Why did Nurhachi move to Shenyang?
The rise of Manchu
Before the Manchu regime, represented by Nurhachi, entered Shenyang, we should first understand this minority, which is different from the Han nationality in the Central Plains, so as to better understand the fundamental reason why Nurhachi moved to the capital.
In the cold northeast of China, winter is covered with ice and snow all year round. The special geographical and climatic conditions gave birth to the Han ethnic minorities different from the Central Plains, among which the two most important ethnic groups are Jurchen and Mongolian.
In the late Ming Dynasty, Jurchen was divided into four parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Donghai Jurchen and Heilongjiang Jurchen. After several migrations from north to south, it reached Changbai Mountain and Tumen River and became the birthplace of Manchu. After the rise of Jianzhou Jurchen, Manchuria was in a dominant position.
In the long historical development process, especially in the late Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen nationality rose rapidly. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, various nationalities and different interest groups in Northeast China fought in secret. In this chaotic situation, Jianzhou Jurchen gradually stepped onto the historical stage.
Nuerhachi is an indispensable leader in the development of statehood Jurchen. His early misfortunes and his experience in joining the army when he was young made him gradually become an excellent general. Nurhachi is patient and has strong military leadership and political wisdom. It was he who led this remote nation to the Central Plains step by step, and his route of moving the capital was also the route that the Qing Dynasty ruled the whole country step by step.
Nurhachi moved the capital many times.
Nurhachi started from scratch, first in Fiala City. Feiala is Manchu, which means "ancient town" in Chinese. Nurhachi established himself as king in Fiala City, then formed an army and formulated the etiquette for starting to take shape. After 16 years' painstaking efforts, the war to unify the ministries of Jurchen has been going on and its power has gradually grown.
In the thirty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1603), Nurhachi abandoned Fei 'ala City and moved to Hetuala with his family to build a new capital. Hetuala, known by later generations as the place where the Qing Dynasty rose, was the political, economic, military and cultural center of the post-Jin regime in the early days, and was also the base for Nurhachi to unify the various ministries of Jurchen and demonstrate to the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi's seventeen years here played an important role in the rise of Manchu.
In June (16 19), Nurhachi moved to Fanjie City for only one year and three months, and moved to Salhu City again in September of the following year (1620). Nurhachi moved the capital because after unifying the ministries of Nuzhen, he began to point the finger at the Ming Dynasty. According to the literature of Qing Taizu, "Today is the enemy of Daming, and our country lives far away from the enemy country, and its eastern soldiers are farther away. When marching, the horses are tired and bitter. We can herd horses near the border, build cities near Daming in the west and build cities on the border. " Since then, the famous Battle of Salhu broke out, and Fan Jie became the rear area of this battle. Nurhachi realized the importance of Salhu and moved to Salhu.
In the sixth year (162 1), he moved the capital to Liaoyang in April. Because with the development of the Jurchen nationality, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen nationality, established the post-Jin regime, and his military strength continued to increase. In order to increase the ruling territory in Northeast China, Nurhachi was determined to challenge the vast Ming Dynasty in the south. Then Liaoyang is a better choice than the previous cities. In August of the sixth year of Destiny (162 1), a palace was built in the east of Taizi River in Liaoyang City, and Tokyo City was built.
During the four years in Liaoyang, due to the fierce ethnic contradictions and conflicts between the Jurchen nationality and the Han nationality, the Han nationality fled or rebelled. The regime was not consolidated and developed, and Nurhachi began to seek another development space.
The location of Shenyang
Shenyang is located at the northern end of Liaodong Peninsula, south of Northeast Great Plains, at the junction of Liaodong and western Liaoning, and between Liaodong Peninsula and Northeast Great Plains. Extending in all directions since ancient times, it has an important strategic position and is also a place where many cultures meet. Geologically, the Shenyang area is dominated by plains, and the mountains and hills are concentrated in the southeast. Huishan in the northeast belongs to the hilly area of Changbai Mountain, and the southwest belongs to the alluvial plain of Liaohe River and Hunhe River, with flat terrain and fertile land. The geographical location of Shenyang, as a base for marching into the Central Plains, is a more suitable choice than the former Liaoyang City.
With a history of more than 2,000 years, Shenyang is one of the earliest cities in northeast China. However, due to its proximity to the border, its urban function has long been mainly military defense.
Move the capital to Shenyang
In March (1625), the last ten years of Jin Ming, Nurhachi proposed to move the capital to Shenyang. At this time, it was less than four years before Tokyo was built, so many ministers and dignitaries disagreed and protested against Nurhachi's practice.
