The expansion of "Jujiu" and "Jianjia"
Jujiu Pass is singing on the small island in the river. A kind and beautiful girl, the boy's ideal partner.
Fresh waterlilies, long and short, are harvested along both sides of the river. A kind and beautiful girl whom I want to pursue day and night.
My pursuit failed to turn out as I wished, and I worried about it day and night. The long night never ends, turning over and over again makes it difficult to fall asleep.
Pick the long and short fresh waterlilies with both hands. A kind and beautiful girl plays the piano, drums and harp to show her love.
Choose the long and short fresh watercress carefully from both sides. A kind and beautiful girl, the sound of the bell brought her smile.
Guan Guan Jujiu, in Hezhizhou ①. A graceful lady②, a gentleman is fond of being a naughty man③. (Chapter 1) There are different kinds of water plants ④, flowing from left to right ⑤. A graceful lady, I long for her. If you don’t get what you want, stay awake and think about it ⑥. Leisurely leisurely⑦, tossing and turning. (Chapter 2)
Pluck the waterlilies from left and right. A graceful lady, she is a friend of the piano and the harp. There are different kinds of watercress, left and right ⑧. A graceful lady, music of bells and drums⑨. (Three chapters)
Guan Guan Ju Jiu comes from (The Book of Songs·Zhou Nan's "Guan Ju")
[Note: (1) Guan Guan, onomatopoeia, borrowed word, Ju Jiu chirping sound. (2) Jujiu, Mao Zhuan: "Jujiu, Wang Juye." "Erya Shiniao": "Jujiu, Wang Wei (鴡=Ju)." Guo Pu's note: "Diao type, today Jiangdong Hu It is called an osprey, and it is good for eating fish near Jiangzhu Mountain. "The Book of Birds": "Wang Ju, Jiu Dove, and Osprey." "Modern Chinese Dictionary": "Owl, the name of the bird, has a brown back and a white head, neck and belly." . It is ferocious in nature. It often builds nests in trees or rocks, often flies on the water, and eats fish. "(3) The small ones on land in the water are also called "Zhu". In Hezhizhou, it means "on the sand in the river." (4) Slim, quiet and handsome, mostly refers to a woman's delicate appearance and good style. It is also used to describe a man who is deep and unrestrained or the scenery is deep and beautiful. For example, "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "There is a third man in the clouds, who is unparalleled in the world." Tao Yuanming's "Returning Words": "It is both graceful and graceful to find ravines, and also rugged to pass through hills." (5) Lady, refers to gentleness and quietness. woman. (6) Qiu, originally means unity and gathering, here it refers to spouses. For example, "Poetry? Daya? People's Labor": "The people have stopped working, and can take a short break to benefit the country, and for the sake of the people." Mao Zhuan: "Hai means Dingye. Qiu means harmony." Zheng Xuan's note: "Hugh , Stop and stop. " (7) Different heights and different lengths. (8) Nymphoides, an aquatic plant, namely "Nymphaceae". Kong Yingda Shu: "White stems, purple-red leaves, perfectly round, more than an inch in diameter, floating on the water." (9) Flow left and right, looking left and right. "Liu" means to turn one's eyes to look, which is called "xuě" in spoken language. This is still said in Shandong dialect, such as "I glanced at her, she looks very handsome." (10) Sleeping, means to wake up from sleep. Zhixuan is called sleep when sleeping. Zhi Meng Zhi means pursuing her whether she is awake or sleeping. Zhi, a pronoun, refers to a fair lady. (11) Thinking about it, thinking about it repeatedly. Fu, Tongfu, means repetition and proficiency, such as "Guanzi·Seven Methods": "It depends on the habit, and the habit is invincible." Fuxi means review. (12) Leisurely and thoughtful. In ancient times, you always have worries. (13) Qin and Se are friends. Qin and Se are two ensemble instruments. They are often used to describe the harmonious relationship between husband and wife. For example, "The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Chang Di": "My wife is a good couple, like a drum, harp, and harp." Friend, a verb, means to be friendly to someone; zhi, the same note as (10). (14) 芼, meaning the same as 芅. (15) Bells and drums are used to play music in grand celebrations in ancient times. This is an exaggeration, which means that bells and drums are used to play music like a celebration. Lezhi, Lezhi is a verb; it is a pronoun. Usage is the same as above. ]
Explanation: This poem is an ancient folk song, a love song sung by a passer-by who saw a woman picking water plants in the water. In fact, our ancestors, the ancient Chinese, sang love songs, which is as common as the ethnic minorities in southwest China who are good at singing love songs. In other words, the ethnic minorities in southwest China still retain the ancient customs of our ancestors. However, with the gradual improvement of feudal ethics and the formation of the concept that men and women should not be intimate with each other, the ancient custom of singing love songs disappeared in Han society.
