What kind of airport is Beijing New Airport?
The new airport is located at the southernmost tip of Beijing's central axis in a special geographical coordinate. The symbolic significance of the central axis has added many challenges to the design of the new airport. It must be connected with tradition and echo Tiananmen Square, Bell and Drum Tower and Bird's Nest in spiritual temperament and cultural connotation. The new airport, 55km away from xiong'an new area, will directly serve the connection between Xiong 'an and the world, and it will be a future-oriented airport.
It is estimated that by 2040, the annual throughput of the new airport will exceed 654.38 billion passengers. They will meet or leave here, set foot on their way home, or fly to the next stop in life.
It takes only 8 minutes to walk from the farthest boarding gate.
The planning of Beijing's new airport has been brewing since the 1990s, which can be said to be a century project.
The site selection began at 1993, when Beijing initially planned two medium-sized airport sites, Zhangjiawan and panggezhuang. In 2002, the Capital Airport began to expand, and the Civil Aviation Administration of China took the lead in organizing a site selection survey and selected four alternative sites, among which Jiuzhou, located in the northwest of Langfang City, was the first choice. In 2004, the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission revised the overall planning of Beijing, conducted a new round of in-depth investigation on the location of the new airport, and also selected four alternative sites, of which two sites, Nangezhuang in Daxing, Beijing and Xixiaotun in Gu 'an, Hebei, were recommended as reserved sites in the revision of urban planning.
After more than ten years, in 2006, a new round of site selection was officially launched, and more than ten sites in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei were compared. Until 2009, Nangezhuang, Daxing, Beijing was finally determined as the preferred site. The reason is that it is close to the main tourist sources, with good airspace environment and external supporting conditions, and the location can easily connect Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, which is more suitable for building large airports.
After the dust settled, the planning of the new airport began to advance in full swing, and the tender for the terminal project was the most important one.
The solicitation of the design scheme for the new airport terminal began on 20 10. Guo Yanchi, chief engineer of Beijing New Airport Construction Headquarters, told me that the new airport had set a guiding principle for planning before the scheme bidding: the flight area was concentrated, the terminal area was arranged between the north and the south, and the passenger capacity between the north and the south was about 3: 7. The main terminal building and satellite hall in Beihang Station area are planned to be built by stages, with an annual passenger volume of 45 million and 72 million respectively.
The bidding for the scheme was officially launched from 20 1 1, and several short-listed design units are world-renowned. Paris Airport Group Architectural Design Company (ADPI) has a strong strength in the field of global airport design and enjoys a good reputation, leaving many classic works, including Dubai International Airport in United Arab Emirates, Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France, and Pudong Airport in Shanghai. Foster Architects is the designer of T3 Terminal of Beijing Capital Airport. Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute participated in a number of landmark buildings in China, including the National Gymnasium of the 2008 Olympic Games and the T3 terminal of the Capital Airport. Civil Aviation Design Institute undertakes the planning and design of more than 70% airports in China. Zaha Architectural Affairs is named after the late Ms. Zaha Hadid, and its unique "Zaha Curve" enjoys a high reputation all over the world.
"Zaha Hadid Architects originally wanted to invite us to do the design together, but we wanted to be original, so we refused to cooperate." Ma Wei, dean of the Fourth Branch of Beijing Institute, told.
The Civil Aviation Institute and Beijing Institute finally chose to form the strongest design consortium in China.
"At that time, the conceptual design scheme ranked first in ADPI, second in domestic consortium, third in Foster and fourth in Zaha." Malone recalled. ?
ADPI finally won the bid and won the design of the terminal building of Beijing New Airport.
The configuration of the winning bid scheme is simple: there is only one terminal building with five corridors extending from a single point, and the whole terminal building is radially configured. At the same time, the landside corridor is added in the open front area of the building, forming a balanced layout of six corridors, and the included angle between every two corridors is 60 degrees.
Interestingly, Malone found that six finger corridors are facing three axes, pointing to Beijing, Xiong 'an and Tianjin respectively. "This concept did not exist at the beginning of the program, and it is also a wonderful coincidence."
Behind the simple scheme, there is a profound meaning. Airport terminal projects are often the result of multiple factors such as functionality and artistry, realistic needs and long-term goals. In the eyes of many design participants, the most important reason for choosing ADPI scheme is that it emphasizes functionality first.
