Knowledge about poetry should be simple.
The word "poem" is the abbreviation of the Book of Songs among the four books and five classics (poem, book, ceremony, book of changes, spring and autumn). The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music.
1, the definition of poetry:
"1" is the earliest literary genre. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms.
< 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic and rhythmic language.
2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to Modern Chinese Dictionary)
(1) A rhythmic language.
Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.
① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone.
△ Wang Wei's Acacia:
Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/a few branches are sent. I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick.
△ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.
Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village?
Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm. Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm."
(2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry. Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry.
△ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua). According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street.
The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.
The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.
△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not. There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Examples of Wang Zhihuan's poems:
△ In the Lusu: the mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river. By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
△ "Liangzhou Ci":
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain. Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
(2) Reflect life
① Reflect the working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo. Fly the soil and eat meat.
△ "The Book of Songs, Cutting Tan"
Kan Kan cut sandalwood, and the river dried up. The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian!
(2) Reflect the wedding of social stone collectors.
△ Du Fu's Three History Tongguan Li's Three Farewells
Xin 'an officials are homeless.
△ Du Fu's famous sentence "From Beijing to Fengxian 500 words": "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones."
△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao. They followed you, crying, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "
△ "The Book of Songs"
③ Reflect frontier life.
△ Wang Changling "Joining the Army":
(1) Qinghai has a dark snow-capped mountain with long clouds and an isolated city overlooking Yumen Pass. Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.
(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.
△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Plug":
It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
△ William Wang Liangzhou Ci:
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.
④ Reflect the love life: △ "Guan Ju" △ "Peacock flies southeast" △ Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang"
(5) Reflect the pastoral landscape:
△ Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden:
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
△ Tao Yuanming's middle sentence in "Building a House by Drinking in a Humanistic Environment":
"Mining bureau chrysanthemum east fence, carefree see nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "
△ Wang Wei's "Weishui Farmhouse":
In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane. There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat,
Sleeping silkworms, peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially. No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! .
△ He Jingzhi's "Guilin Landscape Song"
(3) Express feelings:
Belinsky: "Emotion is the most important dynamic factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. " Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example:
① Hi: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army";
The Great Wall suddenly spread to the north. At first, I couldn't stop crying from my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
② Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong":
Angry hair rushing to the crown, leaning on the fence and drizzling. Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon. Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it? Driving a long car to break through, Helan Mountain is lacking. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty. Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky.
3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's slow voice;
Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
△ Li Ying lost in January:
Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. The January wind lifted my hair, and the dim street lamp flashed cold tears. ...
(4) Boudoir dissatisfied housewife thinks:
△ Li Qingzhao's "Red Lips, Boudoir Thinking":
"Lonely boudoir, heart full of sorrow. Cherish the spring, when to rush the rain ... "
△ Li Qingzhao's "Don't worry about cutting plums":
Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone. Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles. One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure. There is no way to eliminate this situation, only frown and mind.
△ Li Bai's "Spring Thoughts":
The grass is as green as Beth, and the mulberry leaves in Qin area are green. Nostalgia, heartache. Spring breeze, you and I don't know each other. Why do I feel sad when it blows to Luo Zhang?
△ Li Bai's midnight Wu Ge:
There is moonlight in Chang 'an, and all the families in Yi Dao are there. The spring breeze will never stop, and it will always go to Yumen Pass. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition?
△ Jin Changxu's "Spring Complaints" (Tang):
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree. They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Second, the history of poetry development
↓ 1, ancient songs
↓2. The Book of Songs: 305 articles, 5 of which have no words, also known as "Three Hundred Poems". China's "Six Arts" in The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems, are Feng (15 national style 160), Ya (105 works by emperors and generals), Ode (40 temple sacrificial songs), Fu (straight things), Bi (figurative) and Xing (first).
↓3. Songs of Chu: Represented by Qu Yuan, he inherited the tradition of The Book of Songs and created a new romantic poetic style.
↓4. Han Yuefu: "Yuefu" is the name of the music institution responsible for collecting folk songs. "Yuefu Shuangbi": Mulan Poetry and Peacock Flying Southeast.
↓5, Tang poetry: the golden age of China's poetry, the three great poets.
↓6. Song Ci: bold school (Su Xin school) and graceful school (Jiang Kui, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao)
↓7. Yuanqu: Including Sanqu and Zaju.
↓8. Free Poetry (New Poetry): Poetry after the May 4th Movement.