robinson crusoe
Robinson Crusoe, published in 17 19 on April 25th, is the representative work of British writer daniel defoe. As soon as the novel came out, it became popular all over the world, enduring for a long time, and it has readers from generation to generation all over the world. From the first edition to the present, this novel has been published in hundreds of editions and has been translated into almost all languages in the world. It is said that Robinson Crusoe is the most published book besides the Bible. This book is regarded as the first novel in the history of English literature and an immortal masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature. The story of the book is fascinating and the narrative language is easy to understand. This is a good work that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.
Daniel defoe (1660- 173 1) is an English novelist and journalist. He occupies a special position in the history of western literature development and is called "the father of modern novels". His works are mainly for individuals to overcome difficulties through hard work and relying on their own wisdom and courage. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, novels rose. Defoe, as the spokesman of the emerging bourgeoisie in the west, opened up the development path of modern novels with realistic style and realistic effect. His novel is full of twists and turns, self-reported and readable. It also shows the social atmosphere of pursuing adventure and advocating personal struggle at that time. Since the opening of the new sea line from 14 to 15, sailing has become the ideal of every young person. Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece, is famous all over the world, and Robinson has become a typical figure struggling with difficulties, so he is regarded as one of the pioneers of English novels.
abstract
Robinson, a metal decorative film commemorating Robinson's departure from Hull, comes from a respected merchant family, eager to sail and bent on seeing something overseas. He went to sea without telling his father. On his first voyage, he was caught in a big storm and the ship sank. He managed to escape and save his life. The second time I went out to sea to do business in Africa, I made a fortune. The third time, he was unfortunately captured by the Moors and became a slave. Later, he escaped by rowing his master's boat and was rescued by a Portuguese cargo ship on the way. After the ship arrived in Brazil, he bought a manor there and became the owner of the manor. Not content with getting rich in this way, he went out to sea and sold slaves in Africa.
On the way, the ship was attacked by a storm and all the sailors and passengers on board were killed. Only Robinson survived and drifted to an isolated island. He made a raft from the mast of the sunken ship, transported the food, clothes, guns, ammunition and tools from the ship to the shore again and again, and set up a tent on the hillside to settle down. Then he put up a fence around the tent with sharpened stakes and dug a hole in the cave behind the tent to live in. He used simple tools to make furniture such as tables and chairs, hunted game for food, and drank the water in the stream to tide over the initial difficulties.
He started planting barley and rice on the island, making wooden mortar, pestle and sieve, processing flour and baking coarse bread. He captured and domesticated wild goats and let them breed. He also makes pottery and so on to ensure his own needs. Even so, Robinson never gave up looking for a way to leave the island. He cut down a big tree and spent five or six months making a canoe, but the boat was too heavy to drag into the sea, so he had to give up all his previous efforts and build a small one himself.
Robinson lived alone on the island 18 years later, one day, he found that the coast of the island was full of human bones. It turned out that a group of savages from other islands held a feast of human flesh here. Robinson was surprised. Since then, he has increased his vigilance and paid more attention to the things around him. Until the 26th year, another group of savages came to the island, ready to kill the captive. Robinson found and rescued one of them. Robinson saved the savage on Friday, so he named the saved aborigine "Friday". From then on, "Friday" became Robinson's loyal servant and friend. Then Robinson took Friday to rescue a Spaniard and Friday's father. Soon an English ship docked near the island and found that the sailors on board had defected, kidnapped the captain and abandoned the captain and the first mate on the island. Robinson and Friday helped the captain subdue the sailors and take back the ship. He left the sailors on the island, and the captain left the desert island with Robinson "Friday" and returned to England. By this time, Robinson had been away from home for 28 years. He got married in England and has three children. After his wife died, Robinson went out to sea for business again, passing through the desert island where he lived. At this time, the sailors and Spaniards who stayed on the island have settled down and thrived. Robinson sent new immigrants, gave them the land on the island, left them all kinds of daily necessities, and left the island contentedly.
