Information of Duolun City, Inner Mongolia. . .
Guduolun in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located on the northern border of the Republic of China, extending diagonally from northeast to southwest in a long and narrow shape. The longitude and latitude start from 97°12′ East Longitude in the west to 126°04′ East Longitude in the east, spanning 28°52′ Longitude, more than 2,400 kilometers apart; from 37°24′ North Latitude in the south to 53°23′ North Latitude in the north. 15°59′, with a straight-line distance of 1,700 kilometers; the total area of the region is 1.183 million square kilometers, accounting for 12.3% of the country’s land area, ranking third in the country. It is adjacent to 8 provinces and regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu in order in the east, south and west, spanning Northeast, North and Northwest China, and close to Beijing and Tianjin; it borders Mongolia and the Russian Federation in the north, with a long national border 4221 kilometers.
[Geology] Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory, well-developed strata, frequent magma activities, good mineralization conditions, and rich mineral resources. Bounded by 42° north, it can be divided into two level I geotectonic units. To the north of the 42° line is the Tianshan-Inner Mongolia-Xing'an geosyncline area, and to the south is the North China Platform area. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, affected by the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate, a north-northeast-trending tectonic volcanic rock belt was formed in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, which is the third uplift belt of the Neocathaysian system. In Inner Mongolia, there are two nationally famous second-level mineralization belts, located on the contact axis of these two major industrial-level structural units and the third uplift zone of the New Cathaysian system. The former is the second-level gold and copper polymetallic mineralization belt in the northern margin of the North China Platform, and the latter is the second-level copper and polymetallic mineralization belt in the Greater Khingan Range.
[Landform] The landform of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is dominated by the Mongolian Plateau, with complex and diverse forms. Except for the southeast, it is basically a plateau, accounting for about 50% of the total land area. It is composed of Hulunbuir High Plains, Xilingol High Plains, Bayannur-Alxa and Ordos high plains, with an average altitude of about 1,000 meters, and the highest point above sea level. The main peak of Helan Mountain is 3556 meters. The plateau is surrounded by mountains such as the Daxinganling Mountains, Yinshan Mountains (Langshan Mountain, Serteng Mountain, Daqingshan Mountain, Huitengliang Mountain), and Helan Mountain, forming the backbone of the Inner Mongolia plateau landscape. At the western end of the Inner Mongolia Plateau are the Badain Jaran, Tengger, Ulanbuhe, Kubuqi, Mu Us and other deserts, with a total area of 150,000 square kilometers. At the eastern foot of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, at the foot of the Yin Mountains and on the banks of the Yellow River, there are the plains on the west bank of the Nenjiang River, the Xiliao River Plain, the Tumochuan Plain, the Hetao Plain and the plain on the south bank of the Yellow River. The terrain here is flat, the soil is fertile, the sunlight is sufficient, and the water is abundant. It is the main production area of grain and cash crops in Inner Mongolia. In the transition zone from the mountains to the high plains and plains, there are loess hills and stony hills, mixed with low mountains, valleys and basins, where water and soil erosion is serious. The plateau area of the region accounts for 53.4% of the region's total area, mountains account for 20.9%, hills account for 16.4%, and rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water surfaces account for 0.8%.
