Are there actually different levels of cassocks for monks and nuns? I saw some wearing yellow inside and red outside, some yellow inside and black outside, some all
Cassock, Sanskrit kas!a^ya, Pali kasa^ya or kasa^va. The free translation is bad color, improper color, red color, dyeing. It refers to the dharma robes wrapped around the bodies of monks and is named after its irregular color. Also known as Lotus Clothes, Kasaya Ye, Jia Luo Sha Yi, Jia Sha, Jia Sha. Also called cassock field, garashaya, gasha, gasha. The free translation is bad color, improper color, red color, dyeing, etc. The robe worn by Buddhist monks has this name because of its irregular color.
Classification
Three types: Andohui (five-piece robe), Uttaromon (seven-piece robe), and Sanghali (nine-piece coat)
Introduction< /p>
The cassock is the symbol of the sages and has been respected by the Buddhist order since ancient times. There are ten benefits of wearing a cassock: first, you can reach the highest level of Bodhi; second, you can be among the gods and humans; third, your parents can return to worship; fourth, the dragon son can sacrifice his body; fifth, the dragon can avoid disaster; sixth, the king is respected; seventh, the king can be respected. The first one, all living beings worship; the eighth one, Rakshasa respect; the ninth one, the heavenly dragon protects; the tenth one, one can attain Buddhahood.
Cassock, Sanskrit Kasāka, Pali Kasāya, Chinese translation means bad color, improper color, dyeing, dirty color, red color, refers to the robes wrapped around the monks and is named for its abnormal color. Also called cassock field, garashaya, gasha, gasha. Kasaya is the most important clothing for monks.
There are different opinions on the color of cassocks in various laws, but generally agree with the theory of three bad colors, that is, green, mud (soap, black), and ashes (magnolia color) are the three types of cassocks. Such as the color of Dharma (or green, black, or magnolia).
After Buddhism was introduced to China, red clothes (quichi clothes) were worn in the Han and Wei dynasties, and later black clothes (缁yi), green clothes, and brown clothes were also worn. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the imperial court often bestowed purple and scarlet robes on eminent monks. Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three categories: Zen (Zen), teaching (Tiantai, Huayan, and Faxiang Sect), and teaching (also known as law, engaged in funeral ceremonies and rituals). The imperial court explicitly stipulated that Zen monks wear dark brown clothes and green sash and jade-colored cassocks. , taught monks to wear jade-colored clothes and light red cassocks with green sash, taught monks to wear soap clothes and light red cassocks with black sash, and then generally wore black clothes.
There are two types of Dharma cassocks, which are draped over the left and right shoulders, "through the shoulders", and "partially on the right shoulder," where the right shoulder is exposed and draped over the left shoulder. When making offerings to the Buddha and teachers and monks, keep your right shoulder exposed; if you go out for a procession or enter a secular home, wear a draped shoulder-length Dharma.
The Ten Benefits and Different Names of the Kasaya: The Kasaya is the symbol of the sages and has been respected by the Buddhist community since ancient times. The Mahayana Jātaka Mind-Earth Contemplation Sutra Volume 5 lists the ten benefits of cassock, that is, wearing cassock has ten merits: first, covering the body with it, freeing oneself from shame and feeling guilty; second, protecting oneself from cold and heat, mosquitoes, and evil beasts; third, showing the appearance of a Samana. , those who see it are happy and free from evil thoughts; the fourth is the treasure pillar appearance of human and heaven, which can give birth to the blessings of Brahma; when wearing the five clothes, the thought of the treasure pagoda is born, and all sins are eliminated; the six stains are bad color, cut off the five desires and do not give rise to greed Love; the seven cassocks are the Buddha's pure robes, which permanently eliminate worries and create fertile fields; the eight are like good fields that eliminate sins and produce the ten good deeds; the ninth are like fertile fields, which can increase the path to Bodhi; the ten are like armor, which cannot be harmed by the poisonous arrows of vexations. According to the volume of "Shishi Yao Lan", when Sakyamuni Tathagata was the Great Compassion Bodhisattva, he once stood in front of the Treasure Buddha and vowed that when he became a Buddha, the cassock could achieve five kinds of merits: Even if a disciple of the Buddha commits all kinds of wrong views, If one can respectfully respect the cassock, he will surely achieve the fruition status of the three vehicles of Sound Hearer, Pratyekabuddha, and Bodhisattva, and will not be able to turn back. If the two gods, gods, ghosts, humans, and non-human beings can respect the cassock, they will be able to attain the three levels of success. On the road to liberation, there will be no turning back; third, if there are ghosts, gods, and people who are forced by hunger, thirst, poverty, etc., and they can get enough if they get a small piece or even a quarter of the cassock; fourth, if all living beings have conflicting desires and complain. If you think of a thief, if you think of the magical power of the cassock, you will have a heart of compassion; if you hold a small piece of the cassock and respect it respectfully, you will always be better than others once you are in the military formation.
