Pinellia ternata, light, temperature and water all play a comprehensive role. If the soil moisture and air humidity are suitable, the adverse effects caused by excessive light and high temperature can be alleviated. Proper shading has a positive effect on reducing water consumption, alleviating drought and lowering temperature.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) variety
Pinellia ternata has a short cultivation history and has not yet cultivated a variety with certain characteristics. The leaves of wild Pinellia ternata can be divided into broad-leaved and broad-leaved, one is willow-leaved, with narrow and needle-shaped leaflets (16×2cm), and the other is peach-leaved, with wide and needle-shaped leaflets (14×4.5cm). According to preliminary observation, peach leaf type has a short time to pour seedlings in summer.
(2) land selection, soil preparation and fertilization
Selecting land is an important measure for the yield of Pinellia ternata. Cohesive soil is not conducive to root development and tuber growth. Saline-alkali land and waterlogged depression are not suitable for planting. The soil is loose and fertile, and sandy loam with irrigation and drainage conditions is the most suitable. The root depth of Pinellia ternata is generally less than 20cm. After harvesting in autumn, it can be cultivated in winter before freezing, and the depth is 15-20cm. After thawing in the following spring, apply 3000-4000 kilograms of pigsty fertilizer per mu, spread it evenly, plough it once, rake it flat, and make ridges with a width of15-20 cm, including ridges. If the soil moisture is poor before planting, water should be used to moisten the soil, and sowing should be done after the surface is dry and loose. If enough water is poured before freezing, it is generally not necessary to water, and the ground temperature rises rapidly in spring, which is conducive to early emergence.
(3) Breeding methods
1. Seed propagation
When the seeds mature in summer and autumn, they can be harvested with the seeds or stored in moist fine sand. In spring, according to the row spacing of 15cm, dig a ditch with a depth of 2cm in the whole land, sow in the ditch, and the seeds can germinate after leveling and moisturizing. 1 egg-shaped heart-shaped single leaf grows in that year, and 3-4 heart-shaped leaves grow in the following year, and some of them have compound leaves composed of 3 leaflets. The tuber diameter of the seedling in that year is 0.3-0.6 cm.
2. Pearl bud propagation
From May to June, mature bulbs under the petiole were selected and planted in the border according to the row spacing of 15cm and the plant spacing of 3cm. After planting, they are covered with soil. In that year, 1-2 leaves can grow, and the tuber diameter is about 1cm. In the autumn of the following year, the large ones were processed into medicine, and the small ones continued to be planted.
3. Tuber propagation
This method gains weight quickly and can be harvested in the same year. This method is generally adopted. Strict seed selection during planting is one of the keys to high yield of Pinellia ternata. When harvesting, annual tubers with the diameter of 1.2- 1.5 cm are selected as seeds. Too small, weak growth ability, need to grow for another year. The average daily temperature in spring is about 10℃, so it is impossible to sow early when the temperature is low, and it is too late to sprout quickly and neatly, but the growth period is short, which affects the yield. Full-row double-row drilling, with 4-5 cm deep beds at 20cm row spacing, four beds per bed, and flat beds at the bottom. Put the stem into the border with a spacing of 3cm, and put two rows in each border, with the top bud facing up, cover the soil and level it, and slightly suppress it. Per mu110-125 kg of seeds. Pinellia ternata can also be planted in autumn, usually in late September, in the same way as spring sowing.
4. Tissue culture and rapid seedling raising
Slices of leaves, petioles, bulblets or tubers with strong resistance and high yield are selected and cultured in test tubes or flasks, so that the whole plant of Pinellia ternata can be differentiated and cultured. In the experiment, it is better to add 0. 1ppm gibberellic acid, 2.0ppm 6- benzyladenine and 0.2 ppmα- naphthylacetic acid to MS medium. In this medium, Pinellia ternata plantlets can be expanded 40 times in 50-60 days and cultured 5 times a year.
(4) Site management
After the tuber is planted, it usually emerges in 20 days in spring. In case of severe drought, properly water the seedlings. After the seedlings grow fully, loosen the soil and weed in time, so it is necessary to control watering until the end of May to promote the full development of underground parts, prevent the overground parts from growing too fast, and improve the drought resistance and heat resistance. After the end of May, the plants grew vigorously and the buds developed rapidly. Pinellia ternata likes fertilizer, and the bulbils develop well in the soil, so topdressing in time is an important measure to increase production. In late May or early June, when beads grow on the lower part of the petiole, 500- 1000 kg of topdressing and 5 kg of urea are evenly mixed in the ditch, and the soil between rows is planted on Pinellia ternata seedlings, just covering the beads. Don't cover the leaves in the soil. If flower buds are found, they should be cut off in time except for those who keep seeds. In late June, it will gradually enter the high temperature season, keep the border moist, try to postpone the withering time of the above-ground part, and drain water in time in rainy season to prevent root rot.
Intercropping, in order to improve economic benefits, early-maturing Albanian peas can be intercropped without affecting the growth of Pinellia ternata. After sowing Pinellia ternata in spring, sow it on the border with row spacing of 15cm and 3-4 seeds per hole. When it matures in early June, 50-75 Jin of peas can be harvested per mu, and corn can also be intercropped. Sowing in the border in spring, with a spacing of 2m, can not only shade Pinellia ternata, but also increase economic benefits.
(5) Pests and diseases and their control
1. red moth
(Delefera Helpert Luis Butler)
Leaf damage or seedling breakage occurs in summer. Can be killed artificially; Spraying trichlorfon and other stomach toxins at a young age for prevention and control.
2. Root rot
In summer, the accumulated water in the field is prone to tuber rot, so attention should be paid to immediate drainage; High border planting; After finding the diseased plants, treat the diseased spots with 5% lime water or water the roots for disinfection.
Others include anthrax, aphids and underground pests.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
(1) Harvest
In late September, the leaves turn yellow, which is the harvest season of Pinellia ternata. It affects the yield too early, and it is difficult to expose the kang too late. When digging, use a shovel to dig out Pinellia ternata from one end of the border, turn it to one side, carefully pick it up, and divide Pinellia ternata according to the size. The harvested fresh Pinellia ternata to be processed is put into a basket or sack, peeled with rubber shoes, or peeled with a Pinellia ternata peeling machine, washed, dried or dried to obtain raw Pinellia ternata. Pinellia ternata should be processed in time after planing and cannot be stored, otherwise it will be difficult to peel it. Every 3-4 kg of fresh Pinellia ternata is processed with 65438 0 kg of dry products.
It is best to be big, clean-skinned, white, solid and powdery.
(2) Selection and storage of seed stems
When harvesting, the tubers of plants with thick leaves, thick petioles and thick fibrous roots are selected, and the diameter is 1.2- 1.5 cm. Autumn sowing can be picked as you like, or it can be sown in 5438+ 10 and reserved for spring sowing. Dry the selected seed stems in a ventilated place for 2-3 days, and dig a cellar with a depth of 50-80 cm and a width of 60cm in an outdoor sunny place. The length depends on the number of seed stems. Dry the sand at the bottom of the cellar, put 3-5 cm thick seed stems, cover them with a layer of fine sand, and then put a layer of Pinellia ternata. Indoor storage should also store a layer of sand and a layer of seed stems. The temperature is high during initial storage, and the water content of the stem is high, so it should be checked frequently to prevent rotten seeds.