Archaeological excavation of the 18th Tang Mausoleum in Guanzhong.
/kloc-More than 0/000 years ago, the Tang Dynasty in China was one of the most powerful civilized countries in the world. There were 2 1 emperors in the Tang Dynasty. Except for the two emperors buried in Yanshi, Henan Province and Heze, Shandong Province at the end of the Tang Dynasty, all the other emperors were buried in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, and because Wu Zetian and Gaozong were buried together, there were 18 tombs.
The reporter learned from Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology that the archaeological investigation of "Shaanxi Tangling Site Protection Project" is progressing smoothly, and the archaeological exploration of 18 Tang Mausoleums has been completed, among which the Tang Ruizong Lidan Qiaoling Site Project recently won the first prize of National Cultural Heritage Administration National Field Archaeology.
With the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, in 2006, Shaanxi officially launched the archaeological investigation of the Tang Mausoleum Protection Project. The survey objects include eighteen Tang tombs and two ancestral tombs, Yongkang Mausoleum and Xingning Mausoleum, which span six counties and stretch for150km. The archaeological exploration of Ganling, Shunling, Jianling, Ling Zhen, chongling, Qiaoling and Tailing and the archaeological investigation of the first six tombs have been completed. The mausoleum of the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, centered on the capital Chang 'an, spread northward at 120 degrees to the east and west wings. It starts from Pucheng, Shaanxi Province in the west, passes through Fuping, Sanyuan, Jingyang, Xianyang and Liquan to Ganxian County, ***6 counties 1 city, with a straight-line distance of150km. The first-class tomb has little to do with the second-class tomb. At present, there is no obvious law to follow, and the site selection is entirely based on the needs of Feng Shui. So the tombs of father and son are adjacent, and some grandparents face each other. There are two mausoleums in Ganxian, namely, Gaozong Ganling in its heyday and the late Tang Xizong Jingling, which span 200 years and have different momentum.
After the death of the emperor, he was usually buried in the Xuan Palace on the south hillside, and then planned and designed around it. Most of the mountain tombs were confirmed by officials after the death of the emperor, and some of them were selected by the emperor himself before his death, such as Zhaoling in Taizong. Li Shimin passed through Jiuzhang Mountain many times when he was hunting. He thought this mountain was "lonely and winding", so he chose this mountain as his mausoleum. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty visited his father Zong Rui Qiaoling in Fengxian County, he was in Tailing. He saw a "dragon phoenix" behind Jinsu Mountain, and he wanted to be buried here after one thousand years.
Let's talk about the cemetery. The cemetery is basically modeled after the pattern of Chang 'an City, and the inner and outer cities are symmetrical. From south to north, the outer cities are Quetai, Rutai and Shinto in turn. At the northern end of Shinto is the South Shinto Gate in the inner city, which is the Suzaku Gate. If it is a hill, the inner city will be built around the ups and downs of the mountain. But due to natural conditions, it is not necessarily a strict quadrilateral. The three holy gates in the south, east and west are usually opposite to the Gong Xuan Palace in Lingshan, while the northern holy gate is built according to the ground, and its orientation is not strict. The inner city of Tangling is very large. Take Ganling as an example: the whole city wall is 6 kilometers long, 12 Li, which is quite a large number. You know, the circumference of the wall of the Forbidden City in Beijing is only 3.4 Li! There is a sacrificial hall in Zhuquemen, the inner city, which is generally used for offering sacrifices. The Summer Palace is in the southwest of Shanling, and it is the residence of the emperor when offering sacrifices. The burial tomb is located in the southeast of Shanling. This system began in the early Tang Dynasty, and it is a reward system for meritorious service. Zhaoling has the largest number of tombs, actually more than 200. Later, the number of tombs gradually decreased.
