Write the original text of "Dude" and "The Last Lesson"

The original text of "The Last Lesson" in "Dude" is as follows:

I went to school very late that morning, and I was very afraid that Mr. Hamel would scold me. Besides, he said I was asked about participles, but I couldn't even say a word. I think I should stop going to school and go out to play in the wild.

The weather is so warm and sunny!

The thrush sang softly by the woods; on the grass behind the sawmill, Prussian soldiers were practicing. These scenes are much more interesting than the use of words; but I can still control myself and run to school in a hurry.

When I walked past the town hall, I saw many people standing in front of the bulletin board. In the past two years, all our bad news has come from there: defeats, conquests, and various orders from the headquarters. I didn't stop and just thought in my heart: "What happened again?"

Blacksmith Washit and his apprentice also crowded there to read the notice. When he saw me running across the square, he shouted to me: "You don't have to be so fast, kid, you are in time anyway." Come to school!”

I thought he was joking with me, so I rushed to Mr. Hamel’s small yard out of breath.

On normal days, when school starts, there is always a noise that can be heard even on the street. The desks were opened, the desks were closed, everyone was covering their ears and reciting loudly for fear of noise... There was also a teacher who was banging on the table with a big iron ruler, "Be quiet, be quiet..."

I originally planned to take advantage of the commotion to sneak to my seat; but that day, everything was quiet, just like Sunday morning. I looked in through the open window and saw that all the classmates were in their seats; Mr. Hamel was pacing back and forth, holding a frightening iron ruler under his arm. I had no choice but to open the door and walk into the quiet classroom in front of everyone. You can imagine how red my face was and how panicked I was!

But it’s nothing at all. Mr. Hamel saw me and said very gently: "Sit down quickly, little Francis, we are about to start class, we won't wait for you."

I jumped over the bench and sat down. . My heart calmed down a little, and then I noticed that our teacher was wearing his pretty green dress today, a ruffled bow tie, and a little black silk hat with embroidered edges. He only wore this set of clothes on days when the inspector came to inspect or distribute awards. And the whole classroom had an unusually serious atmosphere. What surprised me most was that there were many people from the town sitting on the usually empty benches in the back rows, and they were as silent as us. Among them was old man Haosou, wearing his three-cornered hat, the former mayor, the former postman, and some other people. Everyone looked sad. Haosou also brought a primer with a torn edge. He opened the book and spread it on his lap. His big glasses were placed across the book.

I was surprised when I saw these situations. Mr. Hamel had already sat on the chair and said to us softly and seriously as he had just said to me: "My children, this is my last life." I’ll give you a lesson once. An order has come from Berlin that schools in Alsace and Lorraine are only allowed to teach German. The new teacher will arrive tomorrow. Today is your last French class. I hope you will study hard. ” p>

After hearing these words, I felt extremely sad. Ah, those bad guys, that's what they posted on the town hall bulletin board!

My last French class!

I can barely compose! I can never learn French again! Is this the case? I didn't study hard before, skipped class to find bird's nests, and went skating on the Saar River... Thinking of these, I regret it so much! My textbooks, including grammar and history, which I found so annoying just now and so heavy to carry around, now seem to be my old friends and I can’t bear to part with them. The same goes for Mr. Hamel. He is leaving and I can never see him again! Thinking of this, I forgot the punishment he gave me and the ruler I received.

Poor man!

It turned out that he put on that beautiful dress to commemorate this last lesson! Now I understand why the old people in town come and sit in the classroom. This seems to tell me that they also regret not coming to school more often. They seemed to use this way to thank our teachers for their forty years of loyal service and to show respect for the country they were about to lose.

When I was thinking about this, I suddenly heard the teacher calling my name. It's my turn to endorse. God, if I could say that notoriously difficult participle usage from beginning to end, with a loud voice, clear enunciation, and no mistakes, then I would be willing to pay any price. But I was confused by the first few words. I had to stand there swaying, feeling very uncomfortable and not daring to raise my head. I heard Herr Hamel say to me:

"I don't blame you, little Francis, you must be miserable enough yourself. That's it. Everyone thinks like this every day: 'Forget it. Well, there is plenty of time, and it's not too late to study tomorrow. 'Now look at our results. Alas, it is the greatest misfortune of the Alsatian people to always put off studying until tomorrow.

Now those guys have a reason to say to us: 'What? You still claim to be French, but you can’t even speak or write your own language! ...' However, poor little Francis, it is not your fault alone. We all have many things to blame ourselves for.

