Liu Zongyuan's character story

In the Northern Dynasties, Liu was a famous scholar-bureaucrat, and was called "Hedong Three Surnames" with Xue and Pei. Liu Zongyuan once proudly said: "The division of Liu nationality is higher in the north. Filled with statues of world leader Liu Zongyuan.

Shigeyoshi "Liu Zongyuan's eight ancestors to six ancestors were all court officials, and the fifth ancestor was the secretariat of four states. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the Liu family had a close relationship with the Li royal family. During the reign alone, 23 members of the Liu family lived in Guanshu at the same time. However, during the Yonghui period, the Liu family was repeatedly persecuted by Wu Zetian. By the time Liu Zongyuan was born, his family had declined, and Liu Zongyuan's great-grandfather and grandfather were only small officials like county magistrates. His father, Jin Ryu, served as a doctor in the last years of Tianbao in Xuanzong, and continued to be an official after the Anshi Rebellion. His official position has been very low. Liu Zongyuan's mother, Lu, was born in the famous Lu family, but her family has declined. She has two daughters and one son, and Liu Zongyuan is the youngest. His two daughters, Cui Shi in Shandong and Shi Pei in Hedong, are both declining old aristocrats. Liu Zongyuan said with emotion that by his generation, Liu had "studied for nothing since May and June". The Anshi Rebellion caused another great impact on the Liu family. During the war, Jin Ryu sent his mother to the King of Wu for refuge, and she and her family fled to Wudi. In the south, it was once hard to make a living, and sometimes there was no salary. Liu Zongyuan's mother often starves herself to feed her children. Liu Zongyuan's family background has made him yearn for the "virtue" and "success" of his ancestors. He often narrates the status and glory of his ancestors in a proud tone, showing his strong desire to revive My Clan and his pursuit of fame.

domestic

Liu, born and died in an unknown year, was born in Hedong (now Yongji West, Shanxi). Poets in Tang Dynasty. He is the same clan as Liu Zongyuan, a famous scholar in the middle Tang Dynasty, and a poetry friend with Li Duan, a ten-gifted scholar in Dali. Xiao is a famous scholar, likes his talent and marries his daughter. He was appointed as Cao Taizu of Hongzhou, but he did not accept it. Liu Zongxuan is the cousin of Liu Zongyuan, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty. He was once mentioned as "fellow traveler, Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Jade Emperor Zong Xuan, and then a servant, Cui Shi Erxiaosheng, who said that he would forgive himself and serve him." Other details of him are unknown.

Liu Zongyuan's wife and children

Liu Zongyuan married Yang, the wife of the Hong family, and died in 15 (799). Zongyuan was 27 years old. When he was in Yongzhou, Ji Bo, a Mourning Tomb, showed that he had a daughter and a mother who died later. After Zongyuan died in Liuzhou, his friend Liu Yuxi said in the article "Sacrifice to Liu Yuan": "I swear to make Saturday my own son." Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou said: "Zi Hou has two sons, one is Saturday, the other is four years old, and the other is qi zhou. Zi Hou died and was born. " Liu Zongyuan has two sons. But where will you go after Saturday and July? What did you do? There is no record. Liu Zongyuan has two sons and two daughters, the eldest son is Saturday, the second son is Monday and the two daughters are unknown. "Zi Hou has two sons and two people, who are longer than Saturday and began at the age of four; On the seventh day of the season, Houzi was born; Both women are very young. " -Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou

Edit this passage of Liu Zongyuan's life

one's early years

When Liu Zongyuan was born, the "Anshi Rebellion" had just been put down for 20 years. Although the short-lived peace existed for 20 years, the Tang Dynasty had already passed its peaceful and prosperous times and gradually declined. Various social contradictions in the Tang Dynasty developed rapidly, and various social abuses after the middle Tang Dynasty, such as the separatist regime in the buffer region, the eunuch's exclusive power, and the clique's struggle for power, were taking shape. Liu Zongyuan's family is a family with strong cultural atmosphere. At the age of four, his father went south, and his mother Lushi led him to live in Jingxi Manor. Lushi is a Buddhist, intelligent, virtuous, knowledgeable and has a certain cultural accomplishment. She taught young Liu Zongyuan to recite fourteen ancient poems. It was his mother's enlightenment education that made Liu Zongyuan interested in knowledge. Lushi is diligent in housekeeping and educating his children. When he fled to the south in his early years, he would rather starve himself than feed his relatives. Later, Liu Zongyuan offended the relegated official, and his mother followed her son to the South Emperor in her later years without complaint. She is a typical wife and mother, who embodies many virtues of ancient women in China. Liu Zongyuan was influenced by his mother's good personality since childhood. In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Jin Ryu went to Jiangxi as an official. After that, Liu Zongyuan went on a business trip with his father and traveled all over the vast area from Changsha in the south to Jiujiang in the north. This experience brought Liu Zongyuan into direct contact with the society and increased his knowledge. From then on, he began to participate in social activities, made many friends, and won the statue of Liu Zongyuan in Yunzhou Park as a gifted scholar and teenager.

People's attention [Note: Liu Yuxi's Preface to the Collection of Mr. Hedong] "Zi Hou has a strange name as a teenager since Zhenyuan." See the appendix of Liu Zongyuan's Collection. Soon, he returned to Chang 'an. Liu Zongyuan spent his childhood in Chang 'an. I have heard and felt about the corruption and incompetence of the imperial court and the social crisis and turmoil. When he was nine years old, that is, the second year of Jianzhong in Tang Dezong (78 1), another large-scale separatist war-Jianzhong Rebellion broke out after Anshi Rebellion. The direct cause of the war was that Li died in Chengde Town, and his son Li, with the support of two other towns in Hebei Province and Liang Chongyi, the envoy of Shannan East Road, made a follow-up attack in an attempt to establish a hereditary tradition in the buffer region. Tang Dezong, who was newly succeeded to the throne, disagreed, so the four towns united against the imperial court. Four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Zongyuan came to Xiakou (now Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province) where his father worked to escape the war. However, as Xiakou is a military stronghold, it has become the target of fierce competition between rebels and government troops in Li Xilie. Liu Zongyuan, who was only 12 years old, also experienced the separatist war in the buffer region at this time. Besides his mother, his father Jin Ryu's personality, knowledge and articles have a more direct influence on Liu Zongyuan. Serina Liu is proficient in Confucian classics. "The group of poems, the politics of books, the straightness, square and macro of the Book of Changes, and the punishment and persuasion in the Spring and Autumn Period are planted inside and written outside, hanging for a while." We can see that he believes in traditional Confucianism, but he is not a pedantic Confucian scholar. He has worked in the county for a long time, and he has some knowledge of the real social situation, and has developed a positive attitude towards life and integrity. He is also good at poetry and prose, and once sang with the famous poet Li Yi at that time. Li Yi admires him very much. Father and mother gave Liu Zongyuan the dual influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which laid the foundation for his later thought of "the integration of Confucianism and Buddhism".

be an official

In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan was admitted to Jinshi, and at the same time, his good friend Liu Yuxi was also admitted to Jinshi. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Liu Zongyuan was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school, which was regarded as stepping into the officialdom. This year, he married Yang Ping's daughter in Chang 'an. Two years later, he learned a lot of words and changed it to the orthography of Jixian Temple Academy, which allowed him to read widely and broaden his horizons. At the same time, he began to contact courtiers and bureaucrats, understand the situation of officialdom, care about and participate in politics. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi", praising Yangcheng, a doctor who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on state affairs, and in the second year, he wrote "Debate and Invasion", which showed a strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism. In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Lantian Wei, and two years later, he was transferred back to Chang 'an, where he served as the army supervisor in Li Xing. At that time, he was 3 1 year old and was an official with Han Yu. Although his rank is very low, his authority is no less than that of Shi Yu. Since then, he has made more friends with the upper echelons of officialdom, gained a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, and gradually sprouted a desire for reform. Wang He and Wang Lai's Yong Zhen innovation failed only for half a year, but it was a progressive movement that shook the whole country. The measures taken dealt a blow to the autocratic eunuchs and separatist forces in the buffer region at that time, benefiting the country and the people and conforming to the historical development. Liu Zongyuan and his good friend Liu Yuxi are the core figures of this innovation. They are called "Two Kings Liu Liu". Young Liu Zongyuan had a sharp struggle with eunuchs, aristocratic families and old bureaucrats on the political stage. His innovation and spirit of struggle are very valuable.

In Yongzhou

With the downfall of Shunzong, Xian Zong came to power, and the innovation failed, the reformists such as "Two Kings Liu Liu" were immediately demoted. In August, Xianzong ascended the throne, and in September, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Shaozhou (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province). Before he got halfway, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). This time, seven people were demoted to Sima at the same time, so history called this incident "two kings and eight Sima events." Yongzhou area is located at the junction of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi, and it was very remote at that time, and it was a horribly sparsely populated place. Liu Zongyuan went to Yongzhou with his 67-year-old mother, cousin Liu Zongzhi and cousin Lu Zun. After they arrived in Yongzhou, they didn't even have a place to live. Later, with the help of a monk, they boarded in longxing temple. Because of the hard life, his mother Lushi died before he arrived in Yongzhou for half a year. After Liu Zongyuan was demoted, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Gossip and personal attacks turned him into a "strange man", and after several years, he kept cursing. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed as soon as he sat down. Liu Zongyuan's political ideal was not shaken by all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career. In his letter, he clearly stated: "Although everything is excluded, it is nothing more than this." The fall of Yongzhou 10 year was a major turning point in Liu Zongyuan's life. When he was in Beijing, he directly engaged in innovative activities. After arriving in Yongzhou, his struggle turned to the ideological and cultural field. Ten years in Yongzhou is a decade in which he continued to struggle. He has extensively studied some important issues in philosophy, politics, history and literature since ancient times, and has written articles and books. Most of his masterpieces, such as Feudalism, Unofficial Dialect, Heaven Pair and Six Contradictions, were completed in Yongzhou.

Consistent wood

Liu Zongyuan died in Liuzhou in the 14th year of Tang Yuanhe (AD 8 19). The following year, the coffin was transported back to Yuan Qifeng, Wannian County, Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi Province). "Liuzhou County Records" records: "Zongyuan was originally ruled by Guzhou. Although it was restored, it still closed the land." This soil is now Liu Zongyuan's clothes tomb. The original tomb of Mao was rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The tombstone is entitled "Tomb of Liu Zongyuan in Tang Gaozong" and has a couplet "Wen Neng can live a long life and benefit the people". This tomb was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. 1974 restoration, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription: "Tomb of Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty". (As shown on the right, located in Liu Hou Temple, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) Liu Zongyuan's dressing tomb.

For Liu Zongyuan's life story, please refer to Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Biographies of Old and New Tang Books, and Biography of Mr. Liu in Wen 'anli (containing 500 biographies of Liu Zhuji, excluding Crescent Hall Series). Modern works, Shi Liu Zongyuan Chronicle (Journal of Wuhan University,No. 1 issue, 1957, published by Hubei People's Publishing House), and the first draft of Liu Zongyuan Chronicle of Chinese Department of Shanxi Normal University (No.3, 1974) can be used for reference. Regarding Liu Zongyuan's research works, Zhang's Liu is a great discussion about Liu Zongyuan's works based on detailed materials, but it emphasizes Liu's theory of restraining the DPRK.

The literary achievements of editing this passage

Although Liu Zongyuan lived less than 50 years old, he made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, ci fu, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, prose, literary theory and so on. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life. Most of his poems are about expressing depression, grief, homesickness and friendship, which makes him unique. What is most praised by the world are those leisurely and meaningful, simple and clean landscapes. Wen's achievements are greater than poetry. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which have not broken away from the habits of parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, but there are also masterpieces like Yunsuiyang Temple Monument in Antarctica. The anthology of Liu Zongyuan, edited by Liu Yuxi, is called the anthology of Mr Hedong, which was published by Mu Xiu in the early Song Dynasty. There are 45 volumes of Liu's Exegetical Collection of Song Dynasty collected in Sikuquanshu, including 2 volumes, and the newly compiled volume 1, which is the earliest extant Liu Collection. There are 43 volumes, 2 of which are collected by him and 2 of which are collected outside. The Collected Works of Mr. Song Tongzong, Zhang Dunyi and Pan annotate 1 volume, and there are four copies, which are the earliest photocopies at present. Song Tongzong said that the 45-volume New Collection of Liu Tang's Works was printed by Song Jianzhou and is now in the Beijing Library. In Song Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong edited and annotated 500 Collected Works of Mr. Liu, including 2 volumes of Waiji, 65,438+0 newly edited Waiji, 2 volumes of Longcheng Record, 8 volumes of appendix, and a photocopy of Wenyuan Pavilion. The Collection of Mr. Hedong compiled and annotated by Liao in Song Dynasty consists of 45 volumes, with 2 volumes outside, with addenda and appendices. , is the last annotation of the Song Dynasty. There was a rare edition of Song and Tang Dynasties, which was printed by Shanghai Editorial Department of Zhonghua Book Company and reprinted by Shanghai People's Publishing House. Forty-five volumes, five volumes, legacy notes and appendices of Liuhe Dongji compiled by Jiang in Ming Dynasty, although the old notes were adopted, were mostly Jiang's own notes. Pengmei

Three-path book collection engraving and "four-storage" typesetting. Liu Zongyuan attaches great importance to the content of the article, and advocates that the text should be used and the Tao should benefit the country and the people, which is practical. He attaches importance to the social function of literature and emphasizes that literature should be beneficial to the world. He advocates the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form, points out that writing must be serious and emphasizes the importance of writers' moral cultivation. He admired the articles of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and proposed to learn from Confucian classics, Zhuangzi, Laozi, Li Sao and Historical Records. And learn from it, thinking that it can be used by me, but don't give up eating because of choking. In terms of poetic theory, he inherited the tradition that Liu Xie advocated Bi Xing and Chen Ziang advocated Ji Xing. It is consistent with Bai Juyi's proposition about satirical poems in the Yuan zaju Jiushu. His theory of poetry and prose represents the progressive tendency of the literary movement at that time.

poetic sentiment

There are more than 140 poems written by Liu Zongyuan, which is one of the few in the Tang Dynasty, but many of them have been handed down from generation to generation. On the basis of his unique life experience, thoughts and feelings, he drew lessons from the artistic experience of his predecessors, exerted his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing one school at that time. Su Shi commented: "It is expensive to dry the cream outside, which seems as light as beauty and as deep as thick." Juxtapose Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming. Liu Zongyuan's existing poems are mostly works after being relegated to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and diverse genres. His narrative poems are simple in writing and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. Lyrics are better at expressing their feelings euphemistically and profoundly with fresh and cool writing. No matter what genre it is, it is meticulously written and has a long lasting appeal. It shows extremely deep feelings in a simple style and presents a unique look. Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes. There are more than 40 pieces of Liu Shi/KLOC-0, all of which were written after relegation. His predecessors, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei also called him Wang Meng. Some of his five ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language and elegant and meaningful style. The other five ancient poets were all influenced by Xie Lingyun. They were particular about their lyrics, mixed with Hyunri, and even learned from Xie Shi when they did the exercises. However, Liu's poems can contain bitterness, similarities and differences in beauty. In addition, Liu's poem "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States", which is famous for his generosity and compassion for health, is a masterpiece of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains of Jiang Xue are also rare in the Tang Dynasty.

China's classical prose

Liu Zongyuan's prose is as famous as Han Yu's, and he is also known as the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" with Liu Han, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in Song Dynasty, and he is the most outstanding essayist in the history of China. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to content and emptiness, this paper puts forward "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article demands to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit to get rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand up" first and then "stand up". This is a progressive literary proposition. In their creative practice, Han and Liu created many excellent essays with rich content, skillful skills and concise and vivid language. Liu Han's ancient prose movement has a far-reaching influence on later generations. In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. & lt& lt Eight Chapters of Yongzhou; It became the masterpiece of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes.

Elaboration and demonstration

Liu Zongyuan's comments include philosophy, political theory and other essays mainly focusing on comments. Sharp pen, accurate argument. Tian Shuo is a masterpiece of philosophical papers. Feudalism and Heavenly Punishment are representative works of medium and long political papers. Jin Wengong's "Defending the Original Motion", "Debate between Dong Brothers" and Yi Yin's "Five Opinions on Street Praise" are representatives of political papers. There are simple materialistic elements in his philosophical thoughts, which are embodied in the theory of heaven, the opposition of heaven, non-official language and feudalism: (1) denying the mysterious heaven, the chaos of the universe and the vitality of movement. The so-called heaven is the unjust death of nature, and there is no supreme heaven that can dominate people's destiny. Everything in the world is changing. There is no mysterious external force. (2) Heaven and man do not predict each other. In the relationship between heaven and man, he believes that heaven and man do not interfere with each other, and advocates attaching importance to personnel rather than empty talk about destiny and ghosts. (3) Superstition of ghosts and gods is explained from the source of epistemology. People's superstition of ghosts and gods is a sign of weakness. If people master the norms and magnificence and have enough manpower to dominate nature, they will not believe in ghosts and gods. His political thoughts are mainly embodied in the progressive social historical view that emphasizes "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought. But also influenced by Buddhism, especially when they are frustrated politically, they often seek spiritual liberation from Buddhism.

fable

Liu Zongyuan's fables inherited and developed the traditions of Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lu Chunqiu, Liezi and the Warring States Policy, and were mostly used to satirize and attack the ugly phenomena of the society at that time. Innovate, create whimsy, and make good use of anthropomorphic artistic images of various animals to express philosophical or political views. Representative works include Three Commandments (Linjiang Elk, Guizhou Donkey, Yongmou Mouse), Biography, Lieshuo and so on. Laughing and cursing, because things are small, show a high degree of humor and irony.

biography

Inherited the tradition of Historical Records and Hanshu, and made some innovations. Representative works include Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Biography of Zi Ren, Biography of Hejian, Theory of Snake Catcher, etc. Some works are exaggerated and fictional on the basis of real people and stories, just like fables and novels. Such as Biography of Song Qing, Biography of Planting Trees and Camels, Biography of Children's Areas.

Sao fu

Yan Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "In the Tang Dynasty, only thick sons got the Sao school." This theory is very pertinent. Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. His ci and fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan. This may be because although they are separated by thousands of years, they are similar in thought, experience, ambition and personality. "Old Tang Book" said that Liu Zongyuan was "a fugitive with a bumpy life (family B). There are dozens of essays that express the sorrow of poets, write emotional narratives, and the emotions must be in the words, and the visitors are all sorrowful. " How similar it is to Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Poems" and "Ten Sao Poems" are really excellent works in the prose literature of the Tang Dynasty. Whether focusing on expressing feelings or reciting things, they are sincere and rich in content. The forms of Li Sao and Nine Chapters are used in Punishment and Blame Fu, Sheng Min Fu, Dream Gui Fu and Prison Mountain Fu. Or express one's mind directly, or borrow ancient times to hurt oneself, or borrow fables to express irony and think hard, which won the essence of Qu Sao. "Tian Dui" and "Jin Wen" are another type, imitating Tian Wen and Qi Fa, with strange and profound words. In addition, Liu Jizhong has many works about Buddhist tablets, inscriptions, notes, preface, poems and so on, involving Zen, Tiantai Sect, Buddhism and other theories.

Landscape travel notes

Liu Zongyuan's travels are the most popular, all written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are even better. Eight Notes on Yongzhou: Travel Notes on the First Banquet in Western Hills, Notes on Kotan, Notes on the Western Hills of Kotan, Notes on Xiaoshitang, Notes on Yuan Jiake, Notes on Shiqu, Notes on Rocks and Notes on Koishiyama. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. Eight Records of Yongzhou was written four years after Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was exiled to Yongzhou, which is now Yongzhou, Hunan Province, because of the failure of political reform. The articles are all some scenery near Yongzhou at that time. The article is short, light, concise and fluent, which has been praised by all previous dynasties. Among them, the story of Xiaoshitang is the most famous. Through his own pen, the author described a quiet and peaceful scenery in Xiaoshitang. The article is fascinating and endless. At first, Xiaoshitang was presented by hearing its sound first and then seeing its shape. Write a pool with fish, then the clarity of the pool water can be imagined; People who write about fish are happy beyond words. The author's image is vivid, subtle, economical and superb. At the end, it is written in a quiet and quiet environment, a sad feeling and a blend of scenes.

Edit this educational achievement

Liu Zongyuan believes that the growth of everything in the world has its own development law. "The nature of wood is natural." We must conform to the laws of nature, otherwise it will not only be futile, but also cause damage. Liu Zongyuan believes that educating people, like planting trees, should also conform to the law of human development, rather than intervening and inculcating with subjective wishes and emotions. Liu Zongyuan praised Han Yu's "teacher theory" and Han Yu's spirit of being a teacher regardless of customs. He was saddened by the ethos of "being ashamed of being a teacher" in the upper class at that time. He said: "There is no teacher in the world, and the Tao is beneficial." However, he has his own views and implementation methods on the concept of teachers' morality. He wrote articles such as A Teacher's Friend's Advice, Answering Wei Zhongli's Book of Teacher's Way, Answering Yan Scholar's Book of Teacher's Way, and expounded his view of teacher's way. Its core view is "to be a teacher". Liu Zongyuan fully affirmed the role of teachers. He believes that without teachers, there can be no Ming Dow, and if you want to "Ming Dow", you must learn from him. But he said that he didn't have the courage to do so, but he didn't completely give up being a teacher, but went to be a teacher in the name of being a teacher. Liu Zongyuan refused to form a formal teacher-student relationship and was afraid to be accepted by the teacher. But he tried his best to answer those who came to him for advice, and sincerely guided later scholars. He was indeed a teacher. He put forward the idea of "being a teacher by example", that is, teachers and students should communicate, learn from each other and help each other like friends, and be equal in academic research, rather than simply teaching and being taught. Liu Zongyuan's theory of "teachers and friends" is a theory with great influence in the traditional view of teachers' morality, especially in high-level teaching activities.