[Climate] Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory, is located at a high latitude, has a large plateau area, is far from the ocean, and is blocked by mountains on its edges. The climate is mainly temperate continental monsoon climate. It is characterized by low and uneven precipitation, strong winds, and dramatic changes in cold and heat. The northern section of the Greater Hinggan Mountains has a cold temperate continental monsoon climate, and the area west of Bayanhot-Haibowan-Bayangol has a temperate continental climate. The general characteristics are that the temperature rises sharply in spring and is windy, the summer is short and hot with concentrated rainfall, the temperature drops sharply in autumn, frost often comes early, and the winter is long and cold with many cold waves. The amount of solar radiation throughout the year increases from northeast to southwest, and the amount of precipitation decreases from northeast to southwest. The annual average temperature is 0℃~8℃, the average annual temperature range is 34℃~36℃, and the average daily temperature range is 12℃~16℃. The total annual precipitation is 50 to 450 mm, with more precipitation in the northeast and decreasing toward the west. The Oroqen Autonomous Banner in the east has an annual precipitation of 486 mm, the Alxa Plateau in the west has an annual precipitation of less than 50 mm, and the Ejina Banner has an annual precipitation of 37 mm. The evaporation in most areas is higher than 1200 mm. The annual evaporation in the Daxinganling Mountains is less than 1200 mm, and the annual evaporation in the Bayannur Plateau reaches more than 3200 mm. Inner Mongolia has abundant sunshine and rich light energy resources. Most areas have more than 2,700 hours of sunshine per year, and the western part of the Alxa Plateau has more than 3,400 hours of sunshine. The average number of windy days throughout the year ranges from 10 to 40, and 70% occur in spring. Among them, the Xilin Gol and Ulanqab Plateaus last for more than 50 days; the northern mountains of the Greater Khingan Range generally take less than 10 days. The number of sandstorm days ranges from 5 to 20 in most areas, with more than 20 days in western Alxa and the Ordos Plateau. The average number of windy days in Huluchgut in Ejina Banner of Alxa League is 108 days per year.
[Hydrology] There are more than 1,000 large and small rivers in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The second largest river in the motherland, the Yellow River, enters Inner Mongolia from near Shizui Mountain in Ningxia, and surrounds the Ordos Plateau from south to north. Form a horseshoe shape. Among them, there are more than 70 rivers with a drainage area of more than 1,000 square kilometers; there are 258 rivers with a drainage area of more than 300 square kilometers. There are nearly a thousand large and small lakes. The region's surface water resources are 67.1 billion cubic meters. Except for the transit water of the Yellow River, the self-produced water sources within the territory are 37.1 billion cubic meters, accounting for 1.67% of the country's total water volume. The groundwater resources are 30 billion cubic meters, accounting for 2.9% of the country's groundwater resources. Excluding duplicate water, the total water resources in the region is 51.8 billion cubic meters.
The annual per capita water occupancy is 2,370 cubic meters, the average water occupancy per hectare of cultivated land is 10,000 cubic meters, and the average water production module is 44,000 cubic meters per square kilometer. The distribution of water resources in Inner Mongolia is very uneven in regions and time periods, and is not compatible with the distribution of population and cultivated land. The land area of the Heilongjiang River Basin in the eastern region accounts for 27% of the region, the cultivated land area accounts for 20% of the region, the population accounts for 18% of the region, and the total water resources account for 65% of the region, with a per capita water volume of 8,420 cubic meters, which is 3.6 times the regional average. The total area of the three watersheds of the Xiliao River, Hailuan River, and Yellow River in the central and western regions accounts for 26% of the region, 30% of the region's cultivated land, and 66% of the population, but only 25% of the region's water resources. Except for some transit water that can be used along the Yellow River, most areas are in short supply of water resources.
Surface water] The average annual surface runoff in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is about 29.1 billion cubic meters, accounting for 78% of the total river runoff; the multi-year average runoff is 8 billion cubic meters, accounting for 22% of the total river runoff. . Since river runoff is affected by atmospheric precipitation and underlying surface factors, the annual runoff is unevenly distributed across regions and water resources are also unbalanced. Some areas have abundant and abundant water, while most areas are drought and water-deficient. At the same time, river runoff is unevenly distributed within the year and varies greatly between years. Annual precipitation is concentrated from June to August, and the runoff during the flood season accounts for 60-80% of the entire region's runoff. The amount of runoff varies greatly over the years. The ratio of the maximum annual runoff to the minimum annual runoff ranges from 4 to 12 for rivers in the eastern forest region; from 6 to 22 for rivers in the central region; and as high as 26 or more for rivers in the western region. In addition, the river runoff flowing into the autonomous region from outside the region is 33.06 billion cubic meters, of which the average annual runoff from the Yellow River is 31.5 billion cubic meters and the Ejina River is 840 million cubic meters.