Malone's colleague, Wang Xiaoqun, is a designer of Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute. He started airport design more than ten years ago and is still the design director of Beijing New Airport. Wang Xiaoqun began to enter the field of airport design in 2004. The first project he participated in was T3 Terminal of Capital Airport. Since then, he has been deeply involved in it for more than ten years and has done more and more airport projects.
"For a large centralized terminal building, it is necessary to have enough outer contour length to connect a large number of planes and vehicles and control the walking distance of passengers in the building. The two have formed a pair of major contradictions in configuration design, so radial or quasi-radial has become an important choice for this kind of terminal configuration. " In a recent article, Wang Xiaoqun explained the considerations behind the terminal configuration scheme.
For example, the T3 terminal of Capital Airport has a design capacity of 43 million passengers per year. Due to the limitation of surrounding conditions, the distance between the runways on both sides of T3 is only1.525m, which is the minimum distance to meet the requirements of independent take-off and landing of aircraft on both sides. This long and narrow land compresses the T3 terminal into a vertical one, and the terminal is divided into three sections by two groups of connecting taxiways in the middle, with the domestic terminal (T3C) in the south and the international terminal (T3E) in the north. Underground passenger rapid transit, high-speed luggage and various service channels are connected in series to form three terminals.
For Beijing New Airport, the single-point radiation configuration effectively controls the length of the corridor of the terminal building, and the partition operation mode in the building further shortens the walking distance of passengers. After security check, the longest walking distance of passengers is about 600 meters, and the normal walking time is 8 minutes, which not only avoids the construction of internal MRT system, but also realizes the efficient and convenient travel of passengers.
In Wang Xiaoqun's view, the most fundamental reason for choosing this scheme is the radial shape in the scheme. "Radial is a very basic form. After the airport scale increases, the number of parking spaces increases, so it is necessary to control the walking distance of passengers. Radial can solve this problem. "
Wang Xiaoqun told me that there has always been a debate in the industry, whether it is better to build the terminal in a decentralized way or in a centralized way.
For example, the original bidding scheme of Foster Company in the United Kingdom was to run in four units, and the passengers in each unit walked shorter, but the transfer between different units became more troublesome. Wang Xiaoqun said that as a hub airport, transit is a very important function. If the transfer distance is long, the operation efficiency of the airport hub will decrease. "But the walking distance of passengers is only a measurement dimension, and it is hard to say that it is a decisive factor."
Different national conditions at home and abroad will also have an impact on the planning of terminal buildings. Wang Xiaoqun introduced that foreign airports are mainly built by airlines. Often an airline only builds one building, and the construction process is gradually increasing, and it is rarely formed at one time. However, the domestic airport passenger flow is growing rapidly, and the expectation of future capacity is large, so it tends to choose a more perfect centralized scheme.
There is also an upper limit for centralized layout, which cannot be unlimited, otherwise it will bring new problems, such as traffic pressure. When all external traffic is concentrated in a terminal area, whether it can be tolerated is a problem that must be considered. There is also the complexity of the whole system. If the system is too large, the complexity will increase greatly, which will not only bring trouble to the airport construction, but also be detrimental to future operations.
In addition to the passenger's perspective, there is also the perspective of the plane and the pilot. Whether the aircraft is convenient to dock and enter and exit is related to the operational efficiency of the airport and is a factor that needs to be considered in the configuration of the terminal building.
In Malone's view, at present, the included angle of T3 parking space in the Capital Airport is 120 degrees, and the plane is very comfortable to get in and out. At Beijing New Airport, the included angle between the six finger corridors is 60 degrees, which is an acute angle. Theoretically, it is certainly not as convenient to stop and start as a plane in a straight line. However, because the building scale of the new airport is large enough, the absolute space is still very large, which can form an open large area and facilitate the entry, exit and docking of aircraft.
"After we slimmed down the original plan, the absolute scale of the terminal building was still very large. The width of the main building is 350 meters, and the parking harbor is large and wide, which is convenient for aircraft to enter and exit. " Wang Xiaoqun explained that under this design, the entire terminal building of the new airport can park 79 mostly large aircraft, all three corridors are parked on both sides, only two are parked on one side, and there are many combined seats. Overall parking efficiency is good.