Brief introduction to novels
My father wants me to study law, but I am bent on sailing. One day, I went to hull. One of my companions is going to London on his father's boat. Nothing moves me more than this. I had to go with him-it was August of 165 1, when I was nineteen years old.
As soon as the ship sailed out of Haikou, it was attacked by a terrible storm, which made me feel unspeakable sadness and horror. I swear with pain that if God spared my life on this voyage, I would return to my dear parents after landing, and I would follow their advice from now on.
But the next day the wind stopped and the waves stopped. The sun sets in the west, followed by a beautiful and lovely night. At this time, I drank a bowl of sweet wine brewed by my companion and forgot my determination to go home after this voyage. This habit of mine has brought great misfortune to my life-willful actions often bring me disasters, but when disasters come, I always refuse to seize the opportunity to repent. After the danger, I forgot all my vows and threw myself into life without any tricks.
After the first stormy voyage, I experienced several different adventures. When I was doing business in Guinea, Africa, I was caught by a Turkish pirate ship and sold as a slave. After many difficulties and dangers, I fled to Brazil, where I managed a sugar cane plantation alone and lived a very smooth life. But then I became a victim of temptation. Because Brazil is short of manpower, several plantation owners know that I have been to some slave market ports in Africa to do business, so they try their best to coax me to sail and buy some slaves for their plantations.
If you listen to bad ideas, you will be in trouble. Our ship hit the rocks on an unnamed island on the north coast of South America, and all the sailors and passengers were drowned. God bless, only I was washed ashore by the high waves and saved my life. All I had at that time was a knife, a pipe and a little tobacco in a box. I walked along the coast when my strength recovered and I could walk. To my great joy, I found fresh water. After drinking water, I put a handful of tobacco in my mouth to relieve my hunger. I lived in a tree, slept comfortably, refreshed my mind, and the sea was calm. But what pleased me most was that I saw the boat. When the tide receded, I saw that it was close to the coast, and I found it convenient to swim to the boat. There is only one dog and two cats left on the boat, and there are no other creatures. But there were many necessities on board, so I started to work. In order to transport those things to an inlet on the island, I specially made a raft and made a flat highland with fresh water on the island as my residence. Bread, rice, barley and wheat, cheese and dried mutton, sugar, flour, boards, logs, ropes-all these, plus a few muskets, two pistols, several shotguns, a hammer, and-that's the most useless-36 pounds. I carried all these things from the boat to the shore day after day-between low tides. On the evening of the thirtieth day, my handling work was completed. When I lay down, I was still scared as usual, but my heart was full of gratitude, because I knew that I was ready to deal with this desert island in the future and felt at ease.
There are many wild fruit trees on the island, but it took me a long time to find them. I dried them to make raisins. There are goats running around the island, but if I don't get guns and ammunition from the ship, what good will they do me? Therefore, I have reason to thank the merciful God for putting the boat on the coast until I bring everything useful to me.
There are still many things to be done to ensure that I can survive on this island. I did what I had to do as continuously as possible. But my efforts are not always lucky. When I first planted the seeds of barley and rice, half of these precious stocks were wasted because I planted them at the wrong time. I worked hard for several months and dug several cellars to store fresh water. It took 42 days to cut a big tree into my first long board. I worked hard for several weeks to make a mortar for pounding wheat, but in the end I had to hollow out a large piece of wood. It took me five months to cut down a big iron tree, cut it down again and again, and made a decent canoe to escape from the island, but I had to throw it away because I couldn't get it into the sea. However, every failure has taught me something I didn't know before.
As for the natural environment, there are storms and earthquakes on the island. I was used to everything then, too. I plant and harvest my barley and wheat; I picked wild grapes and dried them to make very nutritious raisins; I raise tame goats, then kill them, smoke them and pickle them. Because of the variety of food, the supply is not bad. Twelve years have passed, during which I have never seen anyone on the island except myself. So until that big day, I came across a man's bare footprints on the beach.