"Guan Ju" is a poem with a very simple meaning.
Probably its first advantage is music, as evidenced by Confucius's comments in "The Analects of Confucius Taibo": "At the beginning of the teacher's sincerity, the chaos of "Guan Ju" is overwhelming." Chaos is when the music ends. ensemble. The second best thing about it is meaning. "Guan Ju" is not a real writing, but a virtual one. Dai Junen said: "This poem only ends with 'A graceful lady, a gentleman is a good man', but he translated a period of time before he got it, and wrote about the situation of grumbling and sorrow; he also translated a section of the time when he got it, and wrote about the situation of joy and excitement. It is nothing more than a sentence describing "a gentleman likes to be a man". If it is regarded as a reality, it is a dream in a dream. That’s all.” There are gains to be made. "Poetry" mostly uses fiction when describing the love between men and women, which is the so-called "state of thinking", such as "Han Guang", "Moonrise", "Zepei", etc., and "Guanyong" is the most tranquil one. It is gentle, has a beginning and an end, and especially has a perfect ending. As a music song, it is very suitable to be used as a "chaos".
However, whether as music or as a song, it is neither flat nor monotonous. He Yisun said: "'I can't get what I want, and I sleep long and hard thinking about it. It's leisurely, leisurely, tossing and turning.' These four lines are the waves in the poem. Without these four lines, not only would the whole poem be straight and straight, there would be no twists and turns, but the syllables would be short and tight. Why are the tunes being played by all the orchestras? Suddenly, these four sentences are inserted between the four folds of "My Fair Lady", and the whole poem feels leisurely and moving." Deng Xiang said: "With this twist, the flow of the poem is not balanced. The following "Friends' and "Le Zhi's" are more solemn and interesting. "Youzai Youzai" is a two-character sentence, and "Tossing and Turning" is a four-character sentence. The literary style is here, and the musical tone is also here. This is a break for the beat, and the next chapter will be followed by the Qianqiang." Although the words "break the beat" and "Qianqiang" are later speculations on the ancients, this speculation is not unreasonable. Based on this, "Guanyong" is naturally not a work of immediate chanting, but was "composed" after some thinking and arrangement. In fact, it can also be said that "Three Hundred Poems" is better than this.