Due to the geographical and cultural differences between the east and the west, stone is mostly used in western architecture, while civil engineering is mainly used in the east. In addition, there are few buildings that can be preserved for more than 1000 years, especially those that are ornamental. Fortunately, we can also recall the scene of that year through the cultural relics unearthed underground. As an auxiliary decoration of the building, the stone carving of the mausoleum is undoubtedly an important artistic relic. Shinto stone carving is the most ornamental part of the mausoleum at present, and it is also the most atmospheric in the tombs of past dynasties from an artistic point of view. After thousands of years, the surface architecture of the mausoleum has basically disappeared, leaving only the remaining stone carvings on the surface. It's like a bull painted by Picasso. After refining, only some simple and powerful lines remain. According to the artistic style, the stone carvings in Tang tombs can be divided into four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Because the stone carving of the mausoleum was carved after the death of the emperor, the artistic staging can't be the same as the historical staging. For example, the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was called the "prosperous Tang Dynasty" in history, while the artistic stages of the stone carvings of Tailing belonged to the middle Tang Dynasty, because the artistic style of Tailing was very different from that of Qiaoling before it was built after the "An Shi Rebellion".
The early Tang Dynasty may include the mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu Li Yuan, Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong in Li Shimin, Yongkang of Li Hu, the mausoleum of Li Yuan's grandfather, and Li Zixing Ningling, Li Yuan's father. The characteristics of this period are mainly following the rich and simple traditions of the Northern Dynasties, blending the stone carving styles of the Southern Dynasties and even Central and Western Asia, with relatively free modeling, a wide range of stone carving themes, and no customization of the number and types of stone carvings. For example, Shi Hu, stone rhinoceros, and Hua Biao of Xianling, Hua Biao of Yongkang Mausoleum, and the shape of squatting lion have never appeared again. The six reliefs of Zhaoling altar were inherited by six carved war horses at the north gate.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty included the emperor and Wu Zetian's Ganling, Zhongzong Dingling, Li Xiaoling, Li Xiaoling (the eldest son of Wu Zetian, who died suddenly), Wu Zetian's mother Yang Shunling, three ancestors of Li Yuan, four ancestors of Jian Chuling, Ling (the second mausoleum * *) and Tang Xuanzong Li Xianhui (the eldest brother). Due to the strong national strength, the stone carvings at this time are generally large in scale and magnificent in momentum. During this period, the setting system and modeling style of stone carvings have been basically finalized, among which the dry tombs of Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian are the representatives. Since then, all graves have followed this rule, and there has not been much change. The order of stone carving is divided into two sides of Shinto from south to north: a pair of Hua Biao, a pair of winged horses (Tang Zhongzong is Tianlu, Tang Ruizong is arrogant), a pair of ostriches, five pairs of war horses and horses, and ten pairs of Weng Zhong; Some tombs in the Tang Dynasty have Tusi statues (Ganling and Zhuang Ling), and Ganling and Dingling also have wordless tablets; There are a pair of stone lions and four pairs of * * * at the four gates of the inner city respectively; In addition to the stone lions, there are three pairs of chariots and horses in the North Gate (Xuanwu Gate). There's always 50 up and down.
The middle Tang Dynasty included the Tailing Mausoleum of Xuanzong Li Longji, the Jianling Mausoleum of Suzong Hengli, the Mausoleum of Daizong Liyu Yuanling, the Shili chongling of Dezong and the Li Youn Fong Mausoleum of Shunzong. This period was after the An Shi Rebellion. Due to the decline of national strength, the scale of stone carving has generally shrunk, but it has continued the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and even made innovations in detail processing and carving accuracy.
In the late Tang Dynasty, there were Tang Xianzong Chun Li Jingling Mausoleum, Li Hengguang Mausoleum, Zhuangling, Wenzong Li Ang Zhangling, Wuzong Li Yanduan Mausoleum, Xuanzong Li Mausoleum, Jianling and Xizong Jingling Mausoleum. This period was the gradual decline of the Tang Dynasty. Although there have been several revivals, they are all short-lived and unsustainable. In this context, Jingling, Guangling, Zhuang Ling, Zhang Ling, Duanling, etc. can still inherit the style of the Middle Tang Dynasty, but the production is relatively rough, while the aesthetic pursuit of Ling Zhen, Jianling and Jingling after that is very weak. Ling Zhen's flying horse is funny and stupid. The size of Jingling is even worse than the tomb of the minister of the middle Tang Dynasty. The stone carvings are dry and thin. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology conducted an archaeological excavation of Tang Xianzong Jingling in Tang Ling in 20 10, and learned the plane layout and basic structure of the main hall of Xiagong site in Tang Dynasty for the first time, which provided an important reference for archaeological excavation of Xiagong site in Tang Ling.