Details
Color
There are different opinions on the color of cassocks in various laws, but they generally agree with the theory of three bad colors, namely blue, Mud (soap, black), and ashes (magnolia color) are the three colors of the cassock. In the next chapter of the four-point law, the five main colors of green, yellow, red, white and black are mentioned again, and the five intermediate colors of crimson, red, purple, green and sulfur are not as good as the Dharma color. However, the Great Bhikkhu's Three Thousand Majesties Volume 2, Shariputra's Questioning Sutra, etc. further stated that the colors of the clothes of the five schools are different, and the colors of the clothes are blue (the ground school), yellow (the public school), red (the Dharmakapa school), and black (the Sarvastivada school). ), Mulan (drinking light department) five kinds of color are like Dharma. The third volume of the Bodhisattva Precepts of the Dharma Collection Brahma Net Sutra explains that the cassock is mixed with five colors such as blue and dyed into an improper color. However, the meaning is in the third volume of the same volume. The five Hinayana schools each use one color, while the Mahayana Bodhisattva uses the same color in the five colors. All the paranoia can be overcome by the five colors of injustice. In addition, Volume 2 of Jizang Vajra Prajna, Volume 15 of Xuanying Yinyin, and Volume 2 of Nanhai's Return of Internal Dharma, etc., all use the turbid red color of the cassock as the Buddha's original system. The so-called distinction between the three colors of blue, yellow, and magnolia is only found in the dots on the clothes. Although the difference between the seals is a powerful legend, it seems inadequate. The eighth volume of the Vinaya Sutra states that the color of the bhikkhus' clothes faded away, and the Buddha was allowed to dye them in ten colors. This is a clear proof that the Dharma robes are not just one kind of red and blood-colored clothes.
After Buddhism was introduced to China, people in the Han and Wei Dynasties wore red clothes (quilt clothes), and later black clothes (缁yi), green clothes, and brown clothes. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the imperial court often bestowed upon eminent monks purple robes and fei robes.
Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three categories: Zen (Zen), teaching (Tiantai, Huayan, Faxiang Sect), and teaching (also known as law, engaged in funeral ceremonies and rituals). Zen monks were stipulated to wear brown clothes and jade-colored cassocks, and taught The monks wear jade-colored clothes and the green and light red cassocks of the bridesmaids. The religious monks wear soap clothes and the black and light red cassocks of the bridesmaids. After that, they generally wear black clothes.
The body of clothing
The material of the cassock is called the body of clothing or clothing wealth. Regarding the types of clothing, six types are listed in the fourteenth volume of the Vipassana of Shanjian Law, such as Chumo, Gubei, Guchengya, Chinpala, Sona, and Posingya. The sixteenth chapter of the Ten Abode Vipassana is listed. There are two types of layman's robes and dung-sweeping robes. The twenty-eighth chapter of the Maha Sangha Vinaya lists seven types, and the thirty-nine chapters of the four-quarter rhyme list list ten types. All of these are done once as the method. However, if the wealth is small and thin, it is also allowed to be done several times, which is called the method of weighting. The dharma robes worn by ordinary monks are meant to be kept away from home and used by outsiders, that is, they are different from the common people. Therefore, the embroidered hand-made clothes, straw clothes, bark clothes, etc. listed in Volume 40 of the Four-part Vinaya are the teachings of outsiders and should not be used by monks. Volume 28 of the Maha Sangha Vinaya says that colored clothing is not different from that of lay people, so-called Qiuji. Dyeing, Kamizhao dyeing, blue dyeing, Hua color, etc., etc., are all incompatible with all colors. However, there are differences in ancient opinions on whether the body of the clothes should be made of silk or not. Lawyer Daoxuan thought it was illegal, but Yijing Tripitaka thought it was legal.
Manufacturing method
First cut the cloth into small pieces, and then sew them together, like pieces of fields, so it is also called Futian clothes, cutting clothes, also called compassion clothes, Wuyi clothes. Tops, dust-free clothes, liberation clothes, etc. The cut pieces are those that have been cut into cassocks and cannot be used for other trades. According to this, disciples can give up their desire for clothes and get rid of the thought of stealing. Although the three robes are all cut and cut, if there is little money and it is difficult to manage, it is also allowed to put the outer leaves on the uncut and uncut man clothes, which is called plucking leaves. It is also a kind of Anduohui.
Specially allowed to make leaves on top of each other, called folding leaves.
The suture methods can be divided into two types: horse tooth suture and bird's foot suture. There are edges around the cassock to prevent damage. There are teats at the four corners of the inner edge of the edge, which are called four teas, and are commonly known as the Four Heavenly Kings. They help to treat light lifting. There are also teats on the inner surface of the left shoulder, called shoulder teases. This is because dirt and greasiness tend to accumulate here, and they will deteriorate quickly if washed frequently. Set it up. The clothes are worn with ties, and buttons are made on the edge of the chest to prevent the clothes from falling off. There are also different opinions on the position of the clothes and buttons, and there are also different opinions on the materials. In later generations, ivory was used as a round knot. , called Nuan, or Zhenanhuan, placed on the chest instead of the hook.
The draping method
There are two ways of draping: hanging the left and right shoulders through the shoulders, and draping the left shoulder with the right shoulder exposed and partial to the right shoulder. When making offerings to the Buddha and masters and monks, he should show his right shoulder. If he goes out for a procession or enters a secular home, he should wear a draped shoulder-length Dharma. In addition, the three thousand majestic scrolls of the great bhikkhu hold up the five things for using dharma robes, which are also the methods for traveling. Volume 19 of the Four-part Vinaya, Volume 10 of Vinaya, etc., states that all monks must wear three robes neatly. There are twenty verses in the five-minute rhythm volume. According to the time, the cassock is turned back and draped when asked. Again, there is no sin for not wearing cassocks. There are four things. For example, there are three thousand majestic scrolls of great monks. One is that there are no pagodas and temples. The other is that there are no monks. The third is that there are thieves. The kings of the four countries do not like the Tao.
Miscellaneous names for merit
The cassock is the symbol of the sages and has been respected by the Buddhist community since ancient times. In the Mahayana Sutra of Incarnation Mind and Earth Observation, the five-fold cassock has ten benefits, in the eighth volume of the Compassionate Flower Sutra, and in the sixth volume of the Mahayana Sutra of Compassion, the Buddha's cassock can achieve the five holy merits. The cassock has various different names, such as the field of blessings robe, which means that the field of dharma robes promotes the four benefits, increases the three good intentions, and nourishes the dharma body, wisdom and life. Three kinds of bad colors are used as clothes to prevent greed, which is called the clothes of separation from the dust. When the body of a person who has entered the Tao is clothed with this clothes, the troubles will fall away, and it is called the clothes of thinning. It is called the lotus clothes by metaphor of the pure and undefiled lotus. The three colors are alternated. The two pieces form one piece of clothing, so it is called Jianse Yi. The above four are from the second volume of Vajra Prajna. In addition, the cassock is hung on the body, and its appearance is like a solemn Dharma banner, so it is called the victory banner robe. It is not destroyed by outsiders, and is called the robe of subduing evil. It is not attracted by many evil spirits, so it is also called the banner robe and liberation banner robe. . In addition, there are other names such as merit garment, impure garment, formless garment, no upper garment, liberation garment, Tao garment, transcendental garment, compassion garment, endurance garment, endurance armor garment, Anuttarasamyaksambodhi garment, etc.