"Guan Guan Jujiu is on the river island", Mao Zedong said: "It is prosperous." But how to be prosperous is a big problem. If we were to compile all the discussions on "Xing" throughout the ages, it would probably be a very large book, so why would we dare to talk about it lightly? However, after reading "Poetry", there is no way around the problem of interest, so I have to deal with a few common words. The so-called "xing" can be said to cause topics, or it can be said that the scenery arouses emotion. This collision of scenery and emotion is mostly the poet's current perception. It can be immediate or imaginary; the former is a real scene, while the latter is a mental image. But it only arouses the topic. Once it enters the topic, it can be ignored. Therefore, "Xing" does not contain a direct metaphor. If so, it would be "Bi". As for the relationship between scenery and emotion, or the relationship between things and the heart, that is, the feelings and understanding of scenery, although it was direct to the poet at the time, it was already subtle to others. In fact, even for the poet himself, it was not fleeting and difficult to understand. Capture; as time passes, it becomes more difficult for future generations to find a definite answer. What's more, the creation of "Poetry" has a front and a back. When it was created in the former, many of them had already become aphorisms, which naturally included sentences with interesting meanings. Later, the author took them ready-made and combined them with his own temporary feelings. The same thing can still have different meanings. But we might as well look at it in terms of what we can perceive. Luo Dajing said: "Du Shaoling's quatrain says: 'The rivers and mountains are beautiful in the late morning, and the spring breeze is fragrant with flowers and grass. The mud melts and the swallows fly, and the sand is warm and the mandarin ducks sleep.' It may be said that this is different from the genus of children. I said it is not the case. See the two sentences above. The two are not business. The following two sentences see that all things are not suitable. If you understand it here and understand it, it will not be enough to feel the true joy of my heart. "Why don't we look at the "Poetry" with this heart? .
There is no business between two people, and there is nothing wrong with everything. This is the simplest and most direct understanding that nature gives to people. Therefore, it can easily become a standard for looking at things in the world: maybe everything is like this, and so are human affairs, so joy is like "Peach" Every day, the flowers are burning" ("Zhounan·Taoyao"), such as "Yoyou deer roar, eating apples in the wild" ("Xiaoya·Lu Ming"), such a poem as "Guan Guan Jujiu, in the river island" "; Or everything is like this, but people are not, so they are sad and resentful, such as "the male pheasant is flying, letting out its feathers" ("Beifeng·Male Pheasant"), such as "accustoming to the valley wind, using the clouds to rain" ("Beifeng· "Gu Feng"), such as "The spring water from the other side also flows in Qi" ("Bei Feng·Spring Water"). The use of pure natural scenery in "Poetry" is probably not beyond this point. In short, Xing is special because it is so direct to the poet, but often has a subtle meaning to others. However, if we understand that the poet originally regarded the instantaneous changes in the four seasons of heaven and earth, and the life and death of all things in nature, as The testimony of life, the comparison of life, then the meaning of Xing is very clear. Although it is simple, it does not contain the profound understanding of life.
"The music of the bells and drums" is an identity language, and the most emphatic phrase is "the music and the music are played by friends". Zhu Xi said: "'Friend' means dearness." Fu Guangshen said: "Friend means dearness, which means "friendship" means brother, friend and brother." In this way, "Beifeng·Gufeng" " The description of "you are like a brother and a younger brother" is a ready-made annotation for the word "friend". If you read "Zheng Feng·Nv Yue Cockcrow" and "Chen Feng·Dongmen Zhichi" together, you will know that "playing the piano and playing with each other" is not a general term. "Sound", knowing and knowing the interests, and even more intimate. In the Spring and Autumn Period, songs and poems were used as rhetoric, and we only recognize the elegance of diplomacy at that time. "Guan Ju" describes what a good marriage is like. This real harmony and joyful business in daily emotional life is the deepest root of that elegance. At that time, "Poetry" was not decoration, not embellishment, not just to repair the broken gaps in life, but truly "daily necessities of life" (Gu Jiegang said), "Guan Ju" seemed to be a declaration of the unity of life and art. , appeared vividly and elegantly at the dawn of literary history.
The reeds along the river are green and white, and the white dew in late autumn condenses into frost.
The person I think about day and night is on the other side of the river.
I went upstream to pursue her, but the road was difficult and long.
I looked for it along the river, as if I was in the middle of the water.
The reeds along the river are lush, and the early morning dew has not yet dried.
The person I dream about is on the other side of the river.
I went upstream to look for her, but the road was difficult and difficult.
I searched for it downstream, as if I was right in the middle of the sandbar.
The reeds along the river are more luxuriant, and the white dew still lingers in the early morning.
