What does pre-classical Chinese mean?
Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.
For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.
(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.
("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.
2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.
"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.
(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.
"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.
(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.
Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.
"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.
2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for
"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.
For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.
(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.
The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."
"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.
4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.
""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.
"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.
For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.
For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.
For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.
Such as: "(Mencius) said:' Dule (yuè) Music (lè), Tongle (yuè) Music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.
For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.
For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".
Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.
(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.
(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.
Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which is it, is it ... which one is it? Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。
2. What does "classical Chinese" mean?
Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
writings in the vernacular
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
China's classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture. The ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese, and the study of classical Chinese occupies a great weight in the Chinese curriculum of our country and middle schools.
3. What is classical Chinese? What does it mean? Classical Chinese is a kind of written language in China, which mainly includes the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period.
Commonly known as "yes." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted.
It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Mr. Nan talks about the importance of classical Chinese: The ancients in China understood that language changes once every 30 years at most, and the language changes brought by different places are also one kind, so they separated language from writing. Future generations can read books written for thousands of years as long as they learn one or two thousand words in two years.
Foreign languages are different, such as English, which now has1200,000 words and is still developing. People can't understand 100 years ago, so experts must study it.
The Chinese characters here are different. The key to China's cultural treasure house is ancient prose.
If you learn classical Chinese and poetry well, you can naturally write vernacular Chinese and poetry well.
4. How to translate the ancient prose of the previous day? There are two ways to translate ancient Chinese: literal translation and free translation.
1. Literal translation The so-called literal translation refers to the method of equivalent translation according to the words and sentences of the original text. It requires loyalty to the original text, meticulousness and accurate expression of original intention.
For example, Fan Chi invited him to study crops, and Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old farmer." Fan Chi asked to learn how to grow crops.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old farmer." Please learn to be a nursery.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as the old nursery." I also asked to learn to grow vegetables.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old vegetable farmer." The above translations are closely related to the original text, and the words are implemented, and the syntactic structure is basically the same as the original text.
However, literal translation cannot be simply understood. Due to the differences in writing, vocabulary and grammar between ancient and modern Chinese, it is necessary to make some appropriate adjustments or add words to the original text when translating today.
For example, one by one, three Zhou Hua don't pay attention. (Battle of Qi and Jin) Translation: [Jin Army] Chased the Qi Army and circled the Chinatown Mountain three times.
In translation, the omitted subject "March" is added before "catch up", and the adverbial "three" is adjusted to complement according to the expression habits of modern Chinese. If you stick to the original text and translate it into "chasing them, circling China three times and not paying attention to the mountains", it will not meet the requirements of "reaching"
2. About free translation The so-called free translation refers to a modern translation method that carries out overall translation on the basis of a thorough understanding of the original content to reflect the charm of the original. This method is often used to translate poetry.
For example, in the original text,,,, Yuhang, left and right blade injuries. Bury two rounds, trip four horses, and beat drums with jade mallets.
The sky darkened, the gods' angry majesty, cruel killing, and the body abandoned Ye Yuan. The battle broke through chaos, and four horses were on board, one dead and one injured.
Buried two wheels, I couldn't understand the reins of the horse's head, and the drums were drumming. It's getting dark, and the Ghost Cry God, leaving no one behind, died in battle.
(Guo Moruo's modern translation of Qu) From the above translation, we can see that free translation does not insist on the equivalence between words and sentences, but focuses on expressing the content of the original text as a whole, striving to reflect the charm of the original text, and the translation method is more flexible and free than literal translation. However, for learning classical Chinese, we should insist on practicing modern translation with literal translation. Only in this way can we effectively improve the reading level of classical Chinese.
Second, the specific methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese. The concrete methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese mainly include translation, replacement, addition, deletion and reservation. 1. Translation is word-for-word translation according to the word order of the original text.
This is the most basic method and the first step of literal translation. For sentences with the same word order and syntactic structure in ancient and modern Chinese, it is not necessary to change the word order of the original sentence when translating today, as long as the words in the original sentence are selected from modern Chinese.
The strange stone attacked me. Male will play, Cao Gui, please see.
(Cao Gui debate) The Qi army attacked our country. Zhuang Justice wants to fight, and Cao Gui asks to meet him.