Evolution
According to the original system of Buddhism, cassocks include Anduohui (i.e. five robes), Uttaro Seng (i.e. seven robes), and Sanghali (i.e. nine robes). The species is called Sanyi, and its preparation method is certain. Although there are many theories about color, they generally do not focus on color, but focus on quality. Later generations became more glamorous and used yellow, red and other pure colors or gold robes, etc., and the original system was almost lost. They also wear cassocks. Since India is a tropical place, they often use cassocks to directly line their bodies. Therefore, the Indian monks only have three robes. In China, Japan and other places, the cassock is worn on the robe or monk's robe. The cassock and the robe are collectively called cassock. Especially in Japan, various deformations of Ando appear, including five-strip cassocks, small five-strip cassocks, three-thread five-strip cassocks, seed cassocks (or wheel cassocks), folded five-strip cassocks (or folded five-strip cassocks), loops, thin majestic robes, and bell-hanging cassocks. In addition, there are also categories such as flat cassocks, armor cassocks, cassocks, and distant mountain cassocks. It is said that the golden robe was donated to the Buddha by the Buddha's aunt Mahapajapati. The thirteenth volume of Agama Sutra and the twelveth volume of Xianyu Sutra record its events, but they are not found in the laws.
Meaning
"Cassock" is Sanskrit. It was not until Ge Hong wrote the Ziyuan of the Jin Dynasty that it was changed to "Cassock". "Kasaya" is also called "Kasaya Ye" or "Galosa Trail", and its literal translation is "turbid, bad color, irregular color, red color" or "dyed".
"Cassock" is the "dharma robe" of monks and nuns. It is named after the "color" of the robe; so it can also be called "bad color robe" or "stained robe".
And because of the sewing method of "cassock", the cloth must be cut into pieces and then sewn together; so it can also be called "chop clothes" or "cut clothes". According to the 40th and 40th chapters of the Four-part Rhythm and the Random Karma Shu of the Four-part Rhythm, the "cassock" was sewn by Venerable Ananda under the guidance of the Buddha to imitate the shape of the paddy fields. Setian grows grain to nourish the body and life. The field of dharma robes can nourish the dharma body, wisdom and life, and can be regarded as a field of blessings in the world; so it is also called "field of robes" and "field of blessings".
The format of "cassock" also has some reasons and meanings. First: India is located in the tropics, and many people wear white clothes. In order to differentiate between monks and laypeople, Buddhism stipulates that clothes should be dyed. Second: White secular clothes are more beautiful; cassocks are of bad color and do not seek to be beautiful. Third: Cutting and sewing can be sold as Dufangdian, and cannot be used for other purposes. Fourth: Contamination and miscellaneous things can eliminate the love of beauty. Fifth: Cutting and dyeing can stop thieves from seizing clothes.
Although "cassock" is named after "color", there are different opinions on its color. Let us introduce the basic and main explanations below:
The sixteenth rule of the four-part rule says: There are three bad colors: blue, black, or magnolia, which can be dyed at will. The fifteenth chapter of the ten recitations says: green, mud, or amber, these are the three bad colors.
According to the 9th Five-Five Vinaya, the 18th Vinaya of the Maha Sangha, the 8th Vinaya Sutra, the 8th Sabadovini Vipassa, and the 30th Vinaya Vinaya. 9. Fundamentally speaking, the ninth and other classics of Sarvastivada and One Hundred and One Karma also say that there are three kinds of bad colors. The three colors are: cyan, black (or "mud color, soap color"), magnolia color (or "lancee color, stack color, red, Qiantuo color, uneven color"). These three colors are the Dharma colors of the "cassock".
There is an explanation for the so-called "bad colors": "green, black, and magnolia" are all "bad colors". Any color worn by a bhikkhu is considered to be "according to the Dharma and the law." There is another explanation: "green, black, and magnolia" must be mixed together to be considered a "bad color". There is another explanation: "Green" and other five colors must be mixed together to be considered a "bad color". ——As Master Fazang said in the Bodhisattva Precepts Book of the Brahma Gang Sutra: "The word "cassock" means "incorrect color". It means that the five colors such as blue are mixed with each other and dyed into an improper color, which is called "bad color"."
According to the eighth chapter of the Binima Sutra: "When the bhikkhus' clothes faded, the Buddha listened and dyed them with ten kinds of colors: one was clay, the other was the bark of the Tuoba tree, and the third was the bark of the Tuoba tree. , the fourth is non-grass, the fifth is qianda, the sixth is walnut root, the seventh is amole fruit, the eighth is fatuo bark, the ninth is sashaba bark, and the tenth is various mixed colors."