"For the scale of Beijing new airport, this design is wise." However, for some small and medium-sized airports, Malone does not recommend this scheme because the construction scale may not be enough.
"The angle between each corridor is 60 degrees, which is a very complete form, including the comprehensive service building in front, half of which is a hotel and half is an office, providing some close services for the terminal building." Wang Xiaoqun said that overall, the main buildings are more concentrated, the walking distance of passengers is shorter, and the architectural form is more complete, which is the biggest feature of the new airport terminal.
"The planning and design of Beijing New Airport first follows the goal orientation and problem orientation, that is, aiming at the airport's functional positioning and capacity requirements." Guo Yanchi concluded that the final design result is the result of a balance of various problems and contradictions.
The birth of Sunshine Canyon
The new airport project has a long way to go from winning the bid to starting construction.
After winning the bid for ADPI scheme, Zaha Architecture Office was invited by the new airport construction headquarters to join and carry out joint design.
"This is an exciting project." Yu, director of Zaha's Beijing office, recalled to China that ADPI and Zaha's office began to cooperate to optimize the winning bid scheme, polished it for six months before and after, and then submitted it to the Chinese design team, which was taken over by Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute and China Civil Aviation Airport Construction Group.
If ADPI has given Beijing New Airport a profound understanding of the airport's functions, then Zaha Office has made the new airport show more architectural beauty.
In the design of Zaha team, lighting and business circle are two highlights, and its iconic "Zaha curve" has a more romantic expression.
"Imagine a mountain top surrounded by sunshine and flowers that change colors with the seasons. If these wonderful natural scenes can be integrated into architectural design, it will be an intoxicating work. " Qiaoyu said that the shape of the new airport is like a bunch of flowers, and each corridor can be regarded as a petal. "Sunlight extends from the top of the flower to every petal and sprinkles on every corner of the room, which can create a bright indoor impression."
What realizes this romantic intention is the most unique part of the new airport terminal-C-pillar design. In the whole terminal building, there are eight huge C-shaped columns. The so-called C-shape means that the column is not sealed and every section is C-shaped.
This is a very bold design. It is assumed that the projected area of the roof steel structure in the core area of the terminal building is 6.5438+0.8 million square meters. The roof of the central area is mainly supported by 8 C-shaped columns and 654.38+0.2 tower columns. The distance between C-shaped columns is as long as 200 meters, and the whole "water cube" can be completely accommodated in the middle space. The advantage of this is that more space can be made available to serve passengers, instead of allowing many structures to occupy space and cause inconvenience to passengers, so the supporting structures are already very limited.
This is also a very artistic idea. The C-shaped column is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with only 3 meters at the narrowest point and 23 meters at the top. The shape is very smart. From the bottom up, it looks like a flower sticking out of the soil, while from the top down, it looks like a roof that "extends" to the ground.
In Malone's view, this design is no longer the traditional concept of "column", but naturally extends from the roof, and the roof and column have been integrated.
The C-shaped column "extending" to the ground is the perfect combination of function and form. It is not only a supporting component, but also a window for indoor lighting. Natural light pours down from the C-shaped opening, forming a huge waterfall. At the same time, there is a huge hexagonal core skylight at the top of the terminal center, and a strip skylight is laid at the top of each finger gallery, which runs through the entire 600-meter finger gallery, which can not only introduce enough sunlight into the room, but also facilitate passengers to follow the light and become a direction guide.
The design of Zaha team has always attached great importance to the use of natural light, because it can not only save lighting energy, but also provide a comfortable sensory experience. Qiao Oracle Bone Inscriptions told me that Ms. Zaha had high expectations for the Beijing New Airport, deeply participated in the design of the Beijing New Airport, and provided many passionate and imaginative ideas.
"The C-shaped column itself is an important node of each functional space, and the lighting is also arranged around the C-shaped column, which is a significant space sign and makes the room bright." Wang Xiaoqun said that the design team made a whole day lighting simulation under different lighting conditions. "When the weather is good, it can be done in the open area of the terminal during the day, and there is no need to turn on the lights indoors."
The design of the new airport business district is more natural and attractive. The "central lobby" where the whole business circle is located is the core area of the terminal building.
In this 13000 square meter business district, it looks like a "canyon" from a height, with the roof up to 49 meters, which fluctuates dynamically with the demand of internal space. The Canyon has five floors. The first and second floors are the arrival floors, the third and fourth floors are the departure floors, and the fifth floor is the business district, which is also the "farewell floor for relatives and friends". Standing on this floor, you can always watch your relatives and friends go away.
At the bottom of the "Canyon", there are many independent commercial islands, which are called shopping pods in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Bridge. "Shopping pods are like pebbles in a canyon, which can naturally disperse people like water and make indoor space more flexible."
The inscription on the bridge shows two pictures to illustrate the design inspiration of the whole "Central Canyon". One is the Antelope Canyon in America, and the other is a forest stream. Under his explanation, the scene of the "Central Canyon" of the new airport began to be three-dimensional: the edges of the naturally curved canyon were layered, the sun penetrated the canyon from the top, and a stream passed through it. The stream is dotted with many stones, and water flows slowly around them.
"Architecture is by no means a container. We hope to integrate the concept of nature into architectural design, which has multiple humanized functions. Such a work may become a unique organic architecture. Design work is not only to design the building itself, but also to design the city and human life. We enjoy this process very much. " Bridge said with a smile.
Before the new airport, Zaha had completed many works in China, such as Yinhe SOHO in Beijing, Wangjing SOHO and Guangzhou Grand Theatre, and gradually accumulated architectural design experience in China. The rapid development of architectural technology also provides more space for its unique natural design concept.
"Zaha's design is imaginative, bold and natural." Malone commented.
As the China team, Malone's Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute participated in the design of Beijing T3 Terminal, and cooperated with Foster's office in the UK. "Foster is recognized as the best firm in the construction industry, with excellent technology, art and control ability." Malone recalled that the design of T3 Terminal was very pleasant, and many ideas were introduced from Foster's office, especially the modular design concept. "Modular architecture is like a sophisticated machine with a rational aesthetic feeling. The introduction of these concepts is like opening a window for China designers. "
In Malone's view, ADPI's functional scheme and Zaha's imaginative modeling are mature works that fully integrate architectural rationality and architectural aesthetics.
Airport on the central axis
After the cooperation scheme between ADPI and Zaha team was formed, Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute and China Civil Aviation Airport Construction Group began to take over the scheme.
"We took over from the end of 20 14. On March 20 15, the optimization scheme was basically finalized, and then we entered the technical design stage. On August 20 15, the preliminary scheme of technical design was completed, and many technical indexes such as building scale, parking space and process organization were determined. , and passed the preliminary design review in June 20 10. " Wang Xiaoqun told China Newsweek that the whole design cycle was tight, because the new airport terminal project started from 20 15 to 10.
"The two design consortia have optimized the scheme according to domestic specifications and completed the follow-up design work. The current design has been greatly adjusted from the original conceptual design in terms of architectural function layout, architectural modeling and structural scheme. " Guo Yanchi told China Newsweek that in the subsequent optimization process, the biggest change was the C-shaped column.
In the original conceptual scheme, the openings of six C-shaped columns all face the center, forming a closed body. However, the China design team reversed the opening direction of the C-shaped columns, not inward, but all outward, and added two C-shaped columns according to the structural needs. Wang Xiaoqun told China Newsweek that the biggest benefit of the adjustment is to increase the uniformity of lighting in the building. In the original plan, the lighting was concentrated in the central area. "The lighting in the core is already very good and is no longer needed, but the peripheral area needs more light." After the adjustment of C-pillar support direction, great changes have been brought to the whole building, not only the structural stress system, but also the indoor space.
Another significant change is the scale of the building. Compared with the scheme, the actual scale of the terminal has been greatly reduced. Guo Yanchi introduced that due to the consideration of construction funds, in order to control the scale of the building, the actual area of the terminal was changed and the overall radius of the terminal was reduced by 30 meters. Among them, the width of the distal end of the finger gallery was reduced from 46 meters to 42 meters, and the length was reduced from 630 meters to 600 meters. Therefore, the number of near seats has also been reduced from 84 originally designed to 79.
The design height of the terminal has also been reduced from 80m to 50m, which ensures that the functional zoning is more reasonable and is conducive to improving operational efficiency. The natural lighting and ventilation design of the roof is adopted.