"Your parents don't care enough about your studies. In order to make a little more money, they would rather ask you to leave your books in the fields and work in the cotton mills. As for me, I Isn’t there something I should blame myself for? Don’t I often ask you to leave your homework and water the flowers for me? Why don’t I just give you a day off when I go fishing?”

Continue , Mr. Hamel came up from one thing to another, and to the French language. He said that the French language is the most beautiful, clearest and most precise language in the world; he also said that we must keep it in our hearts and never forget it. The people who have lost their country and become slaves only need to remember their Language is like holding a key to the prison door. At this point, he opened the book and started talking about grammar. It's strange. I understood everything after listening to the lecture today. What he said seemed to be quite easy, quite easy. I feel like I have never listened to a lecture so carefully, and he has never explained so patiently. The poor man seemed eager to teach us everything he knew and cram it into our heads before he left.

After the grammar class, we have another calligraphy class. That day, Mr. Hamel sent us a new copybook, which was written in beautiful round characters: "France", "Alsace", "France" and "Alsace". These copybooks were hung on the iron rods of our desks, like many small flags flying in the classroom. Everyone is so attentive and the classroom is so quiet! All I heard was the rustling of the pen on the paper. Sometimes some gold beetles fly in, but no one pays attention, not even the youngest children are distracted. They are concentrating on drawing "stick", as if it is also a French word. The pigeons were cooing on the roof, and I thought to myself: "Will they force these pigeons to sing in German?"

Every time I look up, I always see Han Mr. Meyer sat in his chair, motionless, staring at the things around him, as if he wanted to take everything in this small classroom away with him. Just think about it: for forty years, he has been here, with his small yard outside the window and his students in front of him; the desks and chairs that have been used for many years have been polished and worn; the walnut tree in the yard has grown taller ; The wisteria he planted himself has now climbed around the window and up to the roof. Poor man, how can he not be sad if he is asked to break up with all this? What's more, he heard his sister walking around upstairs packing her luggage! They will leave this place forever tomorrow.

But he had enough courage to stick to today's homework to the end. After the calligraphy class, he taught another history class. Then he taught the junior class how to spell their ba, be, bi, bo, bu. In the back seat of the classroom, old man Haosou had already put on his glasses, holding his primer in both hands, spelling the letters with them. He was so emotional that his voice trembled. Hearing his weird voice made us want to laugh and feel sad at the same time. ah! I will never forget this last lesson!

Suddenly the church bell struck twelve times. The prayer bells also rang. The trumpets of Prussian soldiers came from the window again. They had already retreated. Mr. Hamel stood up, his face pale, and it seemed to me that he had never been so tall.

"My friends," he said, "I-I-"

But he choked and could not continue.

He turned towards the blackboard, picked up a piece of chalk, and used all his strength to write two big words: "Long live France!"

Then he stayed there, his head Leaning against the wall, he said nothing and only made a gesture to us: "School is over, you can go."

The last lesson (a short story by Alphonse Daudet)

Alphonse Daudet's short story "The Last Lesson" is about the defeat of France after the Franco-Prussian War and the cession of Alsace and Lorraine (Alsace-Lorraine has been used many times in history After the Prussian occupation, it was banned from teaching French and switched to German. The patriotic French teachers and students took the last French class to show the patriotic feelings of the French. It was first translated and introduced to China by Hu Shi in 1912. Since then, for more than a century, it has been selected as a Chinese language textbook for middle schools in my country. It has transcended the barriers of different periods and different ideologies and has become a household name and the most popular book in China. One of the most basic French literary classics, it can even be used as a synonym for Dude, as a symbol of "patriotism", and has been integrated into the centuries-old emotions of modern Chinese people! Generations of Chinese readers, through "The Last Lesson", have learned the connotation of the sentence "French {mother tongue} is the most beautiful, clearest and most rigorous language in the world" and understood the meaning of "When a nation becomes a slave" At that time, as long as it preserved its language well, it was like holding the key to the prison. ”

Historical background

In history, Germany and France have alternately owned each other many times. Sovereignty of Alsace-Lorraine, a region that is both linguistically and culturally French and German and is the meeting point of these two different cultures. [2] Joan of Arc, Gutenberg, Calvin, Goethe, Mozart, Pasteur and other German and French celebrities all lived here.

Lorraine belongs to the Provence dialect of French, and Alsatian, the native language of the Alsatian people, is a type of German.

