The changes in Nanjing’s history (shorter)
Mr. Sun Yat-sen once commented on Nanjing: Nanjing is the ancient capital of China, before Beijing.
Its location is in a beautiful area.
The land has high mountains, deep waters, and plains.
It is difficult to find such a beautiful scene with these three kinds of heavenly works in one place in the world's big cities.
Historically, Nanjing has both benefited and suffered from its unique geographical location and extraordinary Feng Shui environment. It has suffered from wars and disasters many times in the past, but it has also repeatedly rebuilt its prosperity from the rubble and smoke.
And when the Central Plains was occupied by foreigners and the Han nation was about to suffer annihilation, the Han nation would usually choose Nanjing to recuperate, determined to make the Northern Expedition and restore China.
The second Northern Expedition of the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China was successful; the three Northern Expeditions of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiao Liang, and Liu Song failed to succeed.
When the Southern Song Dynasty was first established, all the ministers agreed to make Jiankang the capital to show the plan of restoring the Central Plains. Unfortunately, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty had no intention of the Northern Expedition and decided to go to Hangzhou. However, due to public opinion, he still decided to make Jinling the capital.
Even though the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had Nanjing as its capital, one of its mobilization foundations and legitimacy was to expel alien rule.
Therefore, Nanjing is regarded as the place of revival of the Han people and has a special status and value in Chinese history.
Therefore, after comparing the four ancient capitals of Chang'an, Luoyang, Jinling and Yanjing, Mr. Zhu He said, "Among these four capitals, the literature is prosperous, the characters are handsome, the mountains and rivers are beautiful, and the atmosphere is magnificent. , and are closely related to national adversities, especially Jinling."
There were ancient human activities in the Nanjing area from 1 million to 1.2 million years ago, with more than 35 to 60 people. There have been ape-man living in the Nanjing area tens of thousands of years ago. Fossils of Nanjing ape-man were unearthed at the Tangshan Paleolithic Cultural Site, which are the earliest remains of human life in Nanjing that have been discovered as of 2010.
About 7,000-8,000 years ago, primitive Neolithic villages represented by the Northern Yinyangying Culture appeared.
More than 200 Neolithic sites dating back more than 6,000 years ago were discovered in places such as Yinyangying in the north of Gulou Gang in the city center and Jiu Temple in Taowu Township in Jiangning District. A large number of pottery and stone and bone artifacts were unearthed. daily utensils.
3,000 years ago, during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in the Central Plains, dense primitive settlements appeared in the Qinhuai River Basin, known as the Hushu Culture.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the earliest cities in Nanjing were formed based on these settlements.
3100 years ago, Nanjing was a fiefdom of Zhou Zhang of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In the first year of King Ling of Zhou (571 BC), the State of Chu already established Tangyi in today’s Liuhe District, and established Tangyi Dafu. This was the earliest local establishment recorded in Nanjing’s history, and it was also the first time Nanjing was built. It started 2585 years ago.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, King Wu Fu Chai built a smelting city in the area of today's Tiangong Palace and opened a handicraft workshop for smelting and casting bronze wares.
In the fourth year of King Zhou Yuan, after the Yue Kingdom destroyed Wu, Fan Li built Yue City in Changganli outside today's Zhonghua Gate.
In 333 BC, Xiong Shang, King of Chu Wei, built Jinling City in Stone City, and the name Jinling originated from this.
In 229 AD, Sun Quan, the great emperor of Wu, established his capital here and renamed Moling as Jianye (renamed Ye in 282 AD).
Since then, the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties have successively established their capitals here, so Nanjing is known as the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". Today, the Nanjing Library retains the ruins of Kangcheng built in the Six Dynasties.
Jiankang City during the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of one million. It was the first city in the world with a population of more than one million. It had a developed economy and prosperous culture, and preserved the Chinese culture in the south of the Yangtze River. Zhengshuo of culture.
Nanjing and Rome were both known as the "two major centers of classical civilization in the world" during the Six Dynasties. The culture of the Southern Dynasties, represented by Jiankang, had a profound impact on human history. Therefore, Nanjing was one of the "four major centers of classical civilization". "Great Ancient Capital" has distinctive characteristics.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Nanjing was deliberately devalued by the north, but its geographical advantages enabled the region's economy and culture to continue to develop and grow.
The administrative district was reduced to a county under Runzhou 130 years ago in the Tang Dynasty. Great poets such as Li Bai, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, and Li Shangyin all lived and visited here.
After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty made Jinling its capital and expanded the city.
Wars continue in northern China, but since the beginning of Yang and Wu, no major war has occurred in the country for more than 70 years.
The markets on both sides of the Qinhuai River are prosperous and merchants gather.
Economic prosperity is accompanied by cultural development, and poetry, calligraphy and painting have become the trend of a generation.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Jinling still maintained the urban scale of the Southern Tang Dynasty and was famous as an economic center in the southeast region.
Wang Anshi, the famous Northern Song Dynasty politician, served as the prime minister of Jiangning three times and settled here until his death.
In 1129, Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, changed Jiangning Prefecture to Jiankang Prefecture, serving as the capital and the capital of Jiangnan East Road.
In the eighth year of Shaoxing, Jiankang was designated as the capital.
Yue Fei, a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty, once defeated the Jin soldiers in the Niushou Mountain area in the southern suburbs, and there are remains of the old fortress against the Jin.
During the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to Jiqing Road. There were East and West Weaving and Dyeing Bureaus in the city, which organized the mass production of silk fabrics. There were more than 6,000 professional craftsmen. Nanjing Yunjin also became a royal item in the Yuan Dynasty, and gradually Become the textile industry center in Jiangnan region.
In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing and changed it to Yingtianfu.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, with Yingtian as the capital. Nanjing became the political and cultural center of China, ushering in its second peak in history.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the capital had a total population of about 700,000. It was the largest and most populous city in China at that time, and also the largest city in the world. It took 27 years to build the Nanjing Ming City Wall, which was the largest in the world. A large city wall.
There are nearly 10,000 Imperial College students at the foothills of Jilong Mountain, and there are also international students from Japan, North Korea and other countries studying here.
In 1402, Zhu Di launched the Jingnan Campaign to seize the throne of Emperor Jianwen. Nineteen years later, he moved the capital to Peiping, changed Nanjing to a permanent capital, and established the Six Ministries of Nanjing and other institutions.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing's population reached 1.2 million, making it the largest capital in the world at that time.
Until the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing has been the political, economic and cultural center of the south and even the country.
In 1645, the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs. After Nanjing was captured, the status of the capital was abolished and Yingtianfu was renamed Jiangningfu and became the provincial capital of Jiangnan Province.
Nanjing became the seat of the Governor-General of Liangjiang, which governed the military and civilian affairs of Jiangsu (including Shanghai), Anhui and Jiangxi provinces.
Nanjing is of considerable economic importance. The Qing court established a large-scale Jiangning Weaving House in Nanjing to produce silk fabrics for the royal family.
After the defeat of the Opium War in 1842, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Nanjing, the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history, on the British warship "Corvalis" on the Xiaguan River in Nanjing. Opened the curtain of modern Chinese history.
In 1853, the Taiping Army captured Nanjing and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was renamed Tianjing and remained its capital for 11 years.
On December 29, 1911, representatives of the 17 provinces in the uprising elected Sun Yat-sen as the interim president in Nanjing, and the Republic of China was established.
On New Year's Day 1912, the Provisional Communist Party of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen was sworn in as the provisional president.
On March 24, 1927, the National Revolutionary Army captured Nanjing in the Northern Expedition.
On April 18, the Nanjing Nationalist Party was established, Nanjing was designated as the capital, and the Nanjing Special City was established in the same year.
In 1930, it was changed to a municipality under the jurisdiction of the Yuan Yuan (directly under the Central Government).
The ten years from 1927 to 1937 are called the "Golden Decades". During this period, Nanjing carried out large-scale capital construction and laid a good foundation for the development of modern cities.
By 1937, Nanjing's urban population increased to more than 1 million, making it one of the six largest cities in China.
On April 23, 1949, the People's Liberation Army captured Nanjing, which became one of the 13 municipalities directly under the Central Government in the country at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
In September 1952, it merged with the administrative regions of southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu to form Jiangsu Province; on November 15, Nanjing was changed to a provincial municipality.
On January 1, 1953, the Jiangsu Provincial People's Communist Party was established, and Nanjing was changed from a provincial city to the capital of Jiangsu Province.
In February 1994, the central government clarified that Nanjing’s administrative level was deputy provincial level.
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Old names: Yecheng, Yuecheng, Stone City, Baixia, Jiangning, Danyang, Jinling, Moling, Jianye, Yangzhou, Jianye, Jiankang, Qinhuai , Shengzhou, Jiangzhou, Shangyuan, Jiqing, Yingtian, Jingshi, Nanjing, Nandu, Tianjing, Capital
Also known as: Longpanhuju (Dragon Panhuju), the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, Ten Capital City of Chao Dynasty, Capital of Fraternity, City of Enlightenment, Jiangnan Beauty Land, Zhongshan Wind and Rain Imperial City
Capital dynasties: Soochow, Eastern Jin, Southern Song, Southern Qi, Southern Liang, Southern Dynasties Chen, Five Dynasties·Yang Wu (Western Capital), Five Dynasties·Southern Tang, Southern Song (Xingdu), Ming, Southern Ming, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Republic of China