Should the airport be built bigger or more in line with the current needs? At present, almost all three terminals of the Capital Airport are insufficient, and they are always saturated in advance. "When the airport is completed, it will be expanded."
In order to solve the problem that the airport is always insufficient, Guo Yanchi said that the new airport adheres to the principle of "one planning and design, phased construction and implementation". According to the target demand that the annual passenger throughput of the new airport terminal exceeds 1 100 million passengers, the new airport plan includes 6 runways, with 1 terminal area in the north and 1 terminal area in the south. "This blueprint is realized through at least three construction stages. The annual passenger throughput corresponding to the first two stages is 45 million passengers and 72 million passengers respectively. " Guo Yanchi said that this method not only meets the functional requirements of the airport, but also can reasonably control the amount of funds invested in each stage to ensure the sustainable development of the airport.
China design team also incorporated many China elements into it. According to Guo Yanchi, the curve of the reticulated steel structure at the top of the airport is obvious and dense, which means auspicious clouds. The dense hexagonal lighting windows in the central area of the terminal are similar to the algae wells in the traditional courtyard of China. Mosaic patterns are carefully designed on the whole ground of the terminal building. From a distance, there are colorful leaves. There are two bridges on the four-story international departure floor. The shape of the bridge is elegant, like dancing sleeves and ribbons.
The most striking Chinese style design is concentrated at the end of the finger gallery, with five characteristic courtyards. Guo Yanchi told China Newsweek that the themes of the five courtyards were Silk Garden, Tea Garden, Porcelain Garden, Pastoral Garden and China Garden, which not only echoed the connotation of the Silk Road, but also brought visitors a waiting experience like China Garden. "The courtyard decoration will be carried out around the theme. On the basis of appreciation and knowledge popularization, special shopping spots may be appropriately added and smoking areas may be set up."
As the capital, the new airport also has a special position. It is the new national gate, the display window of the national image, and the city entrance of Beijing, bearing the expression of special political and cultural significance.
The new airport is located at the southernmost tip of Beijing's central axis. Guo Yanchi said frankly that the site was chosen here not because it was the central axis, but after a comprehensive selection of various factors. "And this happens to be the central axis."
Being located in the central axis poses more challenges to the new airport scheme, and more factors besides functionality need to be considered. For example, to maintain the integrity of the axis, the new airport will not be blocked by any entity on the whole axis, thus keeping the axis running through. In addition, the central axis buildings are generally symmetrical, and the new airport also perfectly reflects this particularity. The new airport is divided into two parts, which are completely symmetrical along the north-south corridor. It is mainly used by two major base airlines, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines, and there are obvious differences in functions.
"As a national gateway, the overall external shape of Beijing New Airport should reflect the national image, and the close-range look and feel also needs to be carefully designed and built, including the lighting of the internal space and the comfort of the environment." Wang Xiaoqun said that as the gateway airport of the capital, the building requirements are high, and it is necessary to build a benchmark for the civil aviation industry.
Integration of fast process and multifunction
Airport is a highly functional building, and safety and efficiency are the core requirements of airport design.
In Guo Yanchi's view, the operational efficiency of Beijing New Airport is the result of "system engineering", including efficient air traffic control operation efficiency, efficient runway configuration, efficient terminal layout and first-class comprehensive transportation, and each link is indispensable.
Air traffic control system is an important pillar to ensure the flight safety of civil aviation, and it is also the key center of civil aviation operation. In addition to the airport flight area and terminal building, there is another important project-the new airport air traffic control project.
Chen Songlin, deputy chief engineer of the Air Traffic Control Bureau of the Civil Aviation Administration of China, told China Newsweek that the air traffic control project of Beijing New Airport spans Beijing and Hebei, including the Beijing Terminal Control Center project and the Beijing New Airport site project. After the completion of the Beijing New Airport Terminal Control Center project, it will become a low-altitude control center in the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
In addition to the upgrade of ATC hardware, the new airport is accompanied by the reform and innovation of ATC mode. Guo Yanchi told China Newsweek that at the beginning of planning, Beijing New Airport fully considered the needs of "air-ground integration" and "integration of defense and civilian technologies", drew lessons from internationally accepted airspace management methods, introduced terminal area design concepts, set up terminal control areas in busy areas of the airport, implemented joint military-civilian control and command, unified operation standards, unified airspace coordination and flight program design.
