On Manchu surnames
Searching for the origin and evolution of the surnames of the eight Manchu surnames in Liaodong is an important topic in the history of Manchu social development and an indispensable item in Manchu genealogy research, which will provide a strong historical basis for all aspects of Manchu early social conditions. Based on the above reasons, this paper analyzes the historical evolution of the eight surnames of Manchu families in Liaodong, and asks Fang Jia to correct them.
Manchu surnames have changed frequently in the long history. "Although Manchuria was qualitative at first, it was named after it. The same is true of the eight Manchu surnames in Liaodong in modern times. "Collection of Yangjizhai" records: "All public and private documents are called by the first word of their names, and their surnames are natural. Its name is in Manchu or Chinese; If you use Chinese, you will use two words, but you are not allowed to use three words, so it is mixed with Manchu. " As can be seen from the above records, the Manchu clans in the middle and late Qing Dynasty showed a very irregular trend in the process of adopting Chinese surnames and changing them to Chinese surnames. The emergence of this trend shocked even Emperor Qianlong, the supreme ruler of the feudal Qing Dynasty, and he had to issue the following edict: "Manchu and Mongolia in the Eight Banners have surnames for a long time, and many people abandoned their surnames and learned them along the Han Dynasty. That is, if a cow calls Niu's surname, or changes it to Lang's surname, even if it refers to a word, it should also be called Niu. Can it be called Lang directly, which is the same as Han's surname? Surname is the root of Manchuria, which is very important. If you don't go to put in order today, if you follow it for a long time, you will forget your surnames and there will be no more people who know it. " However, the shock of the ruling class and put in order didn't actually play any role in binding Manchu surnames to crown Chinese surnames and change Chinese surnames. Even within the royal clan, irregular cases of being crowned with Chinese surnames appeared. The descendant of Shu 'erhaqi, the younger brother of the Qing Taizu Nurhachi, was named Aisingiorro. However, during this period, a clan actually took the Chinese character Pu as their surname, which has been in use ever since. Under the above premise, the eight major surnames of Manchuria in Liaodong were crowned and changed into Chinese surnames respectively, and the surnames are Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, He, Fu, Na and Lang, which are still in use today.
1. Tong clan. The members of the Fomanzhoutong surname family are distributed in every region of Liaodong. Modern and modern place names, such as Tongjiajiang, Tongjia, Tongjia and Tongjia, are all places where they lived. Tong surname or Tong surname and Tong surname, both of which are Manchu surnames, are homonyms and all originated from Tong Jia. Tong Jia's surname was Tong Jiashi in the early Qing Dynasty. With regard to Tong Jiashi in the early Qing Dynasty, Tong Yangzheng, a member of Tong Jiashi, was recorded in Manchu Eight Banners Clan Genealogy as follows: "Tong Yangzheng was born with a yellow flag and lived in Tong's home. In the Ming Dynasty, his ancestor Dahl Hantumotu traded with Dongwang, Wangzhaozhou, Suoshengge, etc., and then lived in Kaiyuan and moved to Fushun. " According to historical records, the surname of Tong in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties was Tong Jiashi, taking the place name Tong Jia as the surname, and most of its clan members entered the Ming border for trade. Taking the place as the surname is a major feature of jurchen's crown surname in Ming Dynasty. They are in constant need of migration and fishing, hunting and gathering, while those who take the place of residence as the surname, such as Juercha's, Zhang Jiashi, Suochuluoshi, etc. However, these surnames are Jurchen surnames that appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and their category of taking land as surname is similar to that of Tongjiacun and Zhangjiabao in modern times. However, the surnames of these place names named after the Ming Dynasty are not the original surnames of their clans.