There is still some elaboration on the color of the "cassock", but I can't give any more introduction at the moment. In short: the main purpose of dyeing Buddhist "cassocks" is to "destroy its good shape and distinguish it from monks and laymen." As the second volume of the Vatican Sutra says: "No matter what country you are in, the clothing of a monk must be different from the common clothing of the people in his country."
The material used to tailor the "cassock" is called "clothing body" or "clothing material". Regarding this item, Buddhism also has some regulations. According to the fourteenth example of the good view law Vipassa. There are six kinds of materials: "Xumo, Gubei, Junaya, Qinboluo, Suana, and Poxingjia". The sixteenth chapter of the Ten Abodes of Viposha discusses six kinds of materials: "kalpa, kumo, kujiye, lin, red hemp, and white hemp". The twenty-eighth chapter of the Maha Sangha Vinaya cites the seventh material as "Chinpala, Kalpa, Shuma, Kushaya, Shena, Ma, and Mouti". Furthermore, according to the 39th chapter of the four-part rule, there are "Kusha, Jiebei, Qinbaluo, Shumo, Chamo, Shehu, Ma, Chiyiluo, Kusheluo, and Qiluo Bani" Ten kinds of materials.
In addition, the 16th and 39th chapters of the Ten Abodes of Vipassana and the 39th Law of the Four Parts have mentioned the name of "dung sweeping clothes". This kind of clothes is said in the Agama Canon: It was made by picking up pieces of cloth used by corpses in bags or other shabby rags from the wilderness, washing them and sewing them together.
There are three main types of "cassocks". They are "five robes, seven robes and overcoats", collectively called "three robes". Introduce them separately below:
1. "Five Clothes": "Five Clothes" is Sanskrit "Anduo Hui", which is translated as "Chinese Clothes". This garment is made of five strips of fabric, one long and one short, with a total of ten strips.
2. "Qiyi": "Qiyi" is the Sanskrit word "Yutaro Monk", which is translated as "upper garment". This garment is made of seven strips of fabric, each strip is two long and one short, totaling 21 sections.
3. "Overcoat": "Overcoat" means "Sangha Li" in Sanskrit, and its meaning is translated as "clothing when people gather" or "overcoat". This garment is divided into nine categories. ——Nine items for "lower and lower grade", eleven items for "lower and middle grade", and thirteen items for "lower and higher grade". All three pieces of clothing are two long and one short. There are fifteen items for "lower-middle quality", seventeen items for "middle-middle quality", and nineteen items for "upper-middle quality". All three pieces of clothing are three long and one short. There are twenty-one items for "upper and lower quality", twenty-three items for "higher and lower quality", and twenty-five items for "higher and higher quality". These three-grade clothes are all four long and one short. This ninth-grade coat: nine "lower-grade" coats, each with three compartments, totaling twenty-seven compartments. There are even twenty-five "high-grade" ones, each with four long and one short, totaling 125 intervals.
The uses of "three clothes": - "five clothes" are used when getting up and lying down. It is also said to be used at work, so it is also called "work clothes". However, in our country, monks and nuns all wear Chinese-style trousers and jackets when working, and do not use the "five robes". The "seven robes" are used when listening to sutras, listening to Dharma, chanting sutras and repenting, or attending public gatherings, so it is also called "the robe for entering the public".
"Coat" is used for preaching, debating, karma, or when meeting with the king's important officials.
The sewing method of "Three Clothes", according to the 28th and 7th of the Mahasangha Vinaya: If the material is thin, you can also use two layers, three layers and four layers to be combined and sewn together. system.
The original "cassock" was not equipped with a "clothes hook". According to the 40th chapter of the Four-Part Rule: "When the Buddha's disciple Shariputra entered the white-clothed house (a layman's house), he was afraid that the wind would blow his cassock and fall to the ground with his shoulders thrown off." Because of this cause and condition, the Buddha listened to the monks and wore the cassock collar on his left shoulder and chest. Wear nails and hooks to fasten the cassock. Later it evolved into the "ruyi"-shaped "clothes hooks and rings" now.
