About "human origin"...

Myths about the origins of humans

Myths and legends about the origins of humans

The origins of humans can be said to be the most vexing academic issue, whether in anthropology Architects, archaeologists, historians, biologists, chemists, and even philosophers and religious scientists have all conducted research on the origin of mankind from various angles. However, so far, there is still no most convincing explanation.

Ethnic groups have quite a lot of myths and legends about the origin of mankind. Some of them are quite similar, but of course there are also many differences. Among these myths, it is very interesting that we can find that there are differences with the theory of evolution. A place of coincidence.

Summarizing various myths, the origin of human beings can be divided into five types: "called out", "originally existing", "changed from plants", "changed from animals" and "made from soil". Let’s describe them separately.

"Egyptian Mythology" says that human beings are called out by gods. Since ancient times, Egypt has been a mysterious place. It is the most self-enclosed among all ancient countries. It has its own way of life, and it is difficult for external civilization to affect it. Therefore, its theory of human origin is also different from other theories. The people are different.

The Egyptians believed that long before Egypt appeared in the world, the almighty god "NU" existed. He created everything in the world. When he called "Subi", the wind came into being. ; Calling "Tefuna", there will be rain; calling "Habi", the Nile River will flow through Egypt. He calls again and again, and all things appear one by one. Finally, he speaks "man and woman", and in a blink of an eye, Egypt and it was filled with many people.

After the creation work was completed, Nu transformed himself into a man's shape and became the first Pharaoh, ruling the earth and mankind and creating peace and prosperity.

Myths that have always existed in human beings are scattered among the North American Indians and the Maori people of New Zealand. Indian myths say that God created the heaven and the earth, and then led humans up from the underground to live on the earth. Maori mythology says that "Ranchi" and "Baba" are heaven and earth, the source of all things. At that time, heaven and earth were not separated, and everything was dark. His son longed for light, so he pushed the heaven and earth away with force, and light appeared. Human beings who have always been hidden in the darkness are discovered. It turns out that they are also born from heaven and earth.

The belief that humans are transformed from plants has become a Germanic myth. It says that the god Odin (ODIN) was walking on the beach with other gods one day and saw two trees growing on the sandbank, one of which looked like a tree. The other tree was majestic, and the other tree had a graceful posture, so he ordered the two trees to be cut down and made into men and women respectively. Odin first gave life to them, and the other gods gave them reason, language, blood, skin color, etc., becoming the ancestors of the Germans.

The myth that humans were transformed from animals is quite common. Australian mythology says that humans transformed from lizards; American mythology says that humans transformed from mountain dogs, beavers, apes, etc.; Greek mythology also says that a certain tribe of people transformed from swans, and a certain tribe of people transformed from cows.

From this myth of "animals turning into humans", we can find something very close to the theory of evolution. Especially in the American mythology, it is said that humans were transformed from apes, which is completely consistent with the theory of evolution. This coincidence , very intriguing.

There are several myths about the origin of human beings in our country. The earlier one is "Huainanzi Spiritual Chapter": "There are two gods (yin and yang) mixed together, and they are in the camp of heaven... Similar to Qi. Insects (turbid gases turn into insects, fish, birds and beasts), and essence becomes humans (pure gases turn into humans). ” This argument did not receive much attention.

The later theory refers to the fact that when Pangu was dying and transformed into all things, the parasites on his body turned into humans. Yishi Volume 1 quotes the Five Movement Calendar Years: "The insects in (Pangu's) body turned into humans (people) due to the influence of the wind." ” This statement has not spread.

Another theory is that human beings were created by the Yellow Emperor, and then were given limbs and five senses by other gods, Shang Pian and Mulberry. See Huainanzi's chapter on Lin: "The Yellow Emperor gave birth to yin and yang, and Shang Pian gave birth to ears and eyes. Sang Linsheng’s arms and hands…. "This statement is very interesting and very similar to what Germanic said. Unfortunately, what kind of gods Shang Pian and Sang Lin are are not described in other ancient books, leaving only a mystery.

Among all the myths, the theory of "creating man from clay" is the most common and the most popular. For example, the New Zealand myth says that man is made of red clay and his own blood by the god Tiki; Mera The Nicene people also said this; Greek mythology said that God took out earth and fire from the inside of the earth, sent the two brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus to create animals and humans respectively, and endowed humans with various personalities and wisdom.