The advantage of translation is word for word, which can avoid missing translation, which is a common problem for beginners in learning. Because there are many similarities between the sentence structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, we should translate them as much as possible.
Only when the translation is difficult, or the meaning expression after translation is not clear enough, and the sentences are not fluent, can appropriate adjustments be made by means of tone shifting and tone adding. 2. Tone shift means that some word orders and expressions of ancient Chinese are different from those of modern Chinese, and translation should be based on the expression habits of modern Chinese.
For example, (1) Original: A small country that is not suitable for it will not tolerate women. Don't go to a small country, it can't hold you.
Adjustment: Don't go to a small country, which can't accommodate you. (2) Original: Who did it? Who told you to listen? (Sima Qian to Ren Anshu) Jiang "A piece of plum" Jiang "A piece of plum: for whom? Who told me to do this? Adjustment: Who do you work for? Let who listen to me? (3) Original: Li Qihou.
(The Battle of Qi Jinyun) Translation: Li Xia drove to Qi Hou. Adjustment: After the summer blooms.
(4) Original: Jin Hou drank Zhao Dun wine. (Duke Ling of Jin is not a gentleman) Translation: Jin Hou drinks Zhao Dun wine.
Adjustment: Jin Hou let Zhao Dun drink. (5) Original: Mr. Wang is not ashamed. Are you interested in taking responsibility for Xue? Mr. Shame, are you deliberately trying to collect debts from Snow Emperor for me? Adjustment: Mr. Wang is not ashamed to ask questions, and even plans to collect debts from my junior for me? The "female" in the example (1) is a prepositional object, and should be moved to the back of the verb "Rong" in translation.
"Who" and "Who" in Example (2) are interrogative pronouns as prepositions, which should be moved to the back of the preposition "Wei" and the verb "Ling" in translation. The "Yu Qi Hou" in Example (3) is also a special verb-object relationship. The object is not the object of behavior, but the verb moves for the object, and the word order in translation should be adjusted to "catch up".
Example (4) The verb-object relationship between "cause" and "Zhao Dun" is unique in the causative usage of ancient Chinese. Translated today, the word order should be adjusted to "Let Zhao Dun drink". Example (5) The word "shame" is a verb, and "Yu Xue" is a complement, so it should be adjusted as an adverbial in translation.
3. Supplement refers to the places omitted or expressed in ancient Chinese, and necessary supplements should be made when translating today. For example, the first drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat [morale] has dropped.
(Cao Gui Debate) Translation: Exhausted for the third time. Supplement: The third [drumming] and [morale] are exhausted.
The original text omits the predicate verb "drum" before "zai" and "San" and the subject "morale" before "decline" and "exhaustion". When translating, add "drumming" and "morale" respectively, so that the meaning is clear.
Be careful when adding words, and cherish words like gold. Only when the original meaning of a word cannot be clearly expressed can words be added. 4. Delete is the antonym of "add". Deletion means that individual words in the original text can be deleted without translation.
Some expressions and function words in classical Chinese are no longer used in modern Chinese, and there are no similar syntactic structures and corresponding function words. In this case, as long as the meaning of the original text has been clearly expressed in the translation, individual words can not be translated. For example, the wolf is very simple.
5. What does it mean to order classical Chinese?
(voice. From black, occupation sound. Original meaning: spot)
Tiny black spots
Point, black also. -"Shuo Wen". Publishing house, Xiaohei Yuedian.
Another example is: ink dots; Spots; Stain; Shortcomings (defects, shortcomings); Paint (described as extremely black)
drip
In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. -Song Xin Qiqi "Xijiang Moon"
Another example: raindrops; Drop some (sparse raindrops); Point leaves (spots on leaves); Point wall (point of white wall)
Chinese character stroke name. Such as: horizontal, vertical, left, point and fold. It also refers to the ","symbol and its actions used in reading and commenting articles in the old days. Such as apostrophes (dots and apostrophes in text)
Mathematical terms. Mathematically, the symbol for decimal is called decimal point, and the province is called "point".
A geometric system, especially one of the undefined parts of Euclid's geometric system. The straight line between two points is the shortest.
A unit of time in ancient nights. There are five classes in one night, and one class is divided into five classes.