According to the document "Biography of Qing Taizu", "You have built a city in Tokyo, a palace has been built, and the houses of the people have not been completed." Now that I'm moving again, I'm afraid I'm tired of eating big things done by doctors! "
But Nurhachi refused to listen to advice and insisted on moving the capital. Literature records his view: "Shenyang, extending in all directions, is the western expedition of the Ming Dynasty, and the road from Duerbi to Liaohe River is straight and close. Northern expedition to Mongolia, two or three can reach. South Korea can be accessed from Qinghe Road. Shenyang Hunhe River leads to Susuhu River, and logging is carried out in the upper reaches of Susuhu River, so timber and timber are not needed in the lower reaches. Traveling and hunting, there are many animals near the mountain, and the aquarium in the river can also be caught. " I have made up my mind, so I want it. Why don't you follow me? "
Here we can clearly see that Nurhachi, as a leader, has his own reasons for persistence, and according to the results of later historical development, his decision is correct and conducive to the development of Manchu.
According to documents, on the third day of March, Nurhachi "left Tokyo at dawn to pay homage to his father's tomb and sweep Tomb-Sweeping Day." After the sacrifice, they went to Shenyang and lived in the Tiger Skin Post. At the end of the fourth day, he entered Shenyang City.
Since then, the Qing dynasty's move to the capital outside the customs has come to an end.
Destiny for six years (162 1), King Kong made Liaoyang its capital. Only four years later, after ten years of destiny (1625), Nurhachi officially made Shenyang (formerly known as Shengjing) its capital. You know, at that time, the Acropolis in Shenyang was not half as big as the capital Liaoyang, which was newly built by the Prince River in the east of Liaoyang. It can be seen that Nurhachi was really anxious at that time. Moving the capital in such a hurry involves two questions, one is why you left Liaoyang, and the other is why you chose Shenyang.
Liaoyang, as a big city in Northeast China at that time, was the Shanghai beach in Jurchen's mind. However, after the capital of Liaoyang was established, the original Han people moved to other areas to prevent rebellion, check grain and recruit officials, which caused fierce resistance from Han people all over the country. Only two months after Jin occupied Liaoyang, he discovered that the Han people had poisoned Nurhachi's well. Many Han people gathered around to resist the post-Jin army. Leaving Liaoyang, where there are many Han people, and going to Shenyang, where the population is relatively small, is more secure for the food safety of the Jurchen people.
Secondly, Liaoyang is in an awkward geographical position, so it is necessary to build a border town along the Liaohe River in Yaozhou to prevent the sneak attack of the Ming army and the Mongolian Chahar Department. Liaoyang city is close to the sea, so we should always guard against Maolongwen, Pidao (that is, Tilia Island in North Korea), and we should also station in the four-dimensional coastal area of southern Liaoning to guard against the Ming navy that landed in Tianjin. When attacking the Ming army, the rear area was easily pinned down.
Shenyang was chosen as the capital, first of all, because of its important geographical position, the hub of Liaodong Peninsula and Songliao Plain, and the transportation hub of Northeast China and Central Plains. Tieling, Kaiyuan, Fushun and other places in the north of Shenyang are the hometown of Jianzhou Jurchen and the most reliable rear area.
Nurhachi realized that it was more convenient for Shenyang to go to Liaodong. "Shenyang is a land of victory and is famous in the west. Crossing the Liaohe River from Duerbi (now Zhangwu County), the road is straight and close, and it can reach northern Mongolia in two or three days; South Korea, from Qinghe Road. "
During the Nurhachi War, he always liked to move the capital near the front line. After moving the capital from Hetuala to Fan Jie, he won the battle of Salhu, moved back to Salhu before the battle of Liaoshen, and launched the battle of Guangning after moving the capital to Liaoyang to occupy western Liaoning. Next, we will attack the main force of the Ming army in Jinzhou area, and the strategic focus will shift from Liaodong to western Liaoning. Sending troops from Liaoyang to Liaohe is not as convenient as Shenyang. For jurchen cavalry, it is absolutely expensive.
Secondly, Shenyang city is easy to defend but difficult to attack on the terrain. "Shengjing Tongzhi" said, "Liaodong is the fundamental place, surrounded by mountains and seas, with dangerous feet and fast-flowing land, and it is a metropolis in Northeast China." "Changbai is in the east, the doctor's office is in the west, the giant duck green is beside, the black water is behind, and the mountains and rivers are sanitary."
Third, Nurhachi realized that "Hunhe River and Sukuhu River (Perilla River) go upstream, and logging goes downstream, so it is difficult to treat the palace with them." Sometimes hunting, there are many animals near the mountain, and the aquarium in the river can also catch them. "In Shenyang, a lot of wood can be transported downstream to build palaces. During the four years since Liaoyang was established as the capital, many ethnic minorities and Han Chinese earned a relatively profitable livelihood-farming, less fishing and hunting, and I don't know what kind of bow they are suitable for. There are many undeveloped mountains in Shenyang, which can make ethnic minorities return to "wildness".
Xiang jingzhi
16 16 years, Nurhachi said in "Hetuala" that he cultivated the wise Khan of other countries and changed his own destiny, and founded the country as Daikin (known as Houjin in history).
At this time, Nurhachi had captured most of the Jurchen tribes, but he was only a big tribal leader. In addition to the Ming army stationed in Liaodong, Ye He, who has a lot of grievances with Jianzhou Jurchen, is still very strong.
Portrait of Nurhachi
16 18, Nurhachi was forced by the military pressure brought by the closure of the border trade with Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty and the military maintenance that existed in the Ming Dynasty to protect Ye He, and decided to March into Liaodong and directly confront the Ming army. He divided the army into two wings and led the army to win Fushun in one fell swoop. In the second year, he defeated the Fourth Route Army assembled by Yang Hao in the Ming Dynasty in Liaodong. Since then, Nurhachi has been defeated by Xiong Tingbi and Yuan Yingtai, occupying all areas east of Liaohe and north of Jinzhou.
After the annexation of Liaodong, Nuerhachi was no longer satisfied with the simple meaning of the previous crusade: plundering slaves, livestock, grain and money, but wanted to lead troops to occupy the western Liaoning plain and establish a new capital, but was opposed by some Jurchen nobles.
Nurhachi forced the construction of a palace in Fan Jie and continued to move westward. After the Salhu War, he severely punished the ministers who opposed the move of the capital, executed adon, the cousin of the bodyguard who opposed the most vehemently, imprisoned Hulhan, one of the five ministers, and executed Erdene, who founded the old Manchu language, for hoarding treasure.
In March of the sixth year of destiny, Nurhachi attacked Shenyang on a large scale and moved to Shenyang four years later. Nurhachi built the capital five times, but this time it was built and renamed Shengjing. This is completely in line with his expansion strategy.
There are four reasons why he finally chose to move from Liaoyang to Shenyang: First, Liaoyang's economic strength is declining, while Shenyang's economy is rising. Second, Shenyang is flat and open, with abundant grain output, forests and animals, water and grass, which is in line with the living conditions of Nuzhen hunting. Thirdly, there has been a fierce turmoil in Manchuria in Liaoyang, and Shenyang is just a medium-sized city with convenient population. Moving the capital will enable him to further implement the discriminatory policy and prevent the Han people from resisting. Shenyang has always been a military stronghold, the so-called land of victory. It is easy to defend the hometown of Xinbin, Tieling Kaiyuan, easily cross the Liaohe River, attack the Ming Dynasty in the south, and control Korea in the southeast. You can reach Mongolia in two or three days in the north.
Xingjing (Hetuala City), Tokyo (Liaoyang) and Shengjing (Shenyang) respectively represent three stages of political development before the Qing Dynasty. Xingjing Hetuala City, located in Yongling Town, Xinbin, Liaoning Province, was the first capital city built during the pioneering period of the Qing Dynasty. It was built according to natural disasters, which is different from the capital construction of the Central Plains Dynasty, and is mainly based on strong military defense functions.
Tokyo and Liaoyang were the second capitals built during the pioneering period of the Qing Dynasty. After Jin occupied Liaoyang City in the sixth year of Destiny (162 1), he moved the capital here and built a plain new city with Jurchen characteristics in the east of the city-Tokyo City. Why not just move the capital to Shenyang? That's because Liaoyang was the headquarters of Liaodong viceroy in Ming Dynasty, and it was the political center, economic center and cultural center of Northeast China.
Liaoyang City was rebuilt in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. In April (162 1), after Nurhachi entered Liaoyang City, it was difficult to stick to it because of the strong resistance of the Han people in the city. In August of the same year, Nurhachi chose the hills on the east bank of the Taizi River as a new city, namely Tokyo City. On the fourth day of April in the seventh year of Destiny, Nurhachi moved the capital from Liaoyang to Tokyo, and the urban project was not yet completed. With the intention of living for a long time, Nurhachi built a large number of buildings and palaces, and the functions of the city were gradually improved.
In the early morning of the third day of March in the tenth year of Destiny (1625), Nurhachi suddenly called all the ministers to discuss this matter with Baylor and proposed to move the capital to Shenyang. Although the maharaja and Baylor strongly opposed it, Nurhachi made up his mind. After sacrificing his father and ancestors, he immediately led a great army and marched into Shenyang City after a day and a night of marching.
When the dynasties chose the capital, it was not out of political, economic and military considerations. Although Liaoyang was the military and political center of Liaodong at that time, due to the corruption of the Ming court, the economy began to decline, while Shenyang's economy was booming. Shenyang has a flat and open terrain, abundant grain output, complete forests, livestock, water and grass, which is in line with the living conditions of Manchu hunting.
Geographically speaking, Shenyang has always been a military important place, which is not only convenient for guarding Xinbin's hometown, Tieling, Kaiyuan and other countries, but also convenient for the Western Expedition and the Northern Expedition.
There is a legend in my hometown that he originally took Liaoyang as his capital. One day when Nurhachi went out for a walk, he saw a golden phoenix and ran after him. He chased Hunhe River and Shenyang ground, only to see golden phoenix fall on a branch and fly away in a short while. When he got back, one of his men told him that golden phoenix meant to tell you that Shenyang was a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and only when the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Shenyang could it survive forever! So he moved the capital to Shenyang.
laxative
There are two reasons why Nurhachi moved to Shenyang in A Record of the Qing Emperor:
First, for reasons of military strategy. "Where Shenyang extends in all directions, the Western Expedition Daming crossed the Liaohe River from Du Bier, and the road was straight and close. It takes three days to explore Mongolia in the north and Qinghe Road in North Korea in the south. "That is to say, Shenyang, the capital, ensures that the latter can attack on three sides, deter Daming and deter North Korea and Mongolia at the same time.
The second is economic reasons. "The Hunhe River in Shenyang leads to the Susu River (Perilla River), and the logging at the source of the Susu River flows downstream. Firewood can't be used, there are many mountain hunting animals, and the benefits in the river can also be collected. " In other words, Shenyang, its capital, can hunt and fish, cut down trees for sale, and ensure the economic source of gold in the later period.
Of course, the most important reason why Nurhachi moved to the capital was forced by the situation. After the post-Jin occupation of Liaodong, the capital moved to Liaoyang City, and the soldiers and civilians of the Eight Banners of the post-Jin Dynasty also moved, living together with the Han people, resulting in increasingly intensified contradictions between the two sides. The Han people fled, fought and rioted continuously, so Nurhachi had to warn the soldiers and civilians of the Eight Banners: (eat) pay attention to Ni Kan (Han people) food poisoning; Be alert when walking, and be careful not to fall into the net; After we go out, the defenders should be vigilant. There is Korea in the east and Mongolia in the north. These two countries have not tamed us. If we put this down instead of the Great West Ni Kan (Ming Dynasty), we won't be at ease in the rear.
Since the situation in Liaodong is so urgent, it would be better if there is a better capital, and Shenyang had the advantages in this respect at that time, and its strategic position was good, which gave the latter Jin the strategic initiative, so it is not difficult to understand that Nurhachi moved to Shenyang.
This question has been debated endlessly. I think everyone has fallen into a misunderstanding. They all felt that it was a pity to give up Liaoyang, the largest city in Northeast China at that time and the center of politics, economy and culture. In fact, the reason is very simple. At that time, Liaoyang had the same strategic position as chicken ribs, and Jinzhou in the west was a great threat. North Korea in the east is Daming's younger brother, who plays tricks behind his back from time to time and doesn't bite.
From Daming's point of view, Liaoyang is the most important strategic location, with Yanshui (Taizi River) blocking the enemy in front and high mountains beside it. Therefore, in the first step, Nurhachi moved the capital from the west bank of the Taizi River to the east bank, just to take advantage of the benefits of Yanshui. This still can't let Gaozu sit back and relax, so moving the capital to Shenyang has become the most important move. The small Shenyang Central Defense Station can use the Hunhe River to resist Daming and calmly deal with the threat of North Korea.
Therefore, the trivial problems brought by Liaoyang poisoning to the later Jin people will not be mentioned. This is a trivial matter. After the fall of Liaoyang, the financial resources of the late Jin Dynasty were already very thick, and money was also a reason. It was easy to rebuild a Liaoyang. How many years later, it proved that Torre Nurhachi's vision was really fierce. Throughout the ages, the strategic vision is the first among the aborigines in Northeast China, and looking forward, one Akuta is also fierce, which brought a lot of trouble to the regime at that time.