I seem to have been hit by a bolt from the blue. I listened attentively and looked around, but I heard nothing and saw nothing. I ran to the seaside and went to the sea to check, and there was only one footprint in total! I was terrified to the extreme and fled back to my residence like a person being followed and chased. For three days and nights in a row, I was afraid to go out.
This is the best explanation for being afraid of people! 12 years of pain and efforts, 12 years of struggle with the natural environment, even because of a person's footprint and terror! But that's the truth. After observation, I learned that this is the habit of cannibals on that continent. They took the prisoners captured in the war to that place on the island where I seldom went, killed them and had a big meal. One morning, I saw thirty barbarians dancing around the bonfire through the telescope. They have cooked one prisoner, and the other two are preparing to roast on the fire. At this time, I ran to them with two loaded muskets and a big knife, and saved a prisoner who had no time to eat. I named the person I saved "Friday" to commemorate his rescue on this day. His voice became the first voice I heard on this island in 25 years. He is young and smart, and he is a barbarian of a high tribe. Later, when I was on the island, he was always my reliable partner. He told me about the mainland on Friday after I taught him a few words of English. I decided to leave my island. We built a boat, this time not far from the coast. Just when we were almost ready to set sail, 2 1 barbarians took three prisoners in three canoes and came to the island to prepare for a banquet. One of the prisoners is white, which makes me very angry. I loaded two shotguns, four muskets and two double-ammunition pistols, gave Friday a small axe and drank a lot of sugarcane wine. I brought my own broadsword. We rushed down the mountain and killed them all. Only four barbarians escaped.
One of the prisoners is Friday's father. This white man is Spanish. He is the survivor of the ship I saw hit the rocks on my island a few years ago. At that time, I also took more than 1200 gold coins from the boat, but I didn't value the money at all, because they were not worth more than many sands on the beach.
I gave the Spaniard and Friday's father guns and food, and told them to take the shipwrecked sailor on the Spanish ship to my island in my newly built ship. While waiting for them to come back, an English ship broke down near my island because of sailors' troubles. I helped the captain get his boat back and returned to England with him. When we left, we took two honest sailors who also wanted to go back to England, leaving a few sailors who had the most trouble on the island. Later, those Spaniards came back and settled on the island. At first, they quarreled with each other, but after settling down, they finally established a prosperous colony. A few years later, I was lucky enough to go to that island again.
When I left the island, I had been there for 28 years, 2 months and 29 days. I always thought I would be so happy in England, but I didn't expect to be a stranger there. Unfortunately, my parents have passed away. Otherwise, I can take care of them dutifully now, because besides the 1200 gold coins I got from the Spanish ship, I still have 20,000 pounds waiting for me to collect from an honest friend, who is a Portuguese captain. Before I went to do that unfortunate job, I entrusted him with the management of my manor in Brazil. I have lived on the island for 28 years for this mission. I'm glad to see him so honest. I decided to pay him one hundred Portuguese gold coins every year and fifty Portuguese gold coins every year after his death as their lifelong allowance.
I got married and had three children. I didn't roam again, except because I wanted to visit the island where I lived mentioned above. I live here, grateful for the enjoyment I don't deserve, and determined to travel the longest. If I have learned anything, it is to realize the value of retirement and pray for peace for the rest of our lives.
Writing background
Alexander selkirk's experience inspired Defoe. This novel was written by Defoe inspired by a true story at that time. 1704 Scottish sailor Selcock quarreled with the captain at sea, was abandoned by the captain on a desert island, and was rescued to England four years later. Selcock didn't do any heroic deeds on a desert island. Robinson portrayed by Defoe is a brand-new person, a hero in the eyes of the middle and small bourgeoisie at that time, and the first idealized emerging bourgeois image in western literature. He showed a strong bourgeois enterprising spirit and enlightenment consciousness.