At three o'clock, let the imperial secretary see the flowers with a golden cart. -Tang Wang Jane's Hundred Poems in Palace Style
Hour, a unit of time, is equal to a quarter of every day and night. At nine o'clock in the morning
Cake dessert. Such as: early; Naming point; Tea and cakes
Aspects. Such as: characteristics; Key points; From this point of view,
Rhythm; Defeat. Tap (the beat of music)
A special kind of sounder, whose two ends are cloud-shaped, is called cloud disk, also called point. In the old days, government offices and mansions all used dots as signals to report events and gather people.
I haven't finished reading Rain Village, but I suddenly heard. -A Dream of Red Mansions
Retail stores selling various products, supplies and equipment initially served sparsely populated areas. It is said that Gong Wenbao opened a shop in Baixiang Temple.
A punctuation mark somewhere or to some extent. Such as: stronghold; boiling point
Specified time, such as: the ship is late; The train arrived on time.
"Move"
Expand to defile
Enough to laugh and nod. -"Hanshu Sima Qian"
Tang Yu was burned. -"Chu Ci, Complaining about others"
Another example: defilement (defilement, especially rape); Spot dyeing (dyeing)
Add some dots with a pen. It is often used to describe objects, judge texts and sentences, or express the meaning of deletion.
Extinction point -"Erya Shi Qi". Note: "Take the pen as the point."
Another example: stippling (landscape with strokes; Make a makeover of previous poems); Click (to read the correct words or sentences); Punctuation (word change); Order books (circle books); Count (make-up; Dress)
Specify, select
Khan, go and be a soldier. -Mulan Poetry, a Collection of Yuefu Poems
Another example is: click on the line (select recruits in the order of the roster); Spread (spread); Order food; (of a commander in chief) summon officers and assign them combat tasks.
Appointment and removal of officials in the old society. Such as: point difference (assignment)
Guide the maze. Such as: dialing; Small convulsion (finger); Nod (wave; Pointing); Nod and you'll know it's over. The description is very clever)
Hint. For example, he will understand at a certain point; Eye-catching (deliberately attracting attention with a certain action)
Check, check. Such as: counting; Inventory; Click (View, View); On-site investigation (inspection); Spot check (check and verify one by one); Point set (roster collection); Click to read (check by name)
Light, light. Such as: lighting firecrackers; Light incense sticks; arco lamp
comment
Pointing out the maze, inspiring words, the dirt in Wan Huhou that year. -* * * "Changsha Qinyuan Spring"
Another example: stippling (commenting on articles); Erase (comment)
Rush, soak. Such as: order soup (make soup with boiled water powder; Customs of song dynasty. Guests come to serve tea and guests come to send soup); Order tea (the method of making tea with boiling water; Make tea)
In, with. Such as: lighting drums (drumming)
Short contact
The monkey's head has only half a toe, so it is difficult to jump. -"Travel Notes of Xu Xiake"
Choose, choose. Such as: point game (selecting and specifying game items); Simple (metaphorically choosing the object to play); Acupoints (superstitious people watch Feng Shui in the cemetery, looking for the place where Long Mai tied the knot. I thought it would be a blessing to be buried here. Embroidered mother (choosing maid-in-waiting)
Slightly downward. Such as: dragonfly water; Nodding to know (describing being good at observing faces and colors); Nod your head and spit out your tongue (to describe surprise and admiration)
Dropping, leaking, overflowing or squeezing into droplets. Such as: eye drops; Try it (try dropping some eye drops);
Decoration. Such as: point view (decorative bonsai); Decorations; Point lining (decoration)
Some but uncertain quantity, number, scope or degree. Give me some paper; Read some books by Lu Xun.
Represents a small amount. Dianerhua
A little lonely, firefly. -Green tea Shen Xing's "What I saw in the boat night book"
6. What is the meaning of "děng" in classical Chinese?
In classical Chinese, it has the following meanings:
1. as a noun:
Got it. From bamboo, temple sound. Temple officials Cao Zhi, Ping, temple master, the land of miscellaneous books, the temple also sounds. Original meaning: neat and simplified book
be synonymous
Wait, Qi Jianye. -"Shuo Wen"
Grade; Length of service in the family/clan
Third class. -"Lu Chunqiu and Zhao Lei"
Your majesty is waiting for the barbarian. -"Historical Records, Stay in Hou Family". Suoyin: "Words are equal."