Before the mid-Ming Dynasty, according to North Korea's "Song of Longfei Imperial Heaven", there was a surname of Jia Wen in Jurchen. According to historical data, Jia Wen was the surname of Jurchen in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and it was also the homonym of Jia Gu's surname. Jiagu was a famous jurchen in Jin Dynasty. There are more than a dozen people with Jia Gu's surname in Biography of the Golden History. Such as: "Jiagu Qingchen's real name is Abusha, and Huli changed his way to Huandu. Strong and majestic, good at riding and shooting. After eight years of imperial rule, the ancestors sailed to Meng' an. " "Jia Guheng, whose real name is Arribe, is fierce and beneficial in Shandong West Road. In the thirteenth year of Dading, a female scholar was created, and the fourth person in the balance made up Professor Dongping Fu. " Regarding the surname Jia Gu, the annotation in Jin Shi Guo Yu is "Jia Gu Yue Tong". Tong, Tong and Tong are homonyms in Chinese characters, and both are Jiagu surnames, which evolved into Jiawen surnames in Korean historical materials. In history, this surname has been used by the Qing Taizu Nurhachi and his predecessors, and it has also been recorded in historical materials, such as "Yilan Bean Manjia Wenmengge Timur, Tong Fancha, Tong Jiaochang, Tong Ta Shi, Tong Nurhachi" and so on. From the above, we can see that the descendants of Jurchen in Jianzhou today, Tong, Tong and Tong surnames with Chinese surnames, are all Jurchen Jiagu surnames from the Jin Dynasty.
2. Guan clan. Manchu Guanshi is a surname that evolved from Jurchen surname Guaerjia before Qing Dynasty to Chinese surname. Kor in Manchu, translated into Chinese as "pavilion" and "pavilion", can also be translated as "residence". Guaerjia clan is a clan with a large population and a very prominent historical position in Liaodong area in the early Qing Dynasty. The clan changed its Chinese surname to Guan surname, which was changed after the middle of Qing Dynasty and has been used ever since.
As early as before the Qing Dynasty, when Nuerhachi, the Qing Taizu, started his business, the ancestors of the Manchu Guan surname today joined in the great cause of unification of the post-Jin regime. In the late Jin Dynasty, many members of the clan were the founding fathers of the Qing Dynasty. Fei Yingdong, who was once named as one of the five ministers of Fuzheng by the Qing Taizu Nurhachi, joined his father Sorgo as early as 1588, leading 5 families to join the Suwan Guaerjia family. During the initial period of the post-Jin regime, Fei Yingdong was brave and good at fighting, and was awarded as the first minister. In addition, there are many Guaerjia clan members, such as Tulai and Ganglin, who have become important ministers in the Qing Dynasty and are famous for their outstanding achievements.
Guaerjia is a surname named after a region, and its application lasted from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Some historical materials of Guaerjia are also called Harjia, but there is only a homophonic change between them. Long before the Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of Manchu Guan surname in Liaodong today evolved from Jurchen surname Gulijia to Guaerjia surname in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. The evolution of his surname has been confirmed in The Origin and Development of Manchuria, which was edited by King James in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The surname of Gulijia has been recorded frequently in the historical materials of the Jin Dynasty. The 49th record of Biography of the History of Jin Dynasty reads: "Gulijia Shilun, a native of Long 'an, ascended the first place with military force." From the surname Gulijia in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties to the surname Guaerjia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is obvious from the pronunciation that it was formed by the change of sound shift. However, in the Jin Dynasty, Gurijia was the clan surname of Jurchen, and the annotation in Jin Shi Guo Yu was: "Gurijia called Wang", that is, the translated Chinese surname was Wang. Tracing back to the ancestors of Manchu Guan surname in Liaodong today, they first lived in Heilongjiang and the middle and lower reaches of Songhua River in history, and then in the long historical years, the tribes migrated several times and separated in various parts of Northeast China. However, as the original place of residence of the Guaerjia tribe, according to the textual research of Mr. Li Lin, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, "it was originally under the jurisdiction of the Five Kingdoms Department of Liao Dynasty, but it was renamed the Huli Reform Department of Jin Dynasty, that is, today's yilan county, Heilongjiang Province". Today, the descendants of Guaerjia in Liaodong moved to Liaodong during the southward migration, and the surname of Guaerjia used by clan descendants was formed by taking the land as the surname during the migration and residence. The change from Gurijia to Guaerjia is a historical coincidence. Historically, the evolution of the surname of Guan clan in Liaodong should be as follows: in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Gulijia (translated into Chinese); Ming and early Qing Dynasty, Guaerjia; From the middle and late Qing dynasty to the present, Guan. Guan's surname belongs to a surname used in changing to a Chinese surname.
3. Ma clan. In Liaodong area, the Manchu horse surname is divided into two different blood groups: the Han flag man and the Manchu flag man. Because two different consanguineous groups have the same Chinese surname and live in Liaodong area, it is very easy to get confused in origin. Ma's surname in the flag of the Han army refers to the original clan of Ma's surname of the Han nationality who joined the Manchu nationality in the middle and early Qing Dynasty for surrendering prisoners and other reasons. After the Manchu nationality was incorporated into the Eight Banners of the Han Army, they also compiled genealogy like all the clans in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, and in the process of compiling genealogy, they added a word "Jia" to their Ma surname to form the Ma Jia family, making it difficult for the world to distinguish who is the descendant of Jurchen and who is the descendant of the Han people in the Central Plains.
Ma clan of jurchen descendants in the Eight Banners of Manchuria. In the early Qing Dynasty, their clan surname was Ma Jiashi. It is a clan named after a place name. "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy" has seven records: "Ma Jia, a local name, is a surname. Its clans are scattered in Suifen, Majia and other places. " In biographies, there are many descriptions of Ma Jiashi's ancestors in historical materials. "Hedong forehead, inlaid with yellow flags, lives in Martha's place, and comes back at the beginning of the country. At the beginning of the country, He Donge and his younger brother Nimachan led 55 families from Manchuria to return. " "Luo Erji, is a red flag person, who lives in Martha's place, and returns at the beginning of the country. His son Rodolfo was originally appointed as a nursing military school. " It can be seen that the Majia clan in the Eight Banners of Manchuria was a clan with the Chinese surname Ma after the mid-Qing Dynasty. When they crowned their surnames, it was in the title of Ma Jia, the original jurchen surname, that they took the first word Ma Zi as their surnames, and formed the surname Ma, which looked like the Han surname.
In the history of Manchu social development, Majia's family name was only the surname of the ancestors of the Ma clan from the middle and early Qing Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, and it has been proved from relevant historical materials that it was the surname crowned by the region. In this regard, Majia's genealogy also records: "My Majia's family originated in Majia, Manchuria and lived in Jialiku City." However, before this, the surname of Ma Jia did not appear in historical records. According to the family origin of Ma Jia's Genealogy, "The original husband and I were distant ancestors, and the self-identity was the same as that of Fei Mo's. It will be difficult at home, and it will be moved to Majia, Jialiku, because it is considered to be a family. "Majia and Fei Mo are actually the same family." As can be seen from the above records, the appearance of the surname of Jurchen Ma Jiashi in history was produced after the clan suffered a disaster and set aside a place to live elsewhere. The original surname of this branch should be Fei Mo's in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. According to "A Study of Manchu Origin", Fei Mo's family was called Pei Man's family in the old days. "Jin Shi Guo Yu" records: "Pei Man is numb." That is, the surname of Jurchen Peiman in the Jin Dynasty was translated into Ma. In this way, after the Jin Dynasty, the surname of the Ma clan of Manchu in Liaodong today evolved into: Pei Man's surname in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties (translated into Chinese); Fei Mo's family in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty; From the Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, it evolved into the Majia family. After the mid-Qing dynasty, the Chinese character surnamed Ma was used to transfer the sound to the crown.
4. Clan with surname. The Manchu Suo family name was crowned in the late Qing Dynasty. Previously, the Manchu surname of the clan was Suochuluoshi. According to the genealogy of Suochuo Roche, its clan "originally lived in Changbai Mountain, and moved to Xiuyan and Xingjing in Liaodong during the reign of Kangxi". However, "Eight Banners Manchu Clan General Spectrum" is recorded as: "Suochuluo's family name, because it is the surname. Its clans are scattered in Huifa and various places. " Songguotuo (Songwutu), the ancestor of Suo family in Liaodong area, is recorded in many historical materials in the early Qing Dynasty: "Songguotuo, a Manchu with a red flag, lived in Huifa, and returned at the beginning of the country. Enter the customs with the army as an idle white body. To Shandong, the ladder attacked Linqing city, took the lead in boarding the city, and awarded a captain. At the time of Dingding Yanjing, he levied Shanhaiguan, defeated 2, soldiers and horses in Dashun, added a cloud to ride a captain for meritorious service, and
added a first-class captain to a letter in case of kindness. Since then, his descendants have inherited several generations. " According to historical records, Suochuo Roche in Liaodong was originally a Hercynian jurchen, and they came to Huifa River basin from Songhua River basin with several migrations of Hercynian jurchen. The specific time of "coming back at the beginning of the country" and merging into the state to establish the Jurchen should be 167, when Nurhachi unified the Hulun Fourth Department and recovered the Huifa Department. Before the migration, their clan lived in the lower reaches of Songhua River, that is, Ouhan River Wei, Feihe Wei, Wuzhewei and other places in Ming Dynasty, and settled in Huifa River Basin in the middle of Ming Dynasty. And in this period, taking the land as the surname, it was crowned Suochuroche.
according to the research of Manchu genealogy, before Suo Chuo Roche settled in Huifa River valley in the middle of Ming Dynasty, his ancestor was Nimacha people in Heilongjiang Province, and the jurchen who originally lived in "Feihewei and Ouhanhewei earned the Richter scale", so that the Richter scale was the same as Nimacha's. Nimacha is the transliteration of Nimaha in Jurchen language. Nimaha belonged to Nuzhen Nipungubu in the Jin Dynasty, and its surname was Nyungugu. In the Jin Dynasty, the translated Chinese character surname was Yu. It should be pointed out that Nimungu, which was far away in the Jin Dynasty, was translated into Chinese as a fish, and today's Manchu nimaha is also translated into Chinese as a fish, with no change in semantics. In combination with the above, the surnames of the Suochuluo clan have evolved from the Jin Dynasty, successively adopting Nyangou, Nimaha, Yide Richter and Suochuluoshi, and finally adopting Chinese surnames with the first word of multi-syllable surnames, which has been used since < P >.
5. He clan. He is one of the Manchu surnames in Liaodong area. He and He both evolved from heseri hala, a Manchu surname, taking its initial word and adding Chinese surnames. They are homonyms. Heseri hala clans live in different parts of Liaodong, and there are genealogical books with comprehensive records in the clans. The genealogy gives a detailed account of the migration and origin of his clan.
He was crowned with the Chinese character He surname in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Guangxu period. Before that, his surname was heseri hala. "Hershey, originally a river name, thought it was a surname." The surname Hershey is the surname of the clan that was crowned by the river name after it migrated from its original place of residence. Heseri hala's predecessor lived at the confluence of Songhua River and Heilongjiang in history, and the Jin Dynasty changed its way to Huli. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of heseri hala began to migrate together with the Jurchen people with other surnames. During the migration, they moved to the slow Fen River basin, Tumen River basin and Changbai Mountain area, and finally settled in Suzi River and Hunhe River basin.
after the heseri hala clan settled in the Suzi River and Hunhe River basins, the clan members made outstanding contributions to the establishment of the post-Jin regime before the Qing Dynasty. "To recognize color Bakes, is the yellow flag, MuHu lu viceroy, the seventh son, the grandson of Turner also. At the beginning of the country, he came back with his brother Xifu Bakes. Emperor Taizu Gao was given the name of Bakes and ordered to walk in the museum with his knowledge of Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian characters. His son Sony, who is also fluent in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian characters, was given the name Bakes, and was granted the title of Qixinlang by the first-class bodyguard. After three years of performance appraisal, I was competent, and I was awarded the title of riding a captain. I made meritorious deeds with the army. " According to the historical records of heseri hala's migration before Qing Dynasty, this surname was crowned in the early Ming Dynasty. Prior to this, their ancestors should be attached to the Jurchen Shi Lie Department of the Jin Dynasty. During the migration at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, its tribes lived in the Buerha River, Tangwang River and Longwu River basins in Yanbian. A member of the Geshilie tribe in the Jin Dynasty, whose surname was Geshilie, took Bu as his surname. Shi Lie's surname, translated from Han surname to Gao surname. Ge Shilie's surname, Biography of the Golden History, records: "Ge Shilie's constant end, southwest road, Hulun Song cut the Mengke people, attacked his brother's silver skills to seek grams. Taihe cut the Song Dynasty, marched thousands of households, defeated Song Jun and Cai Zhou, and became General Jia Yiwu. Since crossing the Huai River in Shouzhou, he defeated Song Bu and rode fifteen thousand troops in Yaoziling, thus defeating An Feng Army. "
As can be seen from the historical records of the Jin Dynasty, the Nuzhen Shi Lieshi was a clan with many ethnic groups as early as the Jin Dynasty, and because of the huge ethnic groups, it was long before the heseri hala clan crowned with the name of Hesheli, that is, other ethnic groups separated from the middle crown of the Shi Lieshi with a new surname, and the name of the high surname was translated into Chinese from the title of the Shi Lieshi.