The author's life
Daniel defoe (1660- 173 1) was born in London, England, and his father was a businessman in London. My father runs a slaughter business and believes in Presbyterian churches of different religions. Defoe's original surname was Fu, and he called himself Defoe after 1703. He has a secondary education, but he has no university education in classical literature. He has always maintained a position different from the Anglican belief, and is politically inclined to the Whigs. 1674, young Defoe began to learn to be a priest. But he is not suitable for this kind of work, because, like Robinson, his hero, his life is full of adventure and excitement. Defoe was captured by pirates on 1683. This experience, coupled with the narrative of a Scottish sailor who was shipwrecked at sea, provided Defoe with a well-known novel theme Robinson Crusoe. Although Robinson Crusoe was published when Defoe was nearly sixty years old, it still brought Defoe an enduring reputation. Following the success of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe wrote four more books in the next five years, including Life, Adventure, Piracy of the Red Card Captain and Chronicles of the Epidemic Year. Defoe died in April of 173 1 at the age of 70.
In his early years, he was engaged in underwear, tobacco and alcohol, woolen goods, brick making and other industries, and went to mainland countries to do business. 1685 participated in the rebellion against the Catholic king led by Monmouth Duke; From 65438 to 0688, William, a Dutch Protestant, led an army to land in England and succeeded to the British throne. Defoe joined his army. 1692, he went bankrupt in business and his debts reached 17000. Later, I failed many times and had to make a living in various ways. He worked as a government agent, designed various development careers and engaged in writing at the same time. 1698 published "On Development", advocating building roads, running banks, enacting bankruptcy laws, setting up insane asylum, running fire and water insurance, collecting income tax and running girls' schools. 170 1 year, he published the satirical poem "The Real Englishman", arguing that there are no pure Englishmen, opposing the aristocratic Catholic forces and defending the foreign Protestant William III. This poem has been printed in nine editions. 1702 published a political essay "Shortcuts to Eliminate Different Sects", which used irony to oppose the oppression of people of different sects by the state religion. The writing is unique, I didn't see it at first. Later, he was found out, fined, imprisoned for six months and flogged three times, but he was regarded as a hero by Londoners. While in prison, he wrote an ode to the cangue (1703) imitating the ode of the Greek poet Pindaros, satirizing the injustice of the law.
1704, he ran Review magazine for Whig leader Harry, mainly to win support for Harry's joint policy of England and Scotland. After that, he traveled between England and Scotland for 1 1 year, serving as the secret agent of Harry and his successor Tory Godolphin, collecting public opinions. During this period, he was imprisoned for a short time for writing articles. But he never stopped collecting information, running newspapers and writing articles for Whig politicians.
Defoe started writing novels at the age of 59. The first novel Robinson Crusoe was published in 17 19, which was very popular. A sequel was published in the same year. 1720, Robinson's Meditations was written again. Since then, he has written four novels: Captain singleton (1720), Moore Flanders (1722), Captain Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). In addition, he also wrote biographies of cadres, such as Campbell's Biography of the Deaf (1720) and Peter the Great (1723). Several travel books at home and abroad, such as New Travels Around the World (1724), Four Travels of Captain Roberts (1726) and A Journey to the British Island (1724- 1727, 3 volumes, tour guide nature). He also has several books on business, such as Business Encyclopedia (1726), British Business Strategy (1728) and Ways to Make London the Most Prosperous City in the World (1728). His Encyclopedia of English Gentlemen was published in 1890 after his death.
It is said that Defoe is associated with 26 magazines, and some people call him "the father of modern news reporting". His works, including a large number of political pamphlets, totaling 250 kinds, all meet the needs of bourgeois development and write about issues of interest and concern to the urban middle class. For example, Mrs. Will's epiphany documentary (1706) vividly reported a popular ghost story; In the plague era (1722), the great plague of London in 1665 was written, which vividly described the occurrence and spread of the plague, the terror and panic it caused, the number of deaths and the escape from the plague. At that time, the plague epidemic in Marseille, France attracted special attention, and Defoe's works satisfied the public's curiosity about plague.
Defoe's Robinson Crusoe is a very popular masterpiece. 1704, Scottish sailor Selcock rebelled at sea and was thrown to a desert island off Chile. It took him five years to be saved at last. Defoe was inspired by this incident and wrote this book. Robinson did not listen to his father's advice, went out to sea to do business and sell slaves, was killed at sea, lived on a desert island for 28 years, fought against nature on the island, took in a savage on Friday, saved the captain of a mutinous ship, returned to England, and went to Brazil to run a plantation to get rich. There is also a sequel. In the second part, he revisited his hometown, pretended to be an island owner, educated the islanders, visited Brazilian plantations, and then ventured around the world, including China and Siberia. The third is moral preaching. Robinson Crusoe is the first novel published by British novelist daniel defoe in 17 19, and the sequel was published in the same year.
Like Defoe, Robinson Croso, the hero of the novel, is a tireless and restless actor, a typical product of the society in the primitive accumulation period of capitalism, which was constantly expanding and plundering at that time. He disdained to control himself, devoted himself to entrepreneurship, and left the well-off family for the world three times and five times; After he was shipwrecked on a desert island, he didn't sit still and bemoan his fate. Instead, he made full use of his mind and hands to build a residence, grow food, domesticate livestock, make utensils and sew clothes, and transformed the desert island into an orderly and prosperous home. After years of wandering and hardship, he finally gained a considerable fortune and completed the entrepreneurial process of a typical hero of his time.
This book, with a brand-new Vientiane, runs back and forth in the double maze of material pursuit and spiritual pursuit, shaping a transitional society. Robinson Croso, a figure with distinctive characteristics of the times, has aroused the resonance and deep thinking of readers from generation to generation with his vigorous vitality, naive self-confidence, tenacious fighting spirit and serious self-examination.
Captain singleton tells the story of the protagonist being kidnapped as a child, becoming a pirate and venturing to Africa and the East to make a fortune. Some people think that Moore Flanders is Defoe's best novel. The protagonist is the daughter of a female thief, born in prison and adopted by a kind mayor. She seduced men, married many times and stole for a living, and was sent to Virginia, USA, to run a plantation with her ex-husband for the rest of her life. Colonel Jack is the worst. The hero became a thief at an early age, worked as a soldier, was sold to Virginia, and finally became a planter and returned to England. The protagonist of Roksana is the daughter of French Protestants. She lived in England, married a wine merchant in London, was abandoned, worked as a prostitute in England, France, the Netherlands and other places, and married a Dutch businessman. The businessman went to prison in debt, and she died in regret.
Defoe's novels inherited the tradition of Spanish tramp novels in the Renaissance, and often wrote about a man of humble origin, who became rich and succeeded through wit and personal struggle. Society does not allow such a person to stand out, so he (she) has to do a series of cheating, stealing and even selling his/her body by any means. Out of Puritan morality, the author always makes his hero express regret and swear not to do bad things, but the environment repeatedly forces the hero to break his oath.
Defoe has a deep understanding of the characters he describes, and he is good at writing about individuals overcoming difficulties in unfavorable environments. The hero in his works is smart and energetic. He doesn't believe in fate, but believes in "common sense". The plot structure leaves no trace. He is particularly good at describing the environment, with vivid details and fictional scenes, which makes people feel as if they are there. I can't help but be unconvinced. His language is natural and he doesn't quote classics; The story is told by the protagonist, which makes readers feel kind. Fashion, Defoe created his immortal work Robinson Crusoe according to the true sailing story. His novels express the enterprising spirit of liberating personality and taking risks.
Character image
Robinson
Personality: Robinson is a passionate person, a great person and a determined person. I have lived alone on this desert island for 28 years. Facing the difficulties of life, Robinson's actions show tough character and heroic quality, which embodies the creative spirit and pioneering spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie. He dares to fight against the bad environment. Robinson is a capitalist and a colonialist, so he has the nature of exploitation and plunder.
Friday
Personality: Friday is a simple person, a loyal friend, a wise and brave person, and a filial son. He is kind, loyal, responsible and adaptable. He and Robinson spent many years on the island with different skills.
Reaction to a book or an article
(1) After reading Robinson Crusoe and this wonderful novel Robinson Crusoe, a tall image always catches my eye. He is the brave explorer and navigator Robinson. He realized his dream of sailing with indomitable perseverance and never giving up.
I seem to see such a man standing on the deck of a ship: he gave up his rich and comfortable life and hated that mediocre life, thus starting a great survival challenge of duel with death. All kinds of misfortunes and difficulties did not crush Robinson, but made him stronger. The difficulties God has given Robinson are even more challenging for him!
In the storm and tsunami, all the ships survived except Robinson, and the real survival challenge has just begun!
Wandering on an isolated island, in order to find a suitable place to live, he ran on the shore for a day and found shelter under a rock. Robinson set up a tent at the foot of the mountain. The bigger the tent, the better. There were several wooden stakes in it to hang hammocks. The next day, he piled all the boxes, boards and materials used to make rafts into temporary fences for fortifications. But only after ten days, the landslide suddenly happened. Robinson not only carried the fallen loose soil out, but also installed a ceiling supported by the pillars below, thus avoiding another landslide disaster. Never give up, Robinson laid the foundation of life.
Once, Robinson accidentally dropped the chaff in the corner, and it actually grew a green stem. Soon, dozens of spikes grew, which was really a blessing from God. Since then, Robinson has planted half the seeds in the rainy season to get more food. In the worst experiment, the harvest of barley and rice ears was only half a barrel. However, after this experiment, Robinson became an agricultural expert. Knowing when to sow, now he knows to sow twice a year and reap twice. Never give up, Robinson has the ration of life.
Robinson spent several years and countless efforts to build a ship and return home. It takes months just to cut down trees. However, due to thoughtlessness in advance, the ship was too far away from the sea, so he couldn't get it into the water. Now, years of hard work have been in vain, and all hopes have been dashed. It was not until Friday that this hope rose again!
Robinson is a great man and a determined man. He has lived alone on this desert island for 27 years. He dared to fight against the harsh environment, worked hard and managed the island in an orderly way. He exercised himself in adversity and achieved an extraordinary career. This book teaches us that only persistence can win, and only hard work can get rid of difficulties. Hard work is more important than faith. ...
My life will also set sail with this book. In the voyage of life, I will go forward bravely and never give up!
(2) Robinson, a very loud name, is known to almost everyone. He is a world-famous early explorer. I just finished reading Robinson Crusoe, the masterpiece of Defoe, a British writer, a few days ago, and I can't be calm for a long time. Until now, I will still think of Robinson's soul-stirring wandering.
Robinson Crusoe is about Robinson who wanted to sail at sea since he was a child. When he was older, he went sailing with his good friends and learned some skills, but he failed several times before he survived. On one occasion, he set out from Brazil and was hit by a huge tsunami and storm. Everyone on board drowned except him. He swam to an uninhabited desert island, lived in this uninhabited island for 28 years and several months with what he found on the wrecked ship, wild fruits collected in the forest and wild animals captured, and then went through some battles with some foreigners and returned to Brazil.
After reading this book, I am deeply touched. How can an ordinary person survive on the island for 28 years with only a few guns, countless rice and wheat, and even no shoes? This kind of thing that ordinary people dare not think about, Robinson did it. He had a high fever and didn't take medicine. He made an edible thing with simple tobacco leaves, water and a little food. He was weak in limbs for several days, but he persisted until the end, firmly believing that his illness would be cured. His spirit of not being desperate because of some very difficult things inspired me.
I feel the same way in this respect. For a while, my grades dropped sharply, and I thought: Why did I do so badly in the exam? Later, I found the reason, pulled myself together and studied hard. Finally once again into the top few. I deeply realize that if a person wants to succeed, he must persist in the struggle that he can't understand. Don't be bound by objective conditions, try to create conditions. The same is true of learning. It's easy to take the exam once, but it's difficult to insist on doing well every time. I think, as long as I am diligent, diligent and persistent, my goal in mind will be realized.
These days, I often think about a problem: we still have a long way to go in life. In the future, how should we face and overcome many difficulties? Robinson gave me a good answer.