The high efficiency in the terminal building is a link to comprehensively test the design ability. The new airport is so big, what should passengers do when they get in? How to check in? How to check my baggage? Will there be a long queue at the security check? Is it too much trouble to turn 2? The passenger organization in the terminal building has become a difficult point in the whole process design.
Guo Yanchi introduced that in terms of functional design, the terminal innovatively adopted the floor design with vertical distribution of functional areas and switchable waiting areas, which not only ensured that the functional areas had sufficient development space for operational resources, but also enabled the international and domestic waiting areas to be flexibly adjusted.
The new airport terminal has four floors, which are mainly used for passengers entering and leaving Hong Kong, waiting for flights and transferring. There are two underground floors, namely the platform floor and the lobby floor of each rail transit station.
Wang Xiaoqun told China Newsweek that the new airport has set up various forms of ticket handling and baggage consignment.
Departure check-in facilities are distributed on the third floor: the fourth floor is the traditional check-in service, which mainly serves passengers with baggage consignment needs. The central international check-in area can provide 180 counters, and the domestic check-in areas on both sides can provide 120 counters.
The third-floor check-in mainly serves business travelers who have no checked baggage and use electronic check-in, first class, business class and frequent travelers of airlines. There are 12 manual check-in counters in the high-end passenger areas at both ends.
The check-in function arranged in the transfer hall on the basement mainly serves domestic outbound passengers from various rail transit and parking buildings, and can provide 44 manual counters and sufficient self-service check-in equipment. After arriving at the transfer hall from the platform, railway passengers can check their luggage immediately, or they can use the 24 passages provided on this floor to complete the security check and take the escalator to the domestic departure area on the second floor.
After check-in, passengers will be diverted to different security areas. The domestic exit security inspection is divided into two areas, arranged on the third floor, which can provide a total of 44 security inspection channels. Check-in and security inspection on the third floor are arranged on the same floor, which is in line with the functional orientation of this floor as a quick exit.
The security inspection area is usually an area with a high degree of passengers gathering. Wang Xiaoqun introduced that in order to meet the demand of 72 million passengers, the terminal provided 88 security inspection channels for ordinary passengers to reduce the waiting time of passengers during peak hours. The depth of the queue area in front of the security check is more than 20 meters, and the cold radiation ceiling is used to improve the environmental comfort of the crowded area. In the security inspection channel, the automatic basket withdrawal system and intelligent detection equipment are studied and applied to improve the inspection efficiency.
As a large hub airport, the transit function is also a top priority. In order to improve the transfer efficiency, the new airport has a unified transfer center on the third floor. "The transit point is at the core and is responsible for domestic and international transit and international transit." Wang Xiaoqun introduced that domestic and international transit time is a very important indicator of transit airports. "Our planned transportation time is about 60 minutes. Because the domestic and international transit procedures are the most complicated, setting up a transit center at this location can focus on inspection facilities and facilitate diversion. "
The transit center has separate frontier defense and security inspection, and all the necessary inspection facilities are concentrated in one place. This design not only overcomes the trouble that traditional airports need to transfer between buildings, but also shortens the long transfer time of traditional single terminal. "
By 2025, the new airport is expected to transport 72 million passengers, and by 2040, it will be as many as 1 100 million passengers. In order to cope with such huge passenger pressure, the new airport adopts the double-deck departure design for the first time in the world.
"Adult traffic is the biggest design challenge, and it is to ensure high efficiency and high service level on a large scale." Wang Xiaoqun said frankly that the double-deck design is mainly to solve the pressure of parking demand of a large number of vehicles. If only one floor is connected, the roadside is about 400 meters, and the length of the parking lane is obviously not enough. However, the double-deck design provides two lanes, which can better relieve the pressure.
Another key area of people flow pressure is the mixed-flow area of entry and exit. There is no physical partition between the departure area and the arrival area of Beijing New Airport, which is conducive to the sharing of service facilities resources. Departing and arriving passengers can share all the commercial service facilities in the terminal building, avoid duplication of service facilities, maximize the use of resources and increase the commercial income of the terminal building.