The "three clothes" must be worn three times around the body. And you can wear one, two or three pieces depending on how hot or cold the weather is. If it's too cold at night, you can also put a "coat" on your body. Another five-point law says: "The Buddha said: If you leave the village and enter the village, if the grass and trees are torn, the wind and soil are dirty in the leaves (the leaves are the form of clothing), or the sun is exposing the color of the clothes, listen to it as a protective clothing. Therefore, the cassocks in the village are turned inside out. If the clothes are easy to damage, they should be turned upside down and fastened with hooks on the top and bottom."
In addition to the "three clothes", there is also a kind called "golden cassock" or "gold threaded robe"; this "cassock" is actually a kind of "overcoat". However, its material is precious and is made of gold strands. There are different opinions about the origin of this "gold-threaded garment". According to the Agama Sutra cited in the Zen Forest Xiangqi Note "Fu Zhangmen", the "gold threaded robe" is the "cassock" dedicated to the Buddha by the Buddha's aunt, Mrs. Mahaboampati. According to the Bodhisattva Necklace Sutra, the "golden robe" is a "cassock" woven with 84,000 gold strands offered to the Buddha by gods and humans.
The various "cassocks" introduced above are all "cassocks" used by monks and nuns. In addition to those, there is also a "monastic garment" called "Manyi". This kind of "dharma robe" is made of a large piece of whole cloth. It is used by "novice monks" who have not yet taken ordination as monks, and by male and female laymen who have received "lay ordination". Because they have not received the "great ordination" of becoming a monk, they are not worthy of "being a blessed field in the world". Therefore, the "manyi" they wear cannot be tailored to "Tian Xiang". Moreover, novice monks are not familiar with the method of cutting and making clothes, so they only wear "man clothes".
Furthermore: there are certain rules for putting on clothes, taking off clothes (putting on and taking off cassocks), holding and folding, and at the same time, "gathas and mantras" must be recited. These rituals are explained in detail in Chapter 3 of the Buddhist Ritual Notes (Ritual Ceremony of Setting Up Clothing and Equipment). No more description here.
Everything mentioned above is related to the Fu Tong rules about "cassock". After Buddhism came to the east, due to the shift of space and the changes of time, the original image of "cassock" has been somewhat damaged! "Cassock": The format has been reduced, and the materials have become more and more flashy; when worn, it can only be wrapped around the body and draped over the shoulders.
Finally, I need to remind everyone of the merits of "cassock". ——According to the Jie Tan Sutra: "The five robes represent an end to greed and purify the body's karma. The seven robes represent an end to anger and purify the karma of the mouth. The large robe represents the appearance of the field, more length and less, which represents the increase in the sage and the decrease in the ordinary. Together, it represents the cessation of ignorance. Purifying mind karma." According to the Bei Hua Sutra: "When the Buddha makes a vow to become a Buddha in front of the Treasure Buddha, his cassock has five merits: one is to enter into my Dharma, commit serious wrong views, etc.; The second is: if gods, dragons, human beings and ghosts can respect this cassock even a small amount, they will not retreat from the three cassocks. The third: "If there are ghosts, gods and people who have even four inches of cassock, they will have enough food and drink." . Fourth: If sentient beings are in conflict with each other, think of the power of the cassock and seek compassion. Fifth: If you hold on to a small amount of this (cassock) and respect it respectfully, you will always be able to defeat him." (Excerpted from Shi's Notes)
According to the Mahaparinirvana Sutra: "When the dragon gets the cassock, each one wears a small amount of it." If you divide it, you will avoid the trouble of the golden-winged bird." The Ten Wheels of Ksitigarbha Sutra says: "There was a criminal who was sentenced to be bound and abandoned in the wilderness. The cassock on the top of the head pointed out, so as to avoid troubles caused by ghosts and ghosts." Another scripture says: "There was a macaque, while the monk was not around, playing with the cassock. He jumped for joy, lost his footing and fell into a valley, and was destined to be reborn in heaven. In the last ninety kalpas, the worldly path will be attained." The Agama Sutra says: "A worn-out cassock, unfit for replacement, is left hanging in the wilderness and in the mountains and forests; if there is a vision for it, humans, animals, birds, and beasts will be able to sow blessings and good deeds."
The "cassock" is the symbol of Buddhism and the expression of a saint. How can its merits and virtues be comparable to those of ordinary people? No wonder Emperor Shunzhi, the lord of the Qing Dynasty, praised it and said: "Gold and white jade are not precious, only cassocks are the most difficult to wear"!