The person I am pursuing so hard is on the other side of the river.
I went upstream to look for her, but the road was difficult and tortuous.
I looked for it along the river, as if I were on a sandbank in the water.
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Writing background
There have always been differences of opinion regarding the content of this poem. To sum up, there are mainly three theories as follows: One is the theory of "thorning Duke Xiang". "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "Jianjia is also a thorn in Xiang Gong. If you fail to use the Zhou rites, you will not be able to consolidate your country." Su Dongtian, a modern man, analyzed the meaning of "The Book of Songs" and said: "'On the side of the water The so-called "Yiren" (the wise man) is a metaphor for the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty. If the country is governed against the Zhou etiquette, it will be "impeded and long", "come forward", and "come right", which means that it will not be possible and the governance will not be possible. Okay. If you obey the Zhou rites, then it means "Wan in the middle of the water" and "Shui Di", which means there is hope for governing the country. "The second is the theory of "recruiting talents". Yao Jiheng's "General Theory of the Book of Songs" and Fang Yurun's "The Original Book of Songs" both say that this is a poem to recruit talents. "Yiren" means "virtuous talents": "The wise people live in seclusion by the waterside, while others admire and think about them. See it. ” Or it is said: “It is not the right way to seek refuge, and the hermit will be avoided. "The third is the theory of "love". Today, Lan Juyou, Yang Renzhi, Fan Shuyun, Gao Ting, Lu Huiwen, etc. all hold the theory of "love song".
As Lu Huiwen said: "This is a love song. Because the sweetheart he pursues is elusive, the poet is in trouble. Saying that the river is blocking it is an implicit metaphor."
Because of the ability of this poem There is no way to verify it, and it is difficult to trust the name "Yiren" in the poem. Therefore, it is difficult to make a final conclusion on the above three theories. Here, let us first interpret it as a love poem.
"Jian Jia" belongs to Qin Feng. During the reign of King Xiao of Zhou, Feizi, the ancestor of Qin, was granted the title of Qin Gu (now Tianshui, Gansu). When King Ping moved eastward, Qin Xianggong received a large fiefdom west of Qishan due to his meritorious service in sending troops to escort him. Later, Qin gradually moved eastward, with its capital in Yong (now Xingping, Shaanxi). The Qin Dynasty included the area from Guanzhong in Shaanxi Province to southeastern Gansu Province. Qin Feng's ten chapters are mostly folk songs from this area during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
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Brief comment
"No one in ancient times has written about lovesickness like "Jian Jia"."
Lovesickness The so-called thing is that you can't reach it if you look for it, you can't ask for it if you see it; you can't get it even if you work hard for it. So the subtle feelings and thoughts linger in the words. I have heard a string song, but the strings have stopped but the sound lingers in my ears; now when I read "Jian Jia", the writing has stopped but the emotion remains.
Jianjia is a reed, a floating thing, swaying with the wind, but stops at its roots, if it floats, if it stops, if it is there, if it is not there. My thoughts are endless, wandering in a trance, and worrying about my roots. The root is love. Lovesickness is nothing better than this. Exposed as a thing, it dies instantly. Buddhism says: All conditioned dharmas are like bubbles in a dream. It is like dew or electricity, so it should be viewed as such; emotions are things, illusory and unformed. Zhuangzi said: Happiness produces deficiency and steams into bacteria. One reason. Frost is the condensation of dew. Earthy air and body fluids arise from the ground, and if they are thin and cold, they will form frost. If you look for a beautiful woman but can't get it, your love for her will become more intense and your love will become stronger. Therefore, it is called "Weixi" and "Weiji". Even though we can't get it, our love won't dissipate, so we will suffer from it in the end. The pain of not being able to seek, the pain of parting from love! This lovesickness is the most painful!
