Named writing desk
First of all, we should know them conceptually. When the verb ing acts as a noun, it is called a gerund; When used as an adjective, it is called the present participle. Secondly, we should distinguish whether the verb -ing is a gerund or a present participle from its usage.
1. The verb -ing is a gerund when it is the subject, but the participle cannot be the subject now.
1. Gerund is used as the subject.
It is easier to read French than to speak it.
It is easier to read French than to speak it.
Talking to him is talking to a wall. Talking to him is like casting pearls before swine.
Smoking can cause cancer. Smoking can cause cancer.
Growing roses is her hobby.
Growing roses is her hobby.
Sometimes it is a formal subject, and the gerund subject is placed after the sentence.
it is
Nice to see you again. Nice to see you again.
It's very tiring to drive since morning.
Until evening. Driving from morning till night is very tiring.
It's a miracle to meet you here.
It's a miracle to meet you here.
Reading that book is a waste of time.
Reading that book is a waste of time.
"You+No" can be followed by a gerund.
No one knows.
It's hard to say what he can do.
There is no reason to argue with her.
I can't argue with her.
Second, when the verb -ing is used as an object, it is a gerund, and now the participle cannot be used as an object.
1. There are many verbs that can be used as objects with gerunds.
I suggest ending the meeting.
I suggest ending the meeting.
So you prefer to live abroad? So you prefer to live abroad?
He has been
Plain. He has been complaining.
I finished reading this book last night.
I finished reading this book last night.
2. There are many verbs with prepositions and fixed nouns as objects.
He has given up playing.
football He doesn't play football now.
Prices continue to rise. Prices continue to rise.
When the verb -ing is used as an adverbial, it is a present participle, and the gerund cannot be used as an adverbial.
The present participle and its phrases can be used as adverbials from the ideographic point of view, indicating time, reason, result, condition, concession, way or accompanying situation. Its action can occur before or after the predicate, or it can occur at the same time as the action of the predicate verb.
Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
After we climbed to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. (Table time)
Living in the country, we seldom have social activities.
Agreement.
Living in the country, we have little chance to communicate. (Table reason)
Standing alone at the door.
The center of a larger crater will not see the crater.
Walls.
If a person stands in the middle of a wider crater, he can't see the crater wall. (Form conditions)
Knowing all this, they
Let me pay for the loss.
Although they know all this, they still want me to pay for the loss. (Table discount)
That kid.
I fell and hit my head on the door and hurt myself.
The child fell, hit his head on the door and broke it. (Table results)
He stood against the wall.
He stood against the wall. (Form or attached information)
Both gerund and present participle can be used as predicative. When the verb -ing is a noun, the verb -ing is a gerund. When the verb ing is an adjective, the verb ing is a present participle.
1. Gerund used as predicative.
Her hobby is painting. Her hobby is painting.
Her job is nursing.
Sheep. Her job is herding sheep.
The most important thing is to get there in time.
The first thing is to get there in time.
2. The present participle is used as a predicative.
The news is encouraging.
The news is encouraging.
This story is very interesting. This story is very interesting.
That day was
It's fascinating. The weather is really nice.
This difference is the most significant. The difference is obvious.
Both gerund and present participle can be used as attributes.
The present participle indicates the action of the noun it modifies, or it can be said that the present participle has a subject-predicate relationship with the noun it modifies logically. Gerund represents the nature of the noun it modifies, and there is no subject-predicate relationship between them logically.
1. Gerund is used as an attribute to indicate the nature, use or function of gerund.
Swimming pool swimming pool drinking water
Drinking Water
Swimming suit bathing suit waiting room waiting room
sleeping bag
Sleeping bag parking lot parking lot
Sleeping pills sleeping pills parking meter
Parking timing
Desk sewing machine sewing machine
writing
Paper stationery operating table operating room
Diving suit diving suit reading
Room reading room
Springboard threshing floor threshing floor
Boxing petition washing machine boxing competition washing machine
detergent
speech contest
Drawing board Drawing board checking account
current deposit account
Banking system banking system
Fishing; catch fish
Rod fishing rod fishing line fishing line
2. The present participle as an attribute has a subject-predicate relationship with the noun it modifies logically.
profit shrinkage
a
Prosperous town
More and more doubts
increase
Growing demand
The existing situation, the existing situation.
decrease
Benefits of diminishing returns
The rest of the days, the rest of the years
popular
fashion
A shining example, a shining example
Lasting peace
Lasting peace
A meteor
Major newspapers
Major newspapers
developing country
ruling class
ruling class
Biology is biology.