[Groundwater] The average amount of groundwater resources in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 25.4 billion cubic meters. The average annual groundwater resources in hilly areas is 11.3 billion cubic meters, accounting for 44% of the region's groundwater resources. The river runoff is 8 billion cubic meters, accounting for 71% of the groundwater resources in mountainous areas. Underground level in plain areas; average annual resource volume is 17.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for 56% of the region's groundwater resources after deducting double calculations with groundwater resources in hilly areas. The distribution of groundwater resources in the autonomous region is affected by atmospheric precipitation, underlying surface conditions and human activities. It is characterized by more plains, fewer hilly areas and fewer inland river basins. The groundwater resource modulus in the plain areas of the autonomous region after deducting repeated calculations from the groundwater resources in the hilly areas is generally 59,000 to 65,000 cubic meters per square kilometer, which is 2.2 to 2.7 times the average groundwater water resource modulus in the hilly areas. The groundwater resource modulus of inland river basins is 11,000 cubic meters per square kilometer, so groundwater resources are very poor. Groundwater is only relatively abundant in plains or valleys and depressions in inland closed basins. According to different natural conditions and water systems, the entire region is divided into: the Heilongjiang River system area at the western foot of the Greater Hinggan Mountains; the inland water system area of the Hulunbuir Plateau; the hilly Nenjiang River system area at the eastern foot of the Greater Hinggan Mountains; the Liaohe River system area in the western Liaohe Plain; and the Inner Mongolia high plain at the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains. Land and river system areas; Yinshan Mountains, Haihe River and Luanhe River system areas; Yellow River water system area in the Hetao Plain at the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain; Ordos High Plains water system area; and western desert inland water system areas.
[Soil] The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory and many types of soil, with different properties and production performance. However, its most common feature is that during the soil formation process, calcification is strong and organic matter accumulation is relatively large. many. According to the soil formation process and soil properties, it is divided into 9 soil classes and 22 soil types. Among the nine soil classes, calcareous soil has the least distribution. The distribution of soil in Inner Mongolia changes significantly from east to west. The soil zones are basically arranged in a northeast-southwest direction. The easternmost is the black soil zone, and to the west are the dark brown soil zone, chernozem soil zone, chestnut soil zone, and brown soil soil. zone, black loam soil zone, gray calcium soil zone, aeolian sand soil zone and gray brown desert soil zone. Among them, black soil has the highest natural fertility, good structure and moisture conditions, is easy to cultivate, and is suitable for the development of agriculture; chernozem soil has the second highest natural fertility, and is suitable for the development of agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry.
[Vegetation] The vegetation in Inner Mongolia is composed of different plant species such as seed plants, ferns, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens. The plant species is relatively rich. A total of 2,351 species of seed plants and ferns have been collected, belonging to 133 families and 720 genera. Among them, 184 species are introduced for cultivation and 2,167 species are wild plants (2,106 species of seed plants and 61 species of ferns). The distribution of plant species is uneven, with the most abundant plants in mountainous areas. The eastern Daxingan Mountains are rich in forest plants, meadows, swamps and aquatic plants. The central Yinshan Mountains and the western Helan Mountains have both forests, grassland plants, meadows, and swamp plants. The high plains and plains are dominated by grassland and desert xerophytes, with a small number of meadow plants and halophytes. The grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia forms a continuous whole from the Songliao Plain in the northeast, through the southern mountains of the Greater Hinggan Mountains and the Inner Mongolia Plateau to the Ordos Plateau and the Loess Plateau south of the Yinshan Mountains. The grassland vegetation includes the world-famous Hulunbuir Grassland, Xilin Gol Grassland, Ulanqab Grassland, Ordos Grassland, etc. Desert vegetation is mainly distributed in the western part of Yikezhao League, the western part of Bayannur League and Alxa League. It is mainly composed of small semi-shrubs and dwarf shrubs, with more than 1,000 species of seed plants. Although the plant species are not rich, the dominant role of endemic species is very obvious.
The blue sky, white clouds, endless prairie, dotted with yurts. This is the rare unpolluted Inner Mongolia prairie in the world.
In Inner Mongolia, you can have close contact with the grassland people, experience the grassland culture and feel the national customs. In this place where Genghis Khan once galloped, there are more fascinating ancient legends and many mysterious places.
Europeans' "Oriental Myth" - Shangdu of the Yuan Dynasty
More than seven hundred years ago, the Mongolian nobles established a capital city on the prairie, which later became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty - — Yuan Shangdu. After several expansions, Yuanshangdu gradually became the political, economic, military and cultural center of China and even the world at that time.
Every year from early summer to late autumn, the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty came here to cool off, hunt, and handle government affairs. Envoys, princes, ministers, and wealthy businessmen from various countries who came to perform pilgrimage gathered in Shangdu, making it a place that influenced Asia and Europe. A cosmopolitan city on two continents. Marco Polo and his son were summoned by Kublai Khan here.
It is recorded in "The Travels of Marco Polo" that "Shangdu was the capital city built by Kublai Khan. The palaces built of marble and various beautiful stones were exquisitely designed and luxuriously decorated, which was breathtaking. . All the halls and rooms in the palace are gilded and decorated magnificently. "Yuan Shangdu is also called "Oriental Myth" by Europeans.
The Han culture of the Central Plains and the Mongolian culture of the north are perfectly combined here. This capital city designed by the Han people has a reasonable layout, excellent site selection, and reasonable defense design. An expert who specializes in studying the ruins of Yuan Shangdu said that its overall layout not only reflects the traditional urban layout concept of the Han people, but also takes into account the characteristics of the nomadic life of the Mongolian people. It is a grassland city rich in nomadic cultural characteristics.
Rare glacial stone forest
When the remaining veins of the Daxingan Mountains transitioned to the western grasslands, magma activity, glacial movement and natural wind erosion eventually formed the world's rare granite stone forest - Kesh Ashatu Granite Stone Forest in Keten Banner.
Before I could get enough of the scenery of silver-white birch trees and patches of grass, many stone pillars suddenly stood tall on the flat grass. Either in groups of three or five, or standing alone. Reclining camels, arrow stones, horse-tying posts, and beautiful girls looking at the moon, natural creation and the imagination of later generations have become various unique landscapes.
The stone forest here is made entirely of hard granite, which looks like a thousand-layer cake from a distance. There are glaciers distributed on the top of the stone forest, which is the first time this has been discovered at home and abroad. While attracting many tourists to watch, it has also become a rare scientific research material for studying ancient geology and ancient landform changes.
Because of the sparse human footprint and large forest area, people here say that they can still often see wild roe deer, gazelle, deer, and wolves. After the rain, it is also fun to pick mushrooms in the woods or look for wild deer antlers. At the end of his words, the locals pointed to the mountains in the distance and said that there was the famous Daxinganling.
Genghis Khan's "God-given Stone"
Bahrain Stone is a specialty of Bahrain Right Banner. It has a pure and moist texture, rich and gorgeous color, and is known as "China's Four Seal Stones" one. Among them, Bahrain bloodstone is considered to be the best among them, with a warm and solid texture. The stone is stained with "blood stains", which are gathered and dispersed in an orderly manner. It is radiant, just like the red clouds reflecting the moon, the icing on the cake. It is a rare stone for appreciation, carving and collection.
According to legend, at the celebration banquet of Genghis Khan’s unification of various Mongolian tribes, his subordinates presented a Bahrain stone bowl. The Great Khan filled it with fine wine, frequently raised the glass, and kept praising, “A stone given by God!” .
If you are interested, in Inner Mongolia, you can take a leisurely camel ride in the desert or run a horse in the grassland. There is no hustle and bustle of cities in the Inner Mongolia prairie, but only the vastness and tranquility of the grassland.
There are too many legends and stories about Genghis Khan here, and there are many places worthy of nostalgia