Love is the so-called lover. However, on the water side, I don't know where it is. There is a poem by Jia Changjiang that goes: "Only in this mountain, I don't know where the clouds are." If you like it, you must look for it, so even though you don't know where it is, you still wade through the water and follow it. It is said to be "trailing back" or "tracing back to travel", which means searching up and down. Moreover, the road is dangerous and winding, and the search is difficult. But in the end, "neither place can be seen in the vast distance", and what I pursue is nothing more than phantom clouds and mist, water, moon and mirror flowers, and I can't find it in the end.
The longing for you is like a shadow in front of you, reaching out to touch it, but it is out of reach. The sentence "Wan in the middle of the water" is like the sound of a broken string, sonorous and long. Every time I read this, I can't help but feel happy, sigh, resent, and cry!
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Hierarchical structure
This poem has three overlapping chapters, and each chapter can be divided into four levels:
First The second sentence starts with Jian Jia, showing a picture of autumn colors on the river: late autumn morning, the autumn water is dense, the reeds are green, the dew is full, and the crystal is like frost. This realm is slightly desolate and pathos in the midst of purity and loneliness. Therefore, it plays a very good role in rendering the atmosphere and contrasting the mood of the persistent pursuit and elusive love described in the poem.
The third and fourth sentences show the central image of the poem: the lyrical protagonist is wandering by the river, staring and pursuing the "beau" on the other side of the river. This "beauty" is the one he misses day and night. "Being on the side of the water" means isolation and impassability, which means the pursuit is difficult, creating a realm that is elusive and out of reach. Although the lyrical protagonist sees through the autumn water and pursues it persistently, "the beautiful woman" is elusive and blocked. It is difficult to see, so the poem is full of helplessness and emptiness and melancholy.
The following four sentences are two parallel sentences. The levels are respectively descriptions of two different situations on the side of the water, where hope and difficulty are the same. "The journey back is long and difficult." This is a description of the dilemma when pursuing against the current: there are endless difficulties and obstacles, and the journey is long. Endless means that it will never be reached. "Swim along it, and you will be in the middle of the water." This describes the illusion of pursuing along the current: the journey is smooth everywhere, and the beauty is always there, but in the end it is not possible to go against the current and at the same time. Flow, pursuing in all kinds of ways, the persistence is obvious; either the dilemma is difficult to reach, or the illusion is difficult to reach, but in the end it is not possible, and the feeling of sadness becomes deeper. At this point, the situation of Yiren's elusiveness and elusiveness has been concretely and fully demonstrated.
The whole poem has three chapters, and only a few words are changed in each chapter. This not only exerts the artistic effect of repeated chapters, repeated chants, and three sighs, but also has the effect of continuously advancing the poetic meaning. From "white dew is frost" to "white dew is not over" and then to "white dew is not over", this is the passage of time, symbolizing the length of time the lyrical protagonist has been looking for; from "on the side of the water" to "on the water's edge" , then to "in the water", from "in the middle of the water", to "wan in the water", to "wan in the water", this is a change of location, symbolizing the beauty's elusiveness and elusiveness; from "The road is blocked and long", to "The road is blocked and yet it reaches the right", and then to "The road is blocked and right" repeatedly exaggerate the difficulty of the pursuit process to highlight the perseverance of the lyrical protagonist. Repeated chapters and repeated sentences, layer by layer Advancement is a common expression method in folk songs in the Book of Songs. The poem also uses words such as "cangcang" and "miserable" to make the whole text have both sound and emotion.
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Content review
If the "sweetheart" in the poem is identified as a lover or lover, then this poem expresses the lyrical protagonist's persistent pursuit of beautiful love and his melancholy that he cannot pursue it. Mood. The spirit is valuable, the feelings are sincere, but the result is hopeless and the situation is sad.
