Struggle between Northern Wei Dynasty and Rouran Grassland: What are the subtle differences between the two minority regimes?
Interestingly, the north and the south were right at that time? Soft? There are subtle differences in the names. Song books in the Southern Dynasties called it? Rui Rui (the onomatopoeia in the Middle Ages was roughly *niuei niuei)? What was the name of "Shu Wei" in the Northern Dynasties? Crawl (* Niu Niu)? . Investigate the affirmation and affirmation of the middle ages of these two appellations. Rouran (*niou nien)? The difference is not too big, but the emotional color is equally obvious? Is it obvious? Crawl forward? This is a derogatory term.
In fact, this is clearly recorded in the history of Shu Wei and the North. Gentle? Self-numbering soft? . Just the Northern Dynasty (the Northern Wei Dynasty, to be exact)? Because of its ignorance, it looks like a tapeworm, so it was renamed creep? . Funnily enough, it made the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty gnash their teeth, but it turned out to be with the Tuoba people of Xianbei. East Lake? One. Ancestors Rouran were slaves of Tuoba Xianbei. Tuoba Luyao (? ? During 3 16), Muguru, the leader of Rouran, got rid of the control of Tuoba Xianbei and gathered more than 100 people to flee to Getu, a nomadic neighborhood at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain. After the death of Mugulu, his son Chelu will be separated from the adjacent part of Getu, and he will call himself? Soft? , still belongs to Tuoba Xianbei. Because of this relationship, Rouran Khan Ana was later declared to the Northern Wei court? I'll come from all over the world first to destroy Wei? . Although the Northern Wei ruling group was most taboo to admit and? Northern defectors? , humble? Crawl forward? What does it matter, but it is a historical fact after all, so it can only be helpless.
In the late 4th century, Tuoba Xianbei entered the Central Plains and established the Northern Wei regime. Rouran also took the opportunity to expand his power in Mobei. In 402, Rouran led the club? Do you have a Xiongnu court? , formally established the Rouran khanate, conquered the Chilean ministries (Gaoche) and the rest of the Xiongnu, and its sphere of influence? The west is the land of Yanqi, the east is the land of Korea, the north is across the desert, and the south is facing the great moraine. , become the rival of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the north.
At the beginning of Rouran's founding, northern China was still a pattern of ethnic separatism. Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty has sixteen northern Yan countries in the northeast, and borders Xia and Hou Qin in the west. The western parts of these two countries include Xiqin, Nanliang, Beiliang and Xiliang. Although in the competition between ethnic groups, it was indeed the Northern Wei Dynasty that had the last laugh. But at first, the national strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty was not very strong. In the second year of Shenrui (4 15), due to successive years of frost and drought, many people starved to death in Yunzhong and Dai Jun. Some people advocate moving the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Yecheng (now Handan City, Hebei Province). Cui Haoda, who served as a doctor offering wine in North Korea, objected: Shandong people think that the country is vast and there are so many people's livestock. What is the number? A bunch of cattle hair? . If people who have moved to the capital and moved south are dissatisfied with the places in various States and scattered to various counties, the real situation will be exposed, and those who know the details will not be afraid of us. ? These words put the northern Wei dynasty at that time? Strong outside and hollow inside? The actual situation is thorough.
Rouran imperial copper coin
In this way, crimes occurred from time to time, which became a serious problem in the border defense of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 402, Rouran, just after the founding of the People's Republic of China, took advantage of the Northern Wei Dynasty when Qin had no time to take care of him, and went south on a large scale until Lishan (now Youyu County in northwest Shanxi) and Shan Yu (now Youyu County in southeast Shanxi). In 409, taking advantage of the infighting of the Northern Wei ruling group, he sent troops to the border and advanced near Pingcheng. Rouran fighters entered without warning, did not block the pass and retreated, and completely took the initiative. Almost every time, he went deep into the jurisdiction of the Northern Wei Dynasty to plunder, and the Northern Wei Dynasty sent troops to fight. Although the Northern Wei Dynasty was annexed successively? Sixteen countries? Countries unified the north and gradually gained the upper hand in the war with the Southern Dynasty (Song Dynasty), but they still had to adopt the old method of the Central Plains Dynasty: building the Great Wall. The Great Wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty extends westward from Chicheng (now Hebei, northeast of Zhangjiakou) to Wuyuan (now Inner Mongolia, northwest of Baotou), with a total length of more than 2,000 miles. Of course, the Great Wall has never really stopped nomadic warriors. In 424, in the first year of Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Rouran launched a large-scale invasion, as if to give the new king Beaver (Emperor Taizu Tuoba Tao) a duel.
In August of this year, Rouran Gai Khan led 60,000 cavalry into the sky and captured the Le Sheng Palace (in present-day northwest Inner Mongolia and Linger). This is the old capital of the predecessor of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Its fall is by no means comparable to a small conflict on the border. Emperor Mao personally led the team? Qingqi? In order to save money, it takes three days and two nights from Pingcheng to Lesheng. Gaishenggai, relying on his troops, surrounded Emperor Taizu for more than fifty times, so that the horseheads of both sides collided. Mao calmly took up the battle and shot General Rouran and Khan's nephew Yu, turning the corner. It seems that there were not many soldiers in Pingcheng at that time, and there were not many troops under Mao. Why else would you work so hard? As for the retreat of Rouran soldiers, what is written in the history books? Run away? . This is not necessarily true. It may be that Rouran people went deep into the territory of Wei, plundered a lot of human and animal property, and didn't want to continue fighting.