The Maidu Indians in western North America believe that after the "founder of the earth" created trees, birds and beasts, he said, "I am going to create humans." ” Then he took some dark red soil and mixed it with water to make a man and a woman.

Among all the myths, the most fascinating stories about the creation of humans from clay are the Nuwa of my country and the God of Jewish mythology (the Bible).

It is said that after Pangu opened up the world, I don’t know how many years passed, but Nuwa suddenly appeared between the heaven and the earth. Nuwa felt lonely in this desolate world. One day, she looked at the water and saw herself. She thought it would be great if there were a few people like her in the world who could talk to each other, so she unconsciously grabbed the soil. , mixed with water, made a clay doll according to his own shape, placed it on the ground, and when the wind blew it, it became a living thing, so he named it "man".

It turns out that Nuwa continued to create humans one after another, but the progress was slow and she finally felt tired. When she was thinking about how to create humans quickly to fill the vast land, she leaned against the cliff and made her way. He took off the cane and stirred it lazily in the mud mixed with water. Then he shook the cane and scattered a lot of mud dots. These mud dots fell on the ground. When the wind blew, they all turned into people, so he kept going. The ground waved the cane, and the number of people on the ground continued to increase.

The story of God’s creation of man in the Bible is recorded in the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. It is said that God spent five days creating all things on earth. On the sixth day, He said: "Let us create man in our image, according to our likeness..." So he created man from the dust of the ground and breathed life into it. After the man's nostrils, he became a living man and was named Adam.

Soon one of Adam's ribs was taken out and made into a woman. Adam said: "This is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh. Let us call her woman." 』

In the myths about Nuwa and God creating humans, we can find that the only difference is that they both created humans in their images. This shows that Nuwa and God look similar to humans. . The difference is that the Bible describes woman as being made from man's rib, not clay.

The Mystery of Human Origins Europe, especially Western Europe, was once considered the birthplace of humankind. Since Darwin founded the theory of biological evolution, most people believe that human beings are the product of biological evolution. Modern people and modern apes are related. * Same ancestors. But when and where did the human branch separate from the main line of ancestors and ancestors? What is the sign of his separation? When and where did primitive humans transform into real people... Paleoanthropologists have been working hard to find the correct answers to this series of questions. Most paleoanthropologists believe that humans are marked by making tools, and the human ancestors before the emergence of humans are called "predecessors" by scientists. Uprightness is the morphological sign that our ancestors separated from the main trunk of the ancestor of the great ape. The area where he separated from the main trunk can be said to be the earliest cradle of mankind. Real people continued to evolve and develop, and finally became modern humans, and at the same time formed different modern human races. The area where this evolutionary process was completed was the final cradle of human evolution. When exploring the origin of human beings, we must first establish a premise, that is, human beings are a biological species. They can only have one ancestor, not multiple ancestors. It cannot be said that black people have one ancestor and white people have another ancestor. Because although different species can mate, they cannot produce offspring. Only the same species can reproduce. If we advocate the theory of multiple ancestors of humans, we will make a common-sense mistake in biology. Now it has been confirmed that the theory of multiple ancestors or pluralism of humans is against scientific common sense. Where did the separation of humans from the main trunk of apes occur? Is it in Africa and then into Asia, or is it in Asia? Africa was the cradle of mankind first proposed by Darwin. He made bold speculations in his book "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" published in 1871. Another evolutionist, Hegel, argued in his book "Natural Creation History" published in 1863 that humans originated in South Asia, and also drew a diagram showing the migration paths of various human species today from the center of South Asia. In addition, there are Central Asian theory, North Asian theory and European theory. Because the cradle of mankind is swaying across continents as human fossils are constantly being unearthed. Europe, especially Western Europe, was once considered the birthplace of mankind.