Aging population
Aging population
The rising generation is the growing generation.
crowning victory
A glorious victory
6. The present participle can be used as a complement. When the present participle is used as an object complement, it forms a compound object with the previous object. In the compound object, the present participle is used as the object complement, indicating that the object is the sender of the action, forming a logical subject-predicate relationship; Using the past participle as the object complement indicates that the object is the recipient of the action, which constitutes a logical verb-object relationship.
Verbs with such compound objects are mostly verbs expressing feelings, such as * * * ell, observe, watch, notice, look, listen and so on.
Wait a minute. In addition, some causative verbs such as have, set, get, catch, keep,
Leave and so on can be followed by a compound object containing the present participle. Also, the present participle as object complement can sometimes be preceded by as, and the verbs in front are mostly concert, consider and describe.
Quote, describe, see, think, etc. The present participle is used as the subject complement, mostly in the passive structure, and forms a compound subject with the subject.
We found that
He is waiting to receive us. We found him waiting to welcome us.
We kept the fire burning.
Time. We kept the fire burning.
They think the young man is enterprising.
Drive. They said that the young man was willing to work actively.
He was seen to go upstairs. He was seen to go upstairs.
The noise was so loud that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
Seven.
If v-ing is used as adverbial and complement in a sentence, it must be a present participle. If v-ing acts as subject, object and appositive in a sentence, it must be a gerund. If v-ing acts as an attribute and predicative in a sentence, it may be a present participle or a gerund.
What is the difference between present participle and gerund in English? Thank you, gerund and present participle. They are in the same form, with -ing added, but the usage is definitely different.
Gerund is a nominal component, subject and object in a sentence.
Running is a good exercise.
And can be modified by adjectives,
For example, running every day is a good habit.
Word segmentation includes present participle and past participle. The former generally means "active", while the latter generally means "passive" (except when completed), and because of its fixed structure, participles are often adjectives.
I saw a boy running. (Boys run voluntarily, and running can also be regarded as an adjective. )
The participle structure can also be used as an adverbial in a sentence.
Tom sleeps in a chair.
The ground is slippery and covered with snow.
A good way to distinguish the two.
Such as: sleeping car-> the car is sleeping. Mistake.
A sleeping child-"The child is sleeping. Correct.
What can be transformed into "predicate+predicate" is a gerund, otherwise it is a participle. The jargon is "that is, the logical subject of a participle is the word it modifies;" A gerund-modified word cannot be used as its logical subject. "
What is the difference between the present participle and gerund in English? There is no difference in form. Now the participle can be used as an attributive and predicative, and can also be used as a predicate together with the be verb. Gerund can be used as subject and object.
Gerund and present participle are the same in form, and -ing is added at the end of verb prototype. In modern grammar, these two forms are considered as "-ing". Another similarity between these two forms is that they are both variants of verbs, and both retain some characteristics of verbs. They can all bring their own objects and adverbials to form gerund phrases or present participle phrases as sentence components. For example:
He will certainly be very happy to speak in public.
He is always in high spirits when he speaks in public.
She hates speaking in public.
She doesn't like to speak in public.
Difference:
1? Gerund and present participle can be predicated after the copula, and the differences are as follows:
(1) As an predicative, the gerund and the subject refer to the same thing. At this time, the verb is equivalent to "yes". Usually, the position of the subject and the predicative is interchanged, and the grammar and meaning remain unchanged. For example:
My hobby is swimming. It's my hobby to swim instead.