The same name and the same food are equal. -"Da Dai Li Ji Shao Jian"
Please lower yourself to the third class. -The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Biography
Another example is: excellent; Examples (grade difference, status difference); Deng Zi (imperial army in Song Dynasty; Specimens, samples); Equal division (grade name); Unqualified products (products with poor quality are not included in the grade); Equal column (rank); Grade (grade)
pace
Come out and drop first class. -"The Analects of Confucius Bitterness"
Type; appear
You wait. -"Yi copula". Note: "Class also"
Ah, it's really snowing, and there are such strange things. -Yuan Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan
Another example: such a person; Wait (of the same kind)
A scale for weighing gold and silver and valuables.
Wait for the child (slap). Small scale); Equal proportion (shovel and scale)
Become a verb
Make equal, make the same.
Waiting for the country. -"Zhou Li's Big Bo". Note: "You Qideng."
And can't wait-Huai Nan Zi Zhu Shu. Note: "Cecilia Yip."
I do what I have to do, waiting for the rich and the poor. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"
Another example: equivalence (equivalence; as)； Equality; Unequal size; First class (first class, first class). ); Equality (peers; People of the same kind)
Wait, wait, wait
Parents wait year after year to drive back. -Fan Chengda's "State Bridge Poetry"
There is an official. Please talk, discuss some business, wait, wait. -"Water Margin"
Another example: waiting for the bus (waiting for the bus); Waiting for someone (waiting for others); Wait until the rice is cooked (figuratively speaking, it is urgently needed because of financial constraints)
Postpone
Wait a few days.
Distinguish grades
Waiting for it to work. -"Li Thursdays Training". Note: "Still not good." Then Li Le and so on. -Book of Rites and Music. Note: "Poor."
Another example is: equal columns (grading); Equal drop, equal kill (equal difference); Equal service (different services)
Measure.
Such as: equal amount (measurement; Contrast)
Become an adjective
Equal in degree and quantity
Wait, Ye Qi. -"Guang Ya Shi Si"
Show equal strength. -"Fifteen Years of Zuo Gong"
Such as fu treasury, the flow of goods is also. -"Xunzi Guo Fu"
Manufacturing auxiliary words
Used after personal pronouns or nouns that refer to people, indicating the plural.
I have been waiting for you. Please resign. -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"
Another example: I am waiting; They; A group of people
End after enumeration [and so on. ]
Fan Kuai was accompanied by four men, including Xia Houying, Jin Qiang and Ji Xin, armed with swords and shields. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
Another example is the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, Heilongjiang and the Pearl River.
Indicates that the list is incomplete (reusable)
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are unhappy. -The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Biography
Another example: buy pens, paper, etc.
Be an adverb
Same, same
If you die today, you will die if you plan something big. Waiting to die, you will die. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
People who own the law don't use it. They can't wait. -"Huai Nan Zi Zhu Shu"
Another example: waiting for foreigners (waiting for friends). People in the same position)
7. What does "Zhi" mean in classical Chinese? (1) pronoun.
1. The third person pronoun, he, she and it (them). Sometimes it is used flexibly in the first person or the second person.
The Queen Mother is domineering and easy. ("Touch the Dragon and Tell the Queen Zhao")
(2) I don't know how wide the general is. (I) (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(3) I am an ordinary drum knife butcher, and my son keeps it. (I) ("Xinlingjun stole the charm to save Zhao")
(4) and childe longitudinal light wins, abandon the qin dynasty, not pity childe sister evil? (I) ("Xinlingjun stole the charm to save Zhao")
(5) However, I am afraid that you worry about me every day. (chi: you) (the book of wives and concubines)
2. Demonstrative pronouns, this, this.
1) Master wants it, but I don't want it. ("Ji's General Cutting")
(2) a gentleman's illness will give up what he wants (there is a "ambition" before, so. After a "cheep", it. ) ("Ji will attack Zhuan Xu")
(3) How much do you know about the second worm? ("Xiaoyao Tour")
(4) A two-pronged approach is preferable to passive pro-taking. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(2) auxiliary words.
1. is equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese, and is placed between the attribute and the head.