However, the most valuable and evocative thing about this poem is not. The pursuit and loss of the lyrical protagonist are the artistic conception of "On the Water Side" created by him. Good poems can create artistic conception. Artistic conception is a pattern and a structure. It has the ability to include all heterogeneous things with similar patterns and similar structures. The structure of "On the Water Side" is: pursuer - river - Yiren. Because "Yiren" in the poem has no specific reference, and river water. The meaning lies in the barrier, so all the pursuits in the world that are difficult to achieve due to obstacles can have isomorphism and sympathy here.
From this point of view, we can. We might as well understand the poetic meaning of "Jian Jia" as a symbol, and regard "On the Water Side" as an artistic model that expresses all the difficult situations in social life. The "beautiful people" here can be talents and friends. , lover, can be achievements, ideals, future, or even a blessed land, holy land, fairyland; the "river" here can be mountains, deep chasms, patriarchal laws, ethics, or things that may be encountered in real life. Any other obstacles, as long as there are pursuits, obstacles, and losses, are its manifestations. In this way, the ancients interpreted Jianjia as advising people to follow Zhou etiquette, recruiting talents, and cherishing people. Love poems, and some people even regard them as the water god ancestor worship ceremony of ancient people, I am afraid there is a certain truth, it seems inappropriate to stick to one and reject the others, because they are all included in the symbolic meaning of "on the side of the water" .
Naturally, when we are in a situation similar to "On the Water Side", what we should appreciate is its determined pursuit, not its pessimism and disappointment.
The poem uses images of water, reeds, frost, and dew to create a hazy, fresh and mysterious mood. The morning mist envelopes everything, and the crystal dew has condensed into frost. A shy girl walks slowly through the poem. The image of middle water represents women and reflects their beauty, while the thin mist is like a veil covering a girl. She appeared at the water's edge for a while, and then appeared on the Water Continent for a while. I couldn't find it, and my anxious and helpless mood was as itchy as crawling ants, and as painful as a knife twisting. As we often say, "distance creates beauty", this beauty becomes hazy, fuzzy, and unclear due to distance. The identity, face, and spatial location of the protagonist and the lover are all vague, giving people a sense of seeing flowers in the fog, looming, and hazy. Jianjia, white dew, Yiren and autumn water are becoming more and more elusive, forming a hazy and elegant watercolor painting. The beginning of each chapter of the poem adopts a style of writing inspired by the poem. Through the description and admiration of the real scene in front of you, the painting creates an ethereal artistic conception that envelopes the entire article. The poet grasped the unique characteristics of autumn colors, and did not hesitate to use thick ink and heavy colors to repeatedly depict and exaggerate the lonely and sad atmosphere of late autumn, so as to express the poet's mood of feeling lost but passionately yearning for his friends. The first two sentences of each chapter of the poem are inspired by the autumn scene and lead to the main text.
It not only highlights the season and time, but also exaggerates the desolate atmosphere of the pale sky and white dew, heightens the melancholy mood of the characters, and achieves an artistic realm of blending emotions with scenery and blending scenes. The images of "Jianjia", "Water" and "Yiren" complement each other and are integrated into one. The things used as inspiration and the objects to be depicted form a complete artistic world. The beginning of the poem describes the scene of reeds growing by the water in autumn. This is exactly "supporting the image to clarify the meaning" and has the function of "arousing emotion". Because of the thick reeds and the reflection of the skylight and water, it will inevitably show a state of confusion, which from one aspect shows the state of "hazy love" in the heart of the protagonist of the poem. Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Poetry Talk" said: "Scenery is related to feelings, and it is related to feelings. Although scenes can be divided into hearts and objects. And scenery produces feelings, feelings produce scenery, the touch of sorrow and joy, the welcome of prosperity and languor, mutual exchange. "Hide his house", the poem "Jianjia" combines the unique scenery of late autumn with the characters' euphemistic and melancholy lovesickness feelings, thus exaggerating the atmosphere of the whole poem and creating a confusing and blended artistic conception, which is exactly what " All scenery words are love words”. In short, the rich beauty of the poem "Jian Jia" deserves our attention and serious discussion, whether from the perspective of appreciation or creation.