(2) The present participle as a predicative is mainly used to explain the nature of the subject and cannot be interchanged with the subject, for example:
This story is very interesting. What is interesting is the story.
2? Both gerund and present participle can be used as attributive modifiers. The difference between them is that:
When gerund modifies nouns, it mainly indicates the purpose of nouns, but what is the nature of participle modifying nouns now? State or action, etc? Try to compare:
A boy on a swing and a bathing suit.
The former means "the boy swimming", that is, the present participle swimming means the action of the modified noun boy; The latter means "bathing suit", that is, a suit for swimming. Gerund swimming indicates the purpose of the suit?
A sleeping child and a sleeping car
The former means "sleeping child", that is, sleeping child, and the present participle sleeping means that the modifier child is in a state; The latter means "sleeping car", that is, a car for sleeping.
What is the difference between present participle and gerund in English grammar? The difference between present participle and gerund;
There are different opinions on whether the ing component in the sentence is a present participle or a gerund, but the following views are generally recognized.
1. Because gerund is equivalent to noun, and noun can be the object of preposition, the ing form after preposition is generally regarded as gerund.
2. The ing form used in continuous tense and independent (nominative) structure is usually regarded as the present participle.
Detailed usage of gerund and present participle in English Both gerund and present participle are composed of V+ing, which can be used as predicative and attributive in sentences, and both retain some characteristics of verbs, including perfect and passive. So is the V+ing form a present participle or a gerund? Here are five ways to distinguish:
(1) If the V+ing form and the modified noun are logically subject-predicate, it is a present participle, which is equivalent to an attributive clause; If there is no subject-predicate relationship logically, it is a gerund, which can be replaced by the preposition for plus this gerund, and the prepositional phrase should be placed after the modified noun. For example:
1) A moving blackboard is moving (moving: present participle, a moving blackboard = a moving blackboard).
2) Walking tractor (walking: present participle, walking tractor = walking tractor)
(2) If the form of V+ing is to explain how the subject is, it represents the shape of the subject and is characterized by the present participle. Present participles act as adjectives and adverbs, and serve as object complements and adverbials in sentences. Generally, how is used to ask questions without an object, but it can be modified by words such as very, so, quite, etc., and it can also be used to form comparative and superlative degrees respectively with more and most. If the V+ing form explains what the subject is, that is, the specific content of the subject, then it is a gerund that emphasizes the behavior, function and use of the subject. Gerund acts as a noun. As the subject and object in a sentence, you can usually use what to ask, and you can also use adverbials, but you can't use adverbs of degree, such as very and much. For example:
1) This news is very exciting. (exciting: present participle)
Laying eggs is her full-time job (laying: gerund)
(3) Gerund as a predicative can be equivalent to the subject, or even interchangeable. For example, the above example 2) can be rewritten as: Her full-time job is layingeggs ... Now the participle acts as a predicative and cannot be equated with the subject, so it cannot be interchanged with the subject. Example 1) cannot be rewritten as: What is exciting is the news. ..
(4) Gerund is an article, possessive pronoun, possessive noun or demonstrative pronoun before V+ing; The present participle is used to form the V+ing form of compound adjectives and the V+ing form of independent structure. For example:
His appearance was unexpected. (gerund)
2) China people are brave and hardworking. (Work: present participle)
(5) When reading aloud, if both the V+ing form and the noun it modifies have sentence stress, it is a present participle; If v+ing has sentence stress, then the noun it modifies is a gerund without sentence stress.
In fact, the most important difference is:
Gerund is used as a modifier to indicate the purpose: for example, the bedroom is a bedroom, that is, this room is used for sleeping, not a bedroom.
Now the participle is used as a modifier to indicate the state: for example, a sleeping girl, a sleeping MM, not a sleeping girl. ...
Other aspects are grammar theory, and the exam won't ask you if this is a gerund or a present participle.