Taizu northern expedition
According to the situation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties at that time, the main enemies of the Northern Wei Dynasty were one south and one north. The Southern Dynasty, which inherited the Jin Dynasty and claimed to be orthodox, echoed the newly-rising Rouran Khanate, which really put the Northern Wei in a dilemma.
Tuoba Xianbei started as a cavalry and gained the upper hand in the contest with the Southern Dynasties. But facing the same? Riding the country? However, this advantage of the northern Wei army no longer exists. It can almost be said that once the dusty police appeared in northern Xinjiang, Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, would be in jeopardy at any time. Compared with the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the border is far south of the Yellow River, which is more threatening.
Painted pottery figurines on horseback and on foot in Northern Wei Dynasty were unearthed in the tomb of Song Shaozu in Northern Wei Dynasty in Datong in 2000, and are now in Datong Museum.
What makes people feel strange is that how many courtiers in the Northern Wei Dynasty did not advocate it at that time? Begging? The discussion is similar to the attitude of Confucian officials to grassland in Han Dynasty, but it violates the reality that the Northern Wei Dynasty is a grassland-farming compound empire. Standing in the prairie empire? Khan? From this standpoint, if we can break its softness and collect its livestock, it will be enough to enrich the country? . Here, plundering horses is of strategic significance, which can not only weaken softness? Is that enough? Force, especially to make up for yourself? Is that enough? Insufficient. Alas, the courtiers were all full, but only China bureaucrat Ho Choi saw this floor and pointed out? Isn't it useless to take good people away and restore old clothes? , insist on conquering Rouran.
Ho Choi's estimate is completely in line with the facts. Emperor Mao sent troops at the end of April in 429 AD and arrived in Monan in mid-May. They threw away the trench and brought only 15 of the daily rations. Each cavalry led a pair of horses, marched lightly and attacked softly. Ge Sheng Gai Khan didn't realize this in advance, and the population and livestock are scattered in vilen. When they were suddenly attacked, they all panicked and fled everywhere, unable to organize resistance at all. Ge Shenggai himself did not know where he had fled. Emperor Mao did not retreat, but in? East to the vast sea, west to Zhangye water, north to Yanran Mountain, more than 5,000 miles from east to west and 3,000 miles from north to south? Clear the soft areas in the range. In this battle, the soldiers of the Northern Wei Dynasty fought thousands of miles, and they were often anxious and extremely difficult. Wei Jun entered Zhuoxie Mountain (now Delun Mountain, southeast of Altai, Mongolia). The generals were afraid of an ambush and advised Mao to stop marching. In July, Wei Jun moved troops. Later, I got the news that if we advance two days, we can eliminate all the soft areas, which really confirmed Ho Choi's prediction.
In the Northern Expedition, which lasted for half a year, the Northern Wei Dynasty not only hit Rouran hard, but also took over more than one million people in the Gaoche Department to which Rouran belonged and plundered a large number of people and animals, which can be said to be a brilliant victory. Rouran Khan Ting was greatly weakened, and Ge Sheng changed Khan because of it? Tribal weakness, death? . After his son (Lian Khan) succeeded to the throne, he sent messengers to make peace with the Northern Wei Dynasty. In February 434, Qilian Khan married Princess Xihai of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and married his own sister to Taizu, who was later named Zuo (second only to the Queen). The relationship between the two sides has temporarily eased. From the first battle of Taizu in 424 to the two sides in 434? Kissing? The war between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Rouran lasted intermittently for ten years. This is how Mulan joined the army instead of her father. After a hundred battles, the general dies, and ten years of strong men return? Reflect the historical facts.
Unfortunately, the good times did not last long. Nomads? Living on weeds? Therefore, in autumn and winter, when the weather in Mobei Plateau is cold and it is difficult for livestock to graze, they often move to the south of the desert, causing harm to the northern border of the Northern Wei Dynasty intentionally or unintentionally. So, a few years later, I whispered again. Never make peace with others? The war between the two sides resumed. In 438, Tuoba Tao divided his troops and made many personal expeditions. Because I have never seen softness, I have returned in vain, and because of the drought in the desert? How badly did the army horse die? , heavy losses. So that after returning to Pingcheng, Mao ordered the families of the fallen soldiers not to mourn or cry, or they would be beheaded. Rouran's large-scale invasion of the Northern Wei Dynasty was in the second year of Wei Jun's conquest of Beiliang, and the army went to the southwest of Pingcheng, which shocked the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 443, Taizu divided his troops and made four personal expeditions. Although the invasion broke through Khan's headquarters, it did not pose a fatal blow to Rouran. It was not until 449, after several years of careful preparation, that the Northern Wei Dynasty sent troops on expeditions several times. Brilliant results, Wei Jun was defeated by the main force. All its families have more than 1 million livestock products? ,? Naturally (soft but sweaty) spit congratulations, so you are weak? ,? Dare not flee to the north, dare not go back to the south? . That's why Shu Wei wrote happily. Border guards stopped the police? .