"The advantage of mixed flow is convenient public transportation and shared public facilities, but the challenge is how to deal with the pressure of large passenger flow." Wang Xiaoqun said that the key to mixed flow is to organize two-way passenger flow. "Two-way passenger flow should be fully considered in the design, and the passenger flow should be calculated, and the corresponding channel width and two-way walkway should be designed."
Guo Yanchi told me that the new airport has repeatedly studied and scrutinized all operational processes, including domestic entry and exit processes, international entry and exit processes, transit processes, employee processes, cargo transportation processes and garbage disposal processes.
The whole process optimization needs to give consideration to process efficiency and humanized service. There are many bright spots in the current process. For example, the number of floors in various passenger transport processes is no more than two, and all of them are converted to lower floors, which is more efficient and convenient. Passengers in the terminal can easily find their sense of direction, and passengers after security check can reach the boarding gate at most twice. The whole process from the driveway to the boarding gate has been designed in all directions, which provides convenience for disabled passengers.
More humanized and intelligent green airport
What's the difference between the new Beijing airport built in 2 1 century and the airport built in the last century?
It has spanned half a century from T 1 in the Capital Airport in 1980s to T3 Terminal in 2008, and then to the new airport today. "The technology closely related to airport planning and design has undergone great changes, which will inevitably lead to the adjustment of planning and design and key points." Guo Yanchi explained that, first of all, the most external thing is that the size and performance of the aircraft have greatly evolved, which directly led to the changes in the distance and length of the airport runway.
As an important public space, the concept of humanized design is magnified to more and more levels and details, almost everywhere.
"The design of the new airport attaches great importance to humanization, which is clearly required by the civil aviation management department." Wang Xiaoqun told China Newsweek that apart from the convenience design of airport functions and processes, the concept of humanization is also reflected in all aspects.
For example, the grand and transparent space inside the terminal is helpful for passengers to identify the direction and find the target. Space setting takes care of different passengers who like to be lively and quiet, and carries out "dynamic and static zoning". In the waiting corridor in China, two rows of commercial shops form a bustling commercial street with a passage in the middle, which separates the relatively quiet waiting seating areas on both sides.
The new airport where tens of thousands of people gather must be well ventilated. In addition to the necessary air quality monitoring, including PM2.5 monitoring, ventilation, filtration and other measures, the new airport has the conditions for natural ventilation. There are vents in the lower part of curtain wall, roof skylight, roof side wall and skylight side wall. Under the action of hot pressing, air will flow and promote air circulation, which can introduce more natural wind to the terminal building in good weather.
The new airport has considered adequate facilities and a perfect passenger service system. All kinds of service facilities at the airport are very powerful. In addition to the usual luggage packing, luggage storage, lost and found, postal services-express delivery, banking-exchange, medical services-first aid, internet access, charging, ATM machines, water dispensers and automatic retail machines, there are also special child care facilities, dressing rooms and prayer rooms.
"The new airport has also specially studied the setting of toilets." Wang Xiaoqun told China Newsweek that the density of toilets in the terminal building of the new airport has been specially increased to ensure that any place in the waiting area is no more than 60 meters away from the toilets. The quantity standard of sanitary ware in women's toilets has been improved. Each waiting corridor has a special waiting room for mothers and babies, and public toilets have independent multifunctional toilets for family members or disabled people. Facilities for the disabled are also implemented in strict accordance with existing national standards, and supplemented with reference to foreign airport practices.
Identification system is also the key embodiment of humanized service. The terminal building of Beijing New Airport is huge in scale, complex in function and numerous in streamline. Wang Xiaoqun said that the design of the identification system adopts BIM method to sort out the system and conduct special research on important process nodes. The whole building uses more than 40 specifications and more than 2,000 signs for passenger flow guidance.
The entertainment and commercial functions of the airport have also been greatly enhanced. "In the design of the new airport, we learned the concept of Singapore Changi Airport. Changi Airport is humanized and commercialized with complete services. Locals even regard Singapore Airport as a one-stop shopping center for eating, drinking and having fun, which has a great influence on our concept. " Malone told China Newsweek that the mixed-flow center of the new airport has a particularly large shopping area, which is also to create a comprehensive place for shopping and leisure.