Nurhachi chose Shenyang as the object of moving the capital from many aspects.
In the Tang Dynasty, Shenyang was called Shen Zhou, which was the main settlement of prisoners after the wars of various tribes, so it was also commonly known as "prison city". Nurhachi's first thought was that these tribal prisoners could be used in a large number of wars. Secondly, Shenyang is the only way for the Jurchen tribe to connect with the Great Ming Dynasty, and the occupation of Shenyang can unify the Jurchen tribe. Third, there is a horse market around Shenyang, and horses are necessary armaments for military wars. The supply of war horses settled in the north of Shenyang has been greatly guaranteed. Fourth, Shenyang has been a strategic place since ancient times. You can attack all the way across Liaodong and Liaoxi, as far as Ningyuan City. After capturing Shanhaiguan, you can enter Beijing and retreat to Changbai Mountain, which is difficult for the Qing army to encircle. There are many rivers around Shenyang, which is convenient for agricultural irrigation. Give full play to the Eight Banners' use of troops in wartime and farming in peacetime. Hunhe River, Perilla, Puhe River and Liaohe River are evenly distributed. Six Nuerhachi masters decided that Shenyang was a treasure trove of geomantic omen and could pursue great cause with the will of heaven and earth, so Nuerhachi ignored the opposition of ministers and others and moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang.
As a result, thirteen emperors came from Shenyang in the Qing Dynasty and successfully ruled for nearly 300 years, which may have a lot to do with Nurhachi's move to Shenyang at that time.
History has a heavy feeling, at the same time, I have too many interpretations, and more importantly, there are too many terms, which makes history fans feel distressed.
Let's talk about history easily.
The reason why Nurhachi moved to the capital this time must have its political, economic, transportation and other strategic considerations.
The capital is the foundation of the country.
Let me express my views in plain language:
First: Nurhachi's prediction of the strength of the Ming Dynasty is far higher than the actual situation.
Although in the battle with the Ming dynasty, the latter won more and lost less.
However, during the Wanli period, due to a series of reform measures taken by Zhang in the early stage, the Ming Dynasty showed the spirit of revival.
Even after the battle of Salhu, Nurhachi still had a clear understanding.
Originally, Liaoyang was the largest city in Liaodong at that time, but Nurhachi wanted to choose a city that could be attacked and retreated.
Shenyang is the most suitable place. You can't say that Nurhachi made the wrong choice. If it hadn't been for the constant infighting within the Ming Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty wouldn't have established the later Qing Dynasty.
It shows that Nurhachi is a strategist, and he will not change his point of view because of the opposition of most people, nor will he get carried away because of his temporary victory.
Second: Shenyang is endowed with unique conditions and is also a land of Longxing.
Where Shenyang extends in all directions, Daming starts from Durbi in the west and crosses the Liaohe River, and the road is straight and close; Hunhe River in Shenyang leads to Susu River, and logging is carried out at the source of Susu River, so timber cannot be used. There are many mountain hunting animals, and the benefits in the river can also be harvested.
What is said here is the affluence of Shenyang. The most popular thing for us now is to look at the prospects, regional location and resource advantages.
Nurhachi understood the concept of regional advantage at that time.
From the location of the tombs of ancient emperors, everyone should know the importance of Feng Shui to them, not to mention Long Mai.
At that time, Nurhachi decided that the Hunhe River and Tianzhu Mountain in Shenyang were integrated, and the intersection of Li and Qi was the place.
So what Shenyang had at that time was the right time, the right place and the right people.
Third: the late Jin Dynasty needs a stable rear for its perennial campaign.
After the rise of the noble family on horseback, they will continue to crusade and slowly lose their judgment of the war situation and be too optimistic.
Facts have also proved that Nurhachi is wise, because the Ming Dynasty really didn't capture the capital until Emperor Chongzhen, and if Emperor Chongzhen didn't want to go south, the stalemate might continue.
To put it bluntly, the most important thing is to stabilize strength. The most powerful thing at that time was the Ming Dynasty, got it?
That's my answer.
Nurhachi moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, mainly for the safety of Jurchen. At that time, when I was in Liaoyang, most people in the city were Han Chinese, and they were very dissatisfied with the practices of the Jurchen nationality. Nurhachi didn't know how to manage the Han people, and all those who didn't obey were killed, so ethnic conflicts became increasingly serious. Coupled with the harassment from time to time by Mongolia and the Ming army, moving the capital to Shenyang is the best way.
In addition, Shenyang is close to Fushun Old Town, with convenient transportation and convenient use of troops.