"Feeling" in Dunhuang Ancient Temple 】 Buddhism and Zen in Dunhuang Temple
Felt, according to the Chinese dictionary, is a flaky material that wool or other animal hair shrinks under the action of moisture, heat and pressure. It has good resilience, shock absorption, heat preservation and other properties. Can be used as bedding and making cold-proof articles, shoes and hats, etc. "Li Zhoutian Zhang Guan Pi": "* * * Its fur is a feeling of state affairs." Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Qi Yaomin Sparse Sheep": "Where you make a blanket, you don't have to be thick, but those who are tight and thin are good ears." Song Biography of Liang Shujiang: "(Xie Tiao) saw the disadvantages of leather, but he was tireless in learning and sighed for a long time. He took off his book and cut off half felt leather to make up the bedding." One of Wang Song Yucheng's "Seeing Li Shixue in Luzhou": "The mountain city is cold and indifferent except poverty." Ruan Yuan's Notes on Little Canglang in the Qing Dynasty (Volume 3): "Stripping all three sides, leaving Xiao Zhuan to travel to the west. Piluofu removes moss, spreads paper and sings felt. "
Felt, written as "felt" and "bang" in Dunhuang literature, refers to something made of animal hair such as wool and pressed into thick woolen cloth or blanket, which is mostly square and long, that is, "felt", which is a kind of sitting and lying. Things in the temple are similar to "mattresses" and are often used with "felt mats". Living in Dunhuang, the author has the opportunity to have a superficial understanding of Dunhuang documents and grottoes, but during the research process, no special articles or monographs have been found to have studied this issue. This paper discusses the types, manufacture, value, use and related problems of felt. Please criticize and correct the shortcomings.
I. Types of felt
Felt, in modern society, related words are: felt shirt, felt wall, felt shoes, felt socks foot-binding boots, felt quilt, felt towel, felt wool, felt wool, felt bag, felt socks, felt country, felