Historical issues

In the ancient history of China, when the regimes of several different nationalities were opposed to each other, the marriage relationship between them served as a link between the two sides to seek and ensure peaceful and friendly exchanges, which was the origin and essence of pro-government. If it is regarded as humiliation or deception, it does not conform to the historical reality at that time.

This kind of marriage form between different nationalities and different countries has established peaceful exchanges with each other as early as the Zhou Dynasty. The only difference from later generations is that the geographical scope is still in the Central Plains. Later, Han Gongsheng's profound adaptation of foreign countries came into being after the country's territory was greatly developed. Although Princess Pipa is sad in the imagination of future generations, the marriage between the Han Dynasty and Wusun and Xiongnu did play a great role in the exchanges between the two sides and the stability of national defense, and its historical contribution cannot be underestimated. King Wusun and Xiongnu Shan Yu both wrote to Han Ting and presented them with gifts, but they didn't threaten or force them. The Han princess just feels that the language is unreasonable and the customs are different. At first, they were not used to it. Later, after the death of Lao Wang, they were able to "marry their stepmother" from their son. This kind of marriage relationship only exists between the royal families of both sides, so it is called pro-government in later generations. At the time of the formation of a unified country in China's history, the relationship between the Central Plains and frontier ethnic groups became more prominent. The way to produce this kind of communication is obviously to meet the needs of the new situation at that time. First of all, we must fully understand this specific historical background.

Before the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty had married Turk Khan with two princesses, the imperial clan and Anyi, and was also the son of Guanghua Princess's wife, Tuyuhun Kwaluk Khan. At the same time, Fu also invited women to prepare Wendi's backyard, and Wendi resigned. It can be seen that the royal marriage of different ethnic groups at that time was not a rare thing, nor was it just that Han princesses married ethnic minorities. After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Tang had married Turks, Tuguhun and other countries before Tubo proposed marriage. In the early Tang Dynasty, Tuguhun had not yet become a threat to the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that affinity was just a peaceful way of making friends at that time, in order to communicate the cultural, political and economic exchanges between the two sides and promote the unity and friendship between the fraternal peoples. There are no such problems as who is strong and who is weak in big countries and small countries, and what uses each other to deceive.

After Songtsan Gambu ascended the throne, the Tubo forces flourished, and he was interested in Sifang, so he naturally had a certain understanding and understanding of the Tang State. He heard that both Turkic and Tuguhun were princesses of the Tang Dynasty, so he also sent messengers to propose to the Tang Dynasty. Proposing marriage is naturally a good sign. Judging from the situation at that time, in addition to this traditional way of peaceful communication, there are also factors of the times that envy and yearn for the advanced civilization of the Central Plains, and they are not simply imitating other people's fashionable practices. Because Chang 'an at that time was not only the center of China culture, but also the place that the eastern countries looked at, and it was also the gathering place of western civilization. Tubo respected Shang culture at that time, which is not difficult to see from the records of Tang books: although this record came from Han officials, it was not unrestrained. However, from the historical facts that Princess Wencheng brought Buddha statues, scriptures, handicrafts, silks and satins, crops, musical instruments and craftsmen when she entered Tibet, and sent overseas students to study in Chang 'an, it shows that Tubo not only inherited Buddhist culture through the Tang Dynasty, but also introduced the traditional culture and production technology of the Han nationality, which promoted the cultural exchange between the frontier and the mainland. Economic exchanges have also prospered Tibetan culture. In some Tibetan records of later generations, Luo 'an's blueprint for establishing a Buddhist temple and offering sacrifices to gods was entirely attributed to Princess Wencheng's star calculation and geographical feng shui, which is naturally a religious language, but taking Princess Wencheng as a symbol of Tang Wenhua has its historical context. The historical reasons why Tubo first proposed to the Tang Dynasty are as mentioned above, but its formation has experienced some twists and turns. After Tang and Tubo first made diplomatic envoys, Tubo proposed to Tang. At that time, Tang probably lacked understanding of Tubo and failed to teach it at the moment. In addition, the Tubo emissary blamed Tang Ting's unsuccessful marriage change on Tuyuhun's obstruction, so Songzan Gambu first attacked Tuyuhun, which belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and forced it to withdraw from Huangshui and Haomen Valley. Forced Brandon and the Tangut to move eastward. Then 200,000 soldiers were sent to attack Songzhou, threatening that Tang Re would not marry the princess, which was about to deepen. Kissing is a peaceful way to make friends. Of course, it can't be forced by force. Therefore, after the invasion of the Tubo army was repelled by Emperor Taizong, Zanpu sent envoys to apologize and ask for marriage, allowing the use of Songzan Gambu, the wife of Princess Wencheng, and Tubo to offer second-class treasures such as gold 5200 as a dowry. That's when the Tang-Fan Alliance began. Since then, the relationship between Tang and Fan is no longer completely equal to the historical ethnic, geographical and cultural relations, but further developed on the basis of the existing historical relations. Its main historical symbols are as follows:

1. Establishment of the relationship between nephew and uncle. Princess Wencheng entered the country, and the Tang Dynasty sent Shang Shu and Li Daozong, King of Jiangxia, as special envoys to escort her. Tubo Zanpu Songzanganbu met his son-in-law in Bohai Sea at the source of the Yellow River. Later, Zanpu called himself the nephew of the Tang Emperor, and this relationship was further strengthened by Princess Jincheng's re-entry into Tibet. The so-called "Prince Rong's son-in-law is happy, and Uncle Han's family is kind" has been circulated as a beautiful talk in history.

2. Establishment of grant relationship. In 649 AD, Li Zhi, Tang Gaozong, ascended the throne, making Zan Qian Bu his surname (official position) and king of Xihai County (title). He wrote to Sun Chang Wuji, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, saying, "When the Emperor first ascended the throne, there were disloyal people under him. He is willing to send troops to the countryside to beg. " 15 kinds of Zhao mausoleum of Emperor Taizong were named Jin Xuan. The Tang Dynasty also made him king (or guest and host), and carved him in Zhaoling along with the stone statues of 13 other minority princes. After a long time, Zamp must tell Tang his condolences after his death. New firm Ba must be registered in the Tang Dynasty to be legal. No matter what twists and turns took place in the later historical stage, the relationship between Tubo and the central government of the motherland was clearly established at that time. Before accepting Tang's official position and title, Zanpu wrote to Emperor Taizong to congratulate him on his return from the victory of Liao, saying, "Your Majesty has pacified the Four Kingdoms, and the sun and the moon shine, ruling the Four Kingdoms." Since the sun and the moon shine on them, Tubo is undoubtedly included. Then the Tang Dynasty sent Wang Xuance to Tianzhu, who robbed him on the way. Wang Xuance asked Tubo for help, and Songzan Gambu immediately sent Wang Xuance's chosen men to get rid of them, and offered Chang 'an as a prisoner to win good news. These are all subordinate positions (that is, the central and local governments now). After the Anshi Rebellion, the situation changed dramatically and the conflict between the two sides intensified. The above relationship once again appears in the form of alliance contract, which is obviously against each other. However, the general trend is still based on peaceful exchanges. The article "Monument to the Tang-Fan League", established in 823 AD, formally confirmed the equal relationship of this society, and maintained the fenced border and friendly exchanges until the dispute over the Tubo aristocratic group disintegrated. Generally speaking, since Tang Zhenguan, the two sides have made good friends, during which envoys exchanged 190 times, and envoys exchanged every year. This laid a solid foundation for the integration of Tubo and the central government in the future and took a new step.

3. Sino-Tibetan cultural exchange and the formation of Tubo culture. Tubo introduced Buddhist culture from Niboro and Tang Dynasty, and Han culture from Tang Dynasty, which are the two major origins of Tubo culture. Buddhism has a far-reaching influence on the political society of Tubo, and industrial and agricultural production technology, calendar medicine, music painting and even Confucian classics have become part of Tubo culture. It is no accident that the marriage and alliance between Tang and Zhu influenced each other in culture and became a whole, but the national psychological state of * * * is extremely prominent in the process of dealing with the aggression of imperialist forces such as Britain and Russia in the future.

It is difficult for modern western countries to understand the direct and indirect results of the policy of affinity and alienation, but in the long-term formation process, it is a successful way to bring a unified multi-ethnic country like China closer to each other.

The marriage between the Tang Dynasty and China's minority regimes, whether vassal or rival, was carried out on the basis of equality and friendship. Therefore, apart from Tubo, Turkic, Tuyuhun and Uighur Khan were all princesses in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, Tubo Zanpu Songzangambu married Princess Nipolo. In order to get a good marriage in the Tang Dynasty, Chide Zuzamp took marriage as a means and way of alliance and married his daughter to King Bolu. However, some Tibetan scholars and western imperialist mouthpiece described the marriage relationship between Tang and Tubo as cheating and blackmail to the Tang Dynasty. They think that Princess Wencheng is the daughter of my ancestors and Princess Jincheng is the daughter of Wang Yong. Neither of them was born to a queen, and both pretended that the princess was a monk. When Tang Zhongzong bid farewell to Princess Jincheng, he pretended to bid farewell and deceived the Tibetan emissary. They even accused Emperor Taizong and Tang Zhongzong of marrying the princess, demanding gold, jewels and good horses to do their profitable business. This attempt to provoke relations between modern Tibet and the motherland against historical facts is extremely vicious. The so-called profitable business is undoubtedly the self-disclosure of imperialism. It should be noted that the identity of the princess at that time was determined by the royal background and seal. That's what happened the previous generation. No matter Wusun, Xiongnu, Turkic, Tuguze or Tubo, they never raised any objection. This problem is that when Princess Ningguo, the daughter of Tang Suzong, married Rupijiajue Khan, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty greeted the book with a big gift in order to dispute Khan, saying that this was the true daughter of the Tang Emperor, which was a courtesy. Khan also considered it a great honor to hire a real princess. This shows that the Tang Dynasty did not necessarily marry a foreign vassal who had a preference for sons over daughters. In addition, Tang Daizong's daughter, Princess Xian 'an, married Uighur and Gudulu Pigahan; Tang Xianzong's daughter, Princess Taihe, got married in Yulu, Luoden, and sentenced Peijiahan and others. , are obvious examples. As for the princess, it must be the queen's office, which is probably just an excuse for some modern western scholars to have ulterior motives; Because, according to them, the relationship between Tang and Tubo, and between China and Tibet after the Yuan Dynasty was only the fraud and occupation of Han chauvinism. This is a lie that completely ignores the historical development of China.

Imprisonment policy

The word Jimi first appeared in Hanshu. In the current words, it is contact. Later generations did not pay enough attention to fetter, but only paid attention to direct jurisdiction and rule. In fact, the emergence of detention policy has its complex and specific historical background and conditions, and its role should be viewed under certain historical conditions. The early Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions, where there used to be many kingdoms of various ethnic minorities such as Shanshan, Qiuci and Yutian. In addition, in countries such as Da Yue and Daxia, the cultivation is very complicated. Moreover, Huns often go in and out to plunder, and the situation is very unstable. The main purpose of Korea's communication with the western regions is to defend the Huns and ensure the smooth traffic routes with Central Asia and West Asia. Therefore, setting up military guards in the western regions and even stationing troops in the fields serve this purpose, not conquering and directly ruling this vast area. As long as the local vassal States lived in peace, the Han Dynasty only strengthened cultural and trade ties with them, and did not seek the same unified management as the mainland. This is the origin of shackles, and it also conforms to the historical development conditions at that time. Sui and Tang Dynasties were the unified empire of China after the Han Dynasty. Although the sea passage was first opened at that time, the main east-west route was still the western corridor since the Han Dynasty, which was called the Silk Road by outsiders. The management of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty went further than that in the Han Dynasty, that is, in the second year of Xianqing (AD 657), the western Turkic was broken, and Mengchi was divided into two to protect the imperial court. In the first year of Longshuo (66 1 year), there were sixteen states, seventy-two states and one hundred and ten counties in the west of Khotan and east of Persia, belonging to Anxi County. This is only nominal national capital, but in fact it still maintains an independent state. However, since then, the prestige of the Tang Dynasty has spread far and wide in West Asia and Central Asia, and its influence is still great. The establishment of the western regions has a great relationship with the security of Tubo. We can understand the interdependence between Tubo and Kang as long as we look at the fall of four towns in Tang Dynasty, the eastward invasion of big food and the pressure on Tubo from three aspects: Uighur, Nanzhao and big food.

Secondly, most of the imprisoned states in Guannei Road, such as Huzhou in Longyou, Tangut in Jiannan Road, Tuguhun and Qiangzhou, were later merged or resettled by Tubo to overseas Chinese. The establishment of this captive country is a gradual transitional form. Strengthen the role of contact through such forms and policies. At that time, many immigrants from ethnic minorities and foreigners, such as Turks, Tuguhun, Tangut, Uighur, Qiang and Qidan, who came to the mainland, were naturally integrated or assimilated. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao returned to the Tang Dynasty with eleven states of Guasha, and the Tubo people had few attached trees. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were no prefectures and counties in Tubo, but through friendly exchanges and mutual exchanges, the ties between the two sides were strengthened, which was obviously a step further than the general establishment of Jimi House. In the ethnic policy of the Tang Dynasty, there was no intention or measure of forced assimilation, which can be understood only by the migration of Turks, Tuguhun and Tangut in the Tang Dynasty. This is determined by the law of social development, and it will be naturally assimilated without coercion. The application of this policy under the new historical conditions in the late Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties basically completed the historical task of further unity and growth of a unified multi-ethnic country. Isn't this the truth that "climbing high will make you feel inferior and walking far will make you feel inferior"?

(3) Religious policy

Another connection between Tubo and the Tang Dynasty is the support and belief in Buddhism. Tubo was introduced into Buddhism from Tang Dynasty, Nepal Polo and Tianzhu. Although Buddhism in China also came from Tianzhu, it was reformed in the Tang Dynasty to adapt to the situation in the Central Plains. Tubo was introduced into Buddhism from the Tang Dynasty, and it was also combined with the local actual situation to form the Tibetan Buddhist culture, which is the predecessor of Tibetan Buddhism today. According to historical records, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, her gifts were mainly siddhattha gotama and 306 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. When Tang Dezong was in China, Han monks Liang Yin and Wensu were invited to give lectures in Tubo. In Tang Muzong, Tibetan envoys visited famous Buddhist temples in the mainland, such as Anguo and Ci 'en. Tubo worships Middle-earth Buddhism, and once sent envoys to ask for a map of Wutai Mountain to see the grand rules of the Buddhist temple in Wutai Mountain. The Tripitaka now has several classics, which have been translated into Chinese. In terms of Buddhist beliefs, Tang and Fan had close contacts and influenced each other. Later, Tubo built Jokhang Temple for Princess Wencheng. Tibetan monks and nuns carved a princess statue in Potala Palace, and regarded her as the protector, which shows that this aspect has far-reaching influence.

Although there was no provision for freedom of religious belief in the Tang Dynasty, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism, Manichaeism and State religion (Islam) introduced from West Asia were all popular in China, and temples were all built in Chang 'an. This also strengthened the ties between Tang and countries in West Asia and Central Asia. Although Buddhism was once banned, it was only limited to the influence on productive labor and social atmosphere, and did not touch the classics themselves. Religion itself is a social ideology with a certain economic foundation, which thrives with the use and support of feudal nobles and serf owners. However, the spread of religion is accompanied by cultural exchanges. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty is an exhibition hall of western civilization. The popularity of various religions reflects the mind and courage of the Tang people, and naturally promotes the unity and friendly relations with Tubo.

(4) Trade policy

Since Princess Wencheng entered China and Tang Fan formed an alliance of nephews and uncles, the relationship between culture and economy has become increasingly close. In addition to Princess Wencheng bringing a large number of vegetable seeds, handicrafts, textile technology and so on. Emperor Gaozong's Zanpu invited silkworm eggs and craftsmen who made wine, paper and ink, and the Tang government sent them one by one. Tubo caravans also buy silks and satins, silk and military bows and arrows from the mainland. Tang also gave Tubo a lot of silks, sometimes as many as 10 thousand horses. For example, Princess Jincheng entered Tubo, followed a large number of skilled craftsmen and carried a large number of tapestries:

Give tens of thousands of gifts, acrobatic workers follow suit, and give Qiuci music.