In 800 AD, Charlemagne of the Frankish Kingdom was crowned "Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III. In 814 AD, Charlemagne passed away. Subsequently, his Frankish Empire was continuously subdivided by the Treaty of Verdun, the Treaty of Melson, and the Treaty of Liebermann, eventually forming the Kingdom of France, the First German Empire, and the Italian Empire. The beginnings of a kingdom. The Middle Frankish Kingdom of Lothair I included the present-day Lorraine region of France (the name Lorraine comes from Lothair), the Low Countries, the Aachen region of Germany, Burgundy-Provence, and northern Italy, where France, Germany The object of competition changed hands several times. It was not until the end of the 9th century that due to the dynastic change in the Kingdom of West Francia (later renamed the Kingdom of France), the Holy Roman Empire that replaced the Kingdom of East Francia stably controlled the Principality of Lorraine and Alsace.

The "Thirty Years' War" broke out in 1618. At this time, France had achieved centralization and the Holy Roman Empire was in a state of fragmentation, which gave France an excellent opportunity. During this period, the French army ravaged the German region, and 80% of the population of the Electorate of the Palatinate near France died. In the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, France seized most of Alsace except Strasbourg and part of the Duchy of Lorraine from the Habsburgs. In September 1681, Strasbourg was captured by King Louis XIV of France, and Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.

Alsace-Lorraine received the baptism of the French Revolution, and "Marseillaise" was sung for the first time in Strasbourg. Among the 24 French marshals (the highest military rank in the French army) conferred by Napoleon before 1814, two were from Alsace and one from the German-speaking area of ​​Lorraine, accounting for one-eighth of the total. This situation of "the nation is a Germanic nation, but the language, lifestyle, and high art have been Frenchized" paved the way for future wars.

In 1871, the Franco-Prussian War ended and the French suffered a disastrous defeat. Napoleon III, Emperor of the Second French Empire, was captured. King William I of Prussia was crowned German Emperor William I in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in Paris, France, and signed the Frankfurt Treaty. Treaty, which stipulated that France ceded most of the province of Alsace and the province of Moselle under the province of Lorraine to Germany. At this point, Alsace-Lorraine returned to Germany.

Until November 11, 1918, the First World War ended. On June 28, 1919, the Allied Powers and the Central Powers signed a peace treaty at the Palace of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany would return Alsace-Lorraine to France and restore the borders before the Franco-Prussian War.

On June 17, 1940, due to the disastrous defeat of the Battle of France, France was conquered by Nazi Germany within six weeks. France and Nazi Germany made a peace treaty, which returned Alsace-Lorraine to Germany until The end of World War II.

Writing background

In July 1870, France first declared war on Prussia. In September, at the Battle of Sedan, the French army was defeated, Napoleon III was captured, and the Prussian army marched in. , occupying more than one-third of France's land including Alsace and Lorraine. At this time, for France, it had become a war of self-defense. Faced with the burning, killing and looting by the Prussian army, the French people shared the same hatred and fought against the enemy. This short story is based on the story of a primary school in occupied Alsace that was forced to switch to German. By describing the scene of the last French class, it depicts the relationship between the primary school student Little Franz and the French teacher Mr. Hamel. The image reflects the deep patriotic feelings of the French people. This last lesson, although brief, allows us to feel the sorrowful mood of the Alsatian people.

The author's life

Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897) was a famous French realist novelist in the 19th century. He was born in Nimes, Provence. His representative works "The Last Lesson" and "The Siege of Berlin" have become treasures of world literature.

Main events

Daudet

On May 13, 1840, Daudet was born into a dilapidated silk merchant family in Nimes, Provence, southern France. . His father is a businessman, and his mother has a special interest in literature, loves reading, and is not good at cooking. Doude has been extremely intelligent since he was a child. He practiced writing poetry when he was very young and paid attention to observing life. When he was studying at Lyon High School, he often went to the bookstore to read a lot of books, covering a wide range of topics and expanding his knowledge horizons. In 1855, his father went bankrupt and his family fell into decline. He was forced to drop out of school and make a living on his own. Due to poverty, he went to work as a supervisor (similar to a self-study tutor) at Arei Primary School at the age of 15, making a living on his own. Two years later, with the help of his brother, he arrived in Paris and began his literary creation life in poverty. In 1860, Daudet served as secretary to the Duke of Morny. This gave him the opportunity to observe various people in Parisian society, and allowed him to travel to the poetic and picturesque Provence many times to draw creative nourishment from the folk tales and legends circulated in his hometown. At the age of 25, he published a collection of short stories, "Moulin Notes," describing the natural scenery and living customs of southern France. Two years later, he published a semi-autobiographical novel "Little Things", which exposed the indifferent interpersonal relationships in capitalist society and became famous in one fell swoop. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Daudet enlisted in the army.