Four Good Things Liu Zongyuan Did in Liuzhou

Liu Zongyuan devoted himself to reform in places closely related to people's lives. The most obvious achievements are mainly in the following aspects: releasing slaves, digging wells, setting up schools, reclaiming land, and so on. The first is to release the handmaiden. Liuzhou used to be a primitive and wild place. At that time, it followed a cruel custom. "If you take money from men and women and redeem it from time to time, you will become a handmaiden." Not paying back the money is equivalent to being a slave, and once you are a slave, you will be a slave for life. Liu Zongyuan issued a decree to "reform the rural law" so that people who become handmaiden can still pay. The law has formulated a set of measures to release handmaiden, stipulating that the person who becomes a handmaiden can convert his salary according to the working hours during his service to creditors. After the salary is paid off, I will immediately resume my freedom of life and go home to reunite with my relatives. This move was welcomed by the poor people and later extended to counties outside Liuzhou. Another important thing that Liu Zongyuan did in Liuzhou was to vigorously organize and develop cultural and educational undertakings. Liuzhou has been in a closed and backward environment because it is located in remote ethnic minority areas and far away from civilized and developed cities. Bad customs have long controlled people's minds and hearts. After Liu Zongyuan came to power, he founded many schools and adopted various methods to encourage children to study actively, which fundamentally improved the national quality. In addition to politics, Liu Zongyuan also patiently accepted young students' visits and coaxed them. In view of the local people's superstitious and backward customs, Liu Zongyuan prohibited Jianghu witch doctors from defrauding people. At the same time, promote medicine and train local doctors to serve the people. Liu Zongyuan is not only satisfied with the dissemination of knowledge, but also committed to changing old ideas and ways of thinking. He made Liuzhou, which never dared to drill wells, drill several wells in succession. Liuzhou people, who have lived on the sky for generations and grew up drinking rain and river water, have since drunk clean and sweet groundwater.

This is a great event in the life of Liuzhou people. The change of drinking water is a reflection of lifestyle changes, and it also drives the renewal of people's way of thinking. Then, Liu Zongyuan turned his attention to the problem of backward agriculture. There are many hills in the local area, and there are large areas of wasteland outside the city. Liu Zongyuan saw the hardships of people's lives and was determined to improve this situation. As an official, he called on and organized idle rural laborers to reclaim land, plant trees and vegetables, and encourage the development of production. Only when there is enough land can we produce enough food and vegetables, and people's lives can get rid of hunger and poverty. With the efforts of Liu Zongyuan, the cultivated land area in Liuzhou has greatly increased. Only one wasteland in Dayun Temple has planted 30,000 bamboo poles and 100 beds of vegetables. He made an immortal contribution to the transformation of one side's soil and water. In addition, Liu Cishi also attaches great importance to urban beautification. He attaches great importance to tree planting, and even if he is in poor health, he personally participates in tree planting activities. At that time, many willows were planted in the city and by the river. His concept of civilization also permeated into urban construction and planning. During his reign, Liu Zongyuan renovated many streets, built some temples and developed many natural landscapes. Well: It is said that Liuzhou could not find a well before Liu Zongyuan arrived in Liuzhou. Thousands of families, more than 10 thousand people, all the drinking water is with a small mouth and a big belly. It is extremely difficult to go up and down the narrow cliff road to fetch water from Liujiang. If the weather is dry and shallow, the distance to the river will be farther; In rainy season, roads are slippery and muddy, and it is even more dangerous to draw water. If you are not careful, the person who draws water will roll down the steep slope. If you are light, your hands and feet will be broken, and if you are heavy, you will die. After Liu Zongyuan arrived in Liuzhou, he observed people's feelings and decided to dig wells for residents to drink. He ordered his subordinate Jiang Yan to lead dozens of soldiers to dig the first well in the north of the city. After a period of intense construction day and night, the well water was drilled to a depth of 66 feet. At this time, the people of Liuzhou came to watch this miracle. Some of these people have never seen a well until they are seventy or eighty years old. They couldn't help cheering when they drank the clear well water. Before Liu Zongyuan dug a well, someone tried to dig it, but it all collapsed, saying that it hurt "Long Mai" and destroyed "Feng Shui". Therefore, they dare not continue to dig. Liu Zongyuan did not believe in "falsehood" and invested a lot of manpower and material resources. Finally, he succeeded in drilling a well and did a good thing that benefited the ages. Since then, there have been wells in Liuzhou. In the last four years of the rest of his life in Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan, as a local official, devoted his life's talent and efforts to paving a road to civilized society for the local people. Liu Zongyuan's four years in Liuzhou, from his personal point of view, is the sighing end of his political career. But as a famous minister in Liuzhou history, his energy and contribution are memorable and cannot be forgotten. Liu Zongyuan is like a candle in the wind, burning himself tenaciously and illuminating a barren place with all his light.