In English, the difference between gerund and present participle is that both gerund and present participle are composed of V+ing, which can be used as predicative and attributive in sentences, and both retain some characteristics of verbs, including perfect and passive forms. So is the V+ing form a present participle or a gerund? Here are five ways to distinguish:
(1) If the V+ing form and the modified noun are logically subject-predicate, it is a present participle, which is equivalent to an attributive clause; If there is no subject-predicate relationship logically, it is a gerund, which can be replaced by the preposition for plus this gerund, and the prepositional phrase should be placed after the modified noun. For example:
1) A moving blackboard is moving (moving: present participle, a moving blackboard = a moving blackboard).
2) Walking tractor (walking: present participle, walking tractor = walking tractor)
(2) If the form of V+ing is to explain how the subject is, it represents the shape of the subject and is characterized by the present participle. Present participles act as adjectives and adverbs, and serve as object complements and adverbials in sentences. Generally, how is used to ask questions without an object, but it can be modified by words such as very, so, quite, etc., and it can also be used to form comparative and superlative degrees respectively with more and most. If the V+ing form explains what the subject is, that is, the specific content of the subject, then it is a gerund that emphasizes the behavior, function and use of the subject. Gerund acts as a noun. As the subject and object in a sentence, you can usually use what to ask, and you can also use adverbials, but you can't use adverbs of degree, such as very and much. For example:
1) This news is very exciting. (exciting: present participle)
Laying eggs is her full-time job (laying: gerund)
(3) Gerund as a predicative can be equivalent to the subject, or even interchangeable. For example, the above example 2) can be rewritten as: Her full-time job is layingeggs ... Now the participle acts as a predicative and cannot be equated with the subject, so it cannot be interchanged with the subject. Example 1) cannot be rewritten as: What is exciting is the news. ..
(4) Gerund is an article, possessive pronoun, possessive noun or demonstrative pronoun before V+ing; The present participle is used to form the V+ing form of compound adjectives and the V+ing form of independent structure. For example:
His appearance was unexpected. (gerund)
2) China people are brave and hardworking. (Work: present participle)
(5) When reading aloud, if both the V+ing form and the noun it modifies have sentence stress, it is a present participle; If v+ing has sentence stress, then the noun it modifies is a gerund without sentence stress.
See here for details:) ~ ~
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Gerunds can't be adverbials and complements, but participles can.
The difference between gerund and present participle in English, please point out that doing exercise is good for health.
He sat there doing nothing.
The use of present participle and the usage and difference between gerund and present participle are aimed at verbs, in which gerund has the characteristics of nouns and can be used as subject, object, predicative and attributive, while present participle can be used as object complement, predicative, attributive and adverbial.
(1) Gerund as Object (Special)
① The following verbs can only follow gerunds: suggest, complete, avoid, s, can't help, mind, enjoy, demand, practice, miss, evade, forgive, suggest, consider, imagine, keep, agree, evade and allow.
② The following verb phrases are followed by gerunds: stop, postpone, give up, expect, like, have difficulty/difference in doing something. Devotees, habits, concerns, likes and deserves.
③ Preposition should be followed by gerund. The prepositions what about, how about, without, like, good at, etc. are all gerunds. Notice that when doing sth. = Start with it. On/upon can also be followed by nouns. Just like when he arrived ... ...
(2) The present participle is used as adverbial of time, reason, accompaniment, condition and result in the sentence.
(1) adverbial of time (when, while, etc. Can be added before the participle as an adverbial)
Hearing the good news, he jumped for joy.
The boss fired her because she didn't finish the work in time.
② Cause adverbial
Seeing that no one was at home, he decided to leave a note for them.
③ Adjoint adverbial
The girls followed their parents in.
④ Adverbial of result
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
Attention: several characteristics of present participle as adverbial. 1 timeliness. When it happens at the same time as the predicate verb, use the simple tense. If it happens before the predicate action, use the perfect tense. 2 pronunciation. The relationship with the subject of the sentence is subject-predicate relationship or verb-object relationship. Follow the "active, passive" rule. ③ Personal consistency. The logical subject of a participle is the subject of a sentence.
(3) The present participle is predicative, s .+be+ verb -ing indicates initiative, and the subject is the object.
(4) present participle as object complement, s. ++ object+present participle → do something.