There were 116 individuals from 1823 to 1925, including the ape-human stage Homo heidelbergensis. There have been even more discoveries of human bones from the Neolithic Age, 236 cases. Therefore, when people open the map, they see that Europe is full of ancient human ruins. At that time, except for the Javanese ape man, no ancient human sites had been found in other parts of Asia and Africa. Also, the earliest fossil of an ancient ape discovered was also unearthed in Europe, namely the fossil of the forest ape discovered in France in 1856. In addition, in the 1920s, the scam of "Pirddown Man" was very noisy (Pirddown Man was regarded by some scholars as the earliest people, and even called him "Dawn Man". It was finally revealed that the so-called "Dawn Man", It turned out to be a fake that combined a Neolithic human skull and a modern ape mandible), so many people at the time believed that the center of human origin was in Western Europe. However, with the discovery of more human fossils in Asia and Africa, the theory of Europe, the cradle of mankind, gradually faded away from the stage. The discovery of "Peking Man" not only saved the Javanese Homo erectus, but also made the Central Asian origin theory more popular. In 1887, the Dutch anatomist Dubois came to the Indonesian island of Java with the desire to find the fossil remains of early humans. Actually found the fossils of primitive man. In 1890, in a place called Trinil, a fragment of the lower jaw was first found, and the following year a skull was discovered. This is the famous "Javanese" skull No. 1. In 1892, another thigh bone was found not far away. After studying these materials, Dubois believed that they belonged to the same individual and were the "missing link" between humans and apes that people were looking for. The discovery of the Javanese Homo erectus has shaken up the theory of South Asia. However, Dubois' discovery was opposed by many people, the strongest opposition coming from the church. The church insists that the ancestor of mankind should be Adam. How could it be an ape-man? In 1911, the paleontologist Matthew cited various reasons in his book "Climate and Evolution" to advocate that the Central Asian Plateau was the cradle of mankind. The reasons are: first, the natural environment in Central Asia has become unsuitable for survival due to the rise of the Himalayas. However, for animal evolution, the response to stimulation is the most beneficial, so these external stimuli can promote the formation of humans; second, The migration pattern of mammals is often such that the least progressive types are excluded from the dispersal center, while the most powerful types stay and continue to develop near their place of origin. Therefore, the most primitive humans can be found in areas far away from their hometowns. . The early human fossils discovered at that time, such as Heidelbergensis and Javanese Homo erectus, are consistent with this hypothesis. In 1927, the fossils of "Peking Man" were discovered in China. Later, the tools made and used by "Peking Man" and the remains of fire were discovered one after another. This major discovery not only saved the Javanese Homo erectus, but also made the Central Asian origin theory more popular. In 1930, American paleontologist Lewis found a fragment of the upper jaw in the Siwalik Mountains at the junction of India and Pakistan. The specimen looked somewhat close to human characteristics in shape, so he borrowed the name "Rama" from an Indian god. It was named "Rama Ape". However, this view was not approved due to the low opinion of others at the time. In the 1960s, when paleontologists Pilbeam and Simons conducted a comprehensive study of more than 50 species of forest apes in 26 genera, they noticed the human-like characteristics of Rama ape's morphology and thought that it might be a branch of humans. The ancestral type and transferred it from the ape family to the hominid family, the South Asian theory of human origins has risen again. However, with the emergence of a large number of early human fossils and cultural relics in Africa, the African theory of human origins has come to prominence again. When Darwin speculated that humans originated in Africa, there was little fossil evidence. This situation changed in the 1920s. Near Kimberley, a small town rich in diamond in South Africa, there is a place called Tarn. There are many quarries there, and mammal fossils are often found during quarrying. In 1924, a juvenile ape skull was discovered. Later, after research by anatomy professor Dart, he believed that its human form was between that of humans and apes, so he named it "Australian ape". In 1936, an adult Australopithecus fossil was discovered in the Sterkfontein quarry in the Transvaal region. The following year, a complete Australopithecus mandible and a complete set of Australopithecus mandibular bones were found in a quarry called Cromtraei. Skull fragments, Australopithecus australopithecus gradually attracted recognition and attention from the academic community. But there is still controversy in the academic community as to whether it is the "human closest to ape" or the "ape closest to human". Key to resolving the dispute is whether Australopithecus could make tools. Although stone tools have been found in the caves and crevices where Australopithecus fossils were found, they are also accompanied by fossils of progressive types of humans, so it is difficult to reach a consensus on whether Australopithecus is a tool maker.

In addition, because the layer where the Australopithecus fossils were unearthed is unclear, the exact age of the Australopithecus remains unclear. While people are wondering, the discovery of fossils in East Africa provides new opportunities to solve these problems. Since 1931, British archaeologist Louis Leakey has been excavating in a branch of the East African Rift Valley called the Olduvai Gorge and found many very primitive stone tools. They are simply made of river pebbles or gravel and date from the early Pleistocene. Who is the owner of these tools? The Leakeys searched here for more than 20 years and finally discovered an Australopithecus skull one day in July 1959. It is even thicker than Australopithecus robusta in South Africa, and its scientific name is "Australopithecus baumannii". It is generally called "East African man". Through various physical and chemical dating methods, his age of survival was determined to be 1.7 million years ago. According to the fossil materials currently available, the birthplace of human beings is likely to be in Africa. In particular, the discovery of "East African Homo" and "Homo habilis" in East Africa not only opened the prelude to a series of important discoveries in East Africa, but will also serve as a Australopithecus, represented by the "missing link", suddenly jumped from "the ape closest to man" to "the man closest to ape" or "the pioneer of human beings." Based on this, a group of scholars represented by the Leakey couple believed that human beings Originating in Africa In the 1970s, important discoveries and research in paleoanthropology around the world have made great progress. First, a large number of ancient ape fossils were discovered in Potwa Plateau, Pakistan, and later in Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Kenya and my country. Although they have different names, they can basically be divided into two types: large and small. The larger one is the Siva ape type, and the smaller one is the Rama ape type, and the two often coexist. After comparative research by experts from all parties, it was found that they are not different species, but just male and female individuals. Since the Rama ape is not an independent species, how can it be said to be an ancestor of humans? The direct ancestors of human beings were once clarified by the "Rama ape", but now they are confused again. But the rapid development of science and technology has opened a new way for people to understand the mystery of their own origins. The development of molecular biology, especially molecular anthropology, not only demonstrates the close blood relationship between humans and other primates, especially great apes, at the microscopic molecular level, but also allows us to deduce their differentiation based on the variability of genetic material. The approximate time span. It was originally thought that the time when humans and apes separated was about 20-25 million years ago, but according to the calculation of molecular biology methods, it was only between 4-5 million years ago! In view of this, a new concept of human evolution has emerged, which also determines that the exploration of the birthplace of human beings can no longer rely on old theories. Thanks to the abundance of Australopithecus and early Homo fossils in Africa, a complex picture of humanity's early stages is finally beginning to emerge clearly. In the more than 70 years since the first juvenile Australopithecus skull was found in 1924, the earliest human fossils have been discovered in no less than 20 locations in Africa. In 1974, a multinational expedition team led by American paleoanthropologist Johnson discovered an Australopithecus skeleton called "Lucy Girl" with 40% preserved remains in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It lived for more than 3 million years. , later named "Australopithecus afarensis". The skeletons of 13 Australopithecus afarensis individuals were also discovered in the Afar region, which provided evidence of early human group living. For this reason, some people call them the "first family" of humans. In the 1990s, important discoveries of ancient human fossils in Africa continued. In 1992, a 4.4 million-year-old Australopithecus fossil was discovered in Aramis, Ethiopia. It was initially named "Australopithecus australopithecus". After further excavation and research, it was renamed "Areolopithecus australis". In 1996, an expedition team composed of more than 40 scientists from 13 countries found 2.5 million-year-old Australopithecus fossils in the Central Awash region of the Afar Basin. Because its morphology is a mixture of characteristics close to those of humans and many different types of Australopithecus, it is considered to be a representative of a new species connecting Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo, and was named "Australopithecus Surprise". At the Kubifola site on the east coast of Lake Turkana in Kenya, the skull fossils of Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus baumannii, "Homo habilis", and what was once called "Homo 1470" were discovered one after another. The latter was finally named "Mrs. Ludol", dating back to 1.9 million years ago, and is considered to be the earliest member of the genus Homo; on the west bank of the lake, a skull dating back 2.5 million years was discovered in 1985. Named "Australopithecus Ethiopian", he is the ancestor of the robust Australopithecus; in 1995, the 4.1 million-year-old primitive Australopithecus fossil discovered at the Kanapoo site on the west coast was named "Lakeside Australopithecus".

Remarkably, the bones of their lower limbs show the characteristics of upright walking, while the bones of their upper limbs still retain the characteristics of climbing. This shows that the speculation by molecular biology that humans and apes parted ways 5 million years ago may be correct. According to the fossil materials currently available, the birthplace of human beings is likely to be in Africa, especially in East Africa. About 2 million to 1.8 million years ago, Africa's "homo habilis" and even "artisans" left Africa and entered Asia and Europe. Homo heidelbergensis, discovered as early as 1907, was once regarded as a European ape man or a descendant of Nepal. Types of Enderian Transition. From 1994 to 1996, more than 80 human fossils were discovered in the Atapuca region of northern Spain. The paleomagnetic age was determined to be more than 780,000 years ago, and they are considered to be the ancestors of Homo heidelbergensis. In September 1991, a mandible with fully preserved teeth was discovered in a place called Dmanisi on the southeastern border of Georgia. It was in the shape of a human erectus. Later, a relatively complete skull fossil was discovered. According to paleomagnetic dating, it is 1.8 million years ago. Therefore, Dmanisi Man is considered to be one of the oldest Homo erectus fossils discovered outside Africa and the earliest human fossil in Europe so far. The Neanderthal-type ancient human fossils unearthed in Israel are also famous, and more recently, early stone artifacts have attracted attention. There is a Jordan Valley in Israel, which is the northern extension of the East African Rift Valley. In 1959, the Upper Paleolithic site was discovered here. A large number of mammal fossils and stone tools have been unearthed from the Upper Pliocene to Early Pleistocene strata. According to paleomagnetic measurements, the age is about 1.5 million to 1 million years ago. Some scholars believe that this site is one of the earliest Homo erectus cultural sites outside Africa. Its owner may be an early Homo erectus who just evolved from "Homo habilis". Our country has also discovered a large amount of fossil materials related to human evolution in the past half century. Since the discovery of ancient apes in Kaiyuan, Yunnan in the 1950s, fossils of ancient apes have been discovered in Lufeng and Yuanmou, Yunnan in the 1970s and 1980s, which can be divided into two types: large and small. Some scholars believe that the large ones can be described as Siva ape type, while the small ones are Rama ape type. The argument that Rama ape was the distant ancestor of humankind was very popular in my country at that time, so some scholars believed that the distant ancestor of human beings had been found in China, so they named the small ancient ape "Chinese ancient ape" to express their good wishes that human beings originated in China. . However, as the scientific community's understanding of the attributes of Ramapithecus has changed, some domestic scholars have classified the ancient apes from different areas of Yunnan into a new genus, namely Lufengpithecus. However, some scholars believe that they are just different subspecies of Yunnan Siwapithecus. In the 1960s, Homo erectus-type Lantian and Yuanmou people were discovered in Gongzhuling, Lantian, Shaanxi and Danawu, Yunnan. They are more than 1 million years old, and the latter is even 1.7 million years old, making them the earliest known people in China. human fossil. Unfortunately, the fossils of Yuanmou Man are currently limited to two upper medial incisors and a tibia of a later date, while those found in Africa of approximately the same age have complete skeletons. Although some people once regarded several fossil teeth discovered in the Jianshi area of ​​Hubei as material close to the Australopithecus type, they have not been recognized by the academic community because there are too few materials. In 1989, two hominid skull fossils were found in Yun County, Hubei Province. They were initially classified as Australopithecus, but after repair, they were found to be Homo erectus. Homo erectus skull fossils were also discovered in Hexian, Anhui in 1980 and in Nanjing, Jiangsu in 1993. Although there are many opinions on their ages, none of them exceed 500,000 years. Since 1985, a batch of Early Pleistocene mammal fossils have been unearthed in Longgupo, Wushan County, Sichuan, including a human-like incisor and a fragment of a lower jaw. It is also claimed that stone products with artificial traces have been unearthed. At first, they were identified as Homo erectus by some scholars. Later, foreign scholars intervened and believed that they were very different from Homo erectus and similar to "Homo habilis" and "Artisan" in Africa. They further dated their age to 1.8 million years ago. More than a year, even more than 2 million years. In the 1990s, a large number of early human fossils were unearthed in Africa, and these fossils formed a fairly complete evolutionary system, while fossils unearthed in Asia are difficult to compare with. In comparison, Africa seems to be more qualified as the birthplace of mankind. Paleoanthropological research also shows that Homo habilis/Rudolfus had a larger body and a heavier brain, so he had stronger physical ability and higher intelligence. Not only could he make tools, but he was also probably able to make more tools. Close group relationships. In addition, changes in the paleoclimate during the Pleistocene caused changes in the ecological environment and the migration of mammals, which in turn drove the migration of ancient human groups.

These research results were integrated into the "Out of Africa" ​​hypothesis in the late 1990s. Some scholars have suggested that around 2 million to 1.8 million years ago, African "homo sapiens" and even "craftsmen" left Africa and entered Asia and Europe. The ruins of Ubertiya in Israel, Dmanisi in Georgia, Mount Bobi in Pakistan, and the "Wushan people" in my country are all regarded as relics of early human migration. Later, Homo habilis/Mrs. Rudolf evolved into craftsmen in Africa, and Homo erectus evolved in Asia. Others have conceived another process, in which early humans from Africa first migrated to Asia, evolved into Homo erectus, then returned to Africa and migrated to Europe. However, "out of Africa" ​​has another meaning, that is, the modern type of Homo sapiens also migrated to various continents from Homo sapiens in Africa, about 100,000 years ago, which is the so-called "Eve theory". It is important to discover human fossils that are older than 2 million years ago, but it is even more urgent to enable our country's ancient humans who are 1.5 to 2 million years ago to gain a firm foothold. In the 1980s, some scholars in my country were excavating and studying Yuanmou Xipithecus. At that time, it was believed that the ancient apes found in the Leopard Cave Camp in the Xiaohe area of ​​the Yuanmou Basin were accompanied by stone tools. If one can make stone tools, isn’t that a human being? Therefore, they were named "Eastern Man" and their age of survival was set at 2.5 million years ago. A juvenile skull found in Butterfly Liangzi in the same area was identified as a Rama ape type and considered to be the ancestor of humans. Later, it was claimed that "stone tools" were also found in the stratum and it was renamed "Butterfly Man". Its survival The date was determined to be more than 4 million years ago, and then the "Kaiyuan Rama ape" - "Lufeng Rama ape" - "Butterfly Rama ape" (or "Butterfly Man") - "Eastern Rama ape" was constructed. "Human" - Yuanmou Man - Zhaotong Man (early representative of Homo sapiens) - Xichou Man, Lijiang Man (late representative of Homo sapiens), etc. A fairly complete series. In view of this, some people have proposed that the Central Yunnan Plateau and its adjacent areas are key areas for the origin of humankind. But unfortunately, as early as the late 1970s, academic circles had abandoned the idea that Ramapithecus was a distant ancestor of humans. After later research, it was found that the "stone tools" of the so-called "Butterfly Man" turned out to be natural stones; while the stone tools of the "Orientals" were later proven to be picked up from the surface of the earth, and they were very late. In 1997, our country launched the "Climbing Project" to search for humans 2 million years ago and earlier. It invested a lot of effort, but has achieved little so far. Later, stone artifacts and bone artifacts dating back 2 to 2.4 million years were discovered in Fanchang, Anhui. The finds came from fissure accumulations in the Early Pleistocene. But whether it is an artifact or not has been a source of great controversy in academic circles. In addition, stone tools alone are not enough. It is only indirect evidence. The key is to find human fossils. In 1999, a stone tool dating back 3 million years was found in the Pliocene strata of Yuxian County, Hebei Province. This far exceeded the limit of 2.6 million years old found in Africa, and it was believed that this was a first step in the theory of the African origin of humans. challenge. However, it is puzzling that this specimen was discovered in 1990 and was not released to the world until 9 years later. If Chinese scholars want to challenge the theory of African origins, they must find more early human fossils. It is important to discover human fossils that are older than 2 million years ago, but it is even more urgent to enable the ancient humans in my country who are 1.5 to 2 million years ago to gain a firm foothold. Even the earliest fossil of Yuanmou Man in my country that is currently recognized, some scholars at home and abroad believe that it is only 600,000 years old! We must find human fossils from earlier periods, and these fossils can establish a relatively complete system and make African materials subordinate to this system. my country's paleoenvironmental conditions are not too bad. Now that abundant fossils of ancient apes from the Miocene and Pliocene epoch have been discovered, this living environment is also suitable for the survival of early humans. We do not completely rule out the possibility of human origins in Asia, but good intentions and good intentions are not enough. Convincing fossil materials are the most scientific