With this war as the background, he wrote a set of short stories with profound patriotic content and outstanding artistic skills, which were compiled into "Stories on Sunday". Among them, "The Last Lesson" and "The Siege of Berlin" have become famous short stories in the world due to their artistic typification and novel conception. Daudet wrote 13 novels, 4 short story collections, some plays and poems throughout his life. He is good at describing complex political events with concise strokes. His gentle and humorous style, mocking reality and kind and touching artistic power are loved by many readers. "His creations are true and poetic, laughter and tears, anger and sorrow.

Translator

Hu Shi Hu Shi Hu Shi

Hu Shi (December 1891) February 17 - February 24, 1962), whose original name was Si Zhen, whose scientific name was Hong Xiang and Hu Shi, whose courtesy name was Xijiang. Later he changed his name to Hu Shi, whose courtesy name was Shizhi, and whose pen names were Tianfeng and Zanghui. He became the New Culture Movement because of his advocacy of literary revolution. One of the leaders of the Communist Party of China, Hu Shi has served as president of National Peking University, dean of Academia Sinica, and ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States. He has a wide range of interests and has written extensively in literature, philosophy, history, textual criticism, education, ethics, and red studies. He conducted in-depth research in many other fields. In 1939, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1910 (at the age of 19), he was admitted to the second period of the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and studied in the United States. He studied agriculture first, then changed to liberal arts. In 1914, he studied philosophy at Columbia University and studied under the philosopher John Dewey. In the summer of 1917 (when he was 26 years old), he returned to China and served as a professor at Peking University.

History: 1917. (26 years old) Professor of Peking University, 1919 (28 years old) Acting Provost of Peking University, 1922 (31 years old) Provost of Peking University, President of China Public School from April 1928 to 1933, 1932 (41 years old) Peking University School of Liberal Arts Dean, Professor and Director of Fu Jen Catholic University, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to the United States in 1938 (47 years old), Honorary Advisor of the Oriental Department of the Library of Congress, President of Peking University in 1946 (55 years old), Academician of Academia Sinica, Princeton University Hu Shi was the director of the East Asian Library of the University and the director of the Academia Sinica of the Republic of China (located in Nangang Town, Taipei County (now Nangang District, Taipei City)) in 1957. He was also a pioneer of Chinese liberalism.

Main works

In 1857, when he was 17 years old, he went to Paris with his poem "Female Lovers" (1858) and began to create literature and art. In 1866, the publication of the collection of essays and stories "The Mill Notes" brought him This is a collection of beautiful essays in which the author expresses his deep local feelings in a poetic style based on the customs, customs, legends and anecdotes of his hometown of Provence. Some of them are beautiful fairy tales, such as "The Goat of Monsieur Seguin" tells the story of a gentle and beautiful little goat of Monsieur Seguin who loves freedom and is not satisfied with the green grass in the backyard. He escapes to wander on the nearby hills and bravely fights the wolf until he is exhausted and killed by the wolf. Devouring. "The Secret of Master Cornier" describes that after the opening of the flour mill in Tarascon City, the windmills of the local mills stopped, but the windmills of Master Cornier's mill continued to run. It turned out that he used quicklime to pretend to be wheat. His painstaking efforts won the sympathy of the residents. Two years after the publication of "The Mill Letters", Dodd's first novel "The Little Thing" was published, which is a semi-autobiographical account of the author's youth. During this period, his family was in decline and he had to struggle to make a living. He uses a playful and humorous tone to depict the cold relationships between people in capitalist society. This novel is Daudet's representative work. It embodies the author's artistic style, non-malicious irony and implicit sentimentality, which is the so-called tearful smile. Therefore, Daudet is known as the Dickens of France. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, Daudet enlisted in the army. War life provided him with new creative themes. Later, he created many patriotic short stories based on war life. In 1873, he published the famous short story collection "Sunday Stories", most of which were based on this war. Among them, "The Last Lesson" and "The Siege of Berlin" enjoy a high reputation due to their profound patriotic content and superb artistic skills, and have become masterpieces of short stories in the world. "The Last Lesson" describes a rural primary school in the Alsace province that was ceded to Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War. The last French lesson that bids farewell to the language of the motherland. Through the self-narration of a naive and ignorant primary school student, it vividly expresses the French The people suffered from foreign rule and loved their motherland. Although the subject matter of the work is small, it is carefully cut, the narrative is appropriately detailed, and the theme is explored deeply. Little Franz's psychological activities are described in a delicate and moving way. As a typical example of a patriotic intellectual, the teacher Mr. Hamel has a lifelike image.