(1) When a tiger comes out of the coffin, a turtle destroys it. Who is to blame? ("Ji's General Cutting")
(2) My son wants to avenge his parents, and I want to avenge you. ("Goujian Destroys Wu")
2. Put it between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence.
(1) I am stronger than others; Now that I am old, I can't do anything. (Candle by Candle)
The beauty of the guests is me, and I want something from me. ("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi's incompetence")
(3) Don't suffer from the shortcomings of others, but suffer from the shame of their ambition. ("Goujian Destroys Wu")
(4) There is no difference in love between the king and the people.
3. Put it between inverted verb-object phrases as a sign that the object is ahead.
(1) Don't know the sentence, don't understand, or don't know, or don't know. ("Shi Shuo")
(2) For example, if you throw meat at a tiger, what merits do you have? ("New Stealing Symbol to Save Zhao")
The poem says, "If others have a heart, they should consider it." -the master is also called. ("Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi")
4. Put it between the inverted attribute and the head language as a sign of the postposition of the attribute.
(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. ("Persuade to Learn")
(2) People who can observe with their own bodies are ignorant of those who receive things (Biography of Qu Yuan)
5. It has no practical significance to complete syllables after time words or verbs (mostly intransitive verbs).
(1) Fill the drum, pick up the spear and discard the armor. ("I am in the country")
(2) I live in seclusion, and for a long time, I can distinguish people with my feet. ("Selected Records of Ji Xiang")
(3) It is said that the smoke is burning for a long time. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
3 verbs, go.
(1) What does Hu Weiwei want? ("Back to Xi Word")
(2) xi to Jiu Wan Li and its south? ("Xiaoyao Tour")
(3) If a cow passes by the hall, Wang Jianzhi says, "What is that cow?" ("Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi")
(4) the pawn between Dongguoling, offering sacrifices and begging for the rest; Insufficient, but also take care of him. ("Qi people have wives and concubines")
Sometimes there are no poems in classical Chinese.
8. What does "Yu" mean in classical Chinese?
(1) preposition.
1. In, from, to
Nine guests were set up in the court. Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru
(2) the gentry, doctors and scholars in Prime Minister Zuo's house did not know this plan.
3 green is taken from blue, and green is blue. (formerly "Yu": Cong) ("Encouragement to Learn")
(4) From the road of death, it belongs to Zhao. (To) The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru
2. "In …" and "From …"
(1) The state-owned houses in Jing are insufficient for the people.
(2) You can mock people, but you regret it. ("You Bao Chan")
3. Due to
(1) Indulge in diligence, and be happy without thinking about it ("learning")
4. Okay, okay, okay.
He was ordered to ask General Sun for help ("Battle of Red Cliffs")
(2) Lu Su heard that Liu Biao died, which was said by Sun Quan ... ("Battle of Red Cliffs")
(3) Love his son, choose a teacher and teach, and be ashamed of him. ("Shi Shuo")
5. yes.
You are the luck of Zhao Wang. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru
(2) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (Biography of Qu Yuan)
6. use, use, use.
(1) eight feet long, each than the guanzhong, Le Yi.
(2) The prince wants to marry you. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru
(3) It is better to help the world with * * * than to send your heart to the East. Battle of Red Cliffs.
7. ratio.
Confucius said, "tyranny is fiercer than tiger."
2 green is taken from blue, and green is blue. (The latter "Yu": Bi) ("Encourage Learning")
therefore
1. is equivalent to "Yu+this", at this time, in this case, for this, from now on, therefore. Example:
So all the guests changed their colors and left. (at this time)
My father died when he died. (In this case) (The snake catcher said)
So I have a sigh. (Therefore) (A Journey to Baochan Mountain)
(4) Jin Danmo buried Wen Gong, Jin Danmo. (From now on)
2. Conjunction, which indicates the sequence or causal relationship between the preceding and following sentences, is the same as "therefore" in modern Chinese. Example:
(1) so the king of Qin is not afraid, a blow. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(2) Wu Zhimin sad, so take its harsh voice to ah, and then noisy and one by one. (Inscription of Five Tombs)
(3) Therefore, it is about 100 times for Chang 'an Jun, and the quality is in Qi. ("Touch the Dragon and Tell the Queen Zhao")
Seeing ... means being passive.
(1) My long laugh at the generous family (Autumn Water)
(2) today is the creek alone ashamed of fools, how zai ("preface to Yuxi's poems")