Tang Jingling, located in pucheng county, Shaanxi Province, is the mausoleum of Tang Xianzong's Spring Calendar. The archaeological excavation completed this time covers an area of 700 square meters, and more than 200 cultural relics have been unearthed, including building materials such as pipe tiles, board tiles and tiles, as well as daily necessities such as copper coins and porcelain bowls. The excavation also found the architectural base site in the Tang and Song Dynasties, in which the building in the Tang Dynasty was the base site of Xiagong Hall with a rectangular plane. The architecture in Song Dynasty is the architectural foundation of the newly-built "Tang Xianzong Ancestral Temple" in Song Dynasty based on the architecture in Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty lasted for 289 years, with the 20th mausoleum of ***2 1 emperor. Except Ye Li, Zhao Zongling and Adili Bamboo Wenling, which are located in Mianchi, Henan Province and Heze, Shandong Province respectively, the other 18 mausoleums are concentrated in Shaanxi Province. The Summer Palace is one of the important parts of the tombs in the Tang Dynasty, which is located in the southwest of the tombs. It is generally the residence of concubines and maids who guard the mausoleum, and it is also a temporary place for the emperor to visit the mausoleum. With the continuous large-scale archaeological investigation of the Tang Mausoleum, archaeologists discovered 10 "Sleeping Palace" (commonly known as Summer Palace) in the Tang Mausoleum of Shaanxi Province. Although there are good and bad preservation, the overall pattern is basically clear, which provides important information for studying the history of mausoleum system and protecting the cultural heritage of Tang tombs.
The Tang Dynasty was founded in 6 18 and died in 907. ***2 1 Emperor's 20 mausoleums (Emperor Li Zhi and Empress Wu Zetian were buried in Ganling), of which 18 mausoleums were concentrated in six counties of Shaanxi Province, including Ganxian, Jingyang, Liquan, Sanyuan, pucheng county and Fuping, which lasted from east to west for 65,438 years.
Zhang Jianlin, a well-known archaeologist who presided over the archaeological investigation of the Tang tombs and a researcher at Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology, said that after years of archaeological investigation, it was found that the eighteen tombs of the Tang Dynasty had been expanded from the original cultural relics to the surface under the concept of great sites, and the overall layout of the tombs could be basically divided into three parts, mainly the cemetery, the ruins of the Summer Palace and the burial area.
In addition to the important discovery of stone Weng Zhong at Simen site and Simadao site, many tombs in the Tang Dynasty have mausoleum walls, some of which are still hundreds of meters long and some are well preserved. Because it is a family honor to be buried with the emperor, the number of tombs buried with him in the Tang Dynasty shows the law of ups and downs, which is convenient for observing the changes of the times in the Tang Dynasty.
More importantly, the site of Xia Gong was found in 10 Tang tombs excavated by archaeology. Zhang Jianlin said that when the Tang Tombs were completed, there were "bedrooms". Since Zhaoling, it has been located in the southeast of the cemetery. Because it was built at the foot of the mountain, it was called Xiagong. As one of the important management institutions of the mausoleum, the Summer Palace is generally built in imitation of Chang 'an Miyagi in the Tang Dynasty. The most important thing in it is to build a sleeping hall with the memorial tablet of the emperor, which is the main place for daily sacrifice. This not only provides the latest important archaeological data for studying the mausoleum system and protecting the Tang mausoleum, but also provides a new idea for how to make rational use of the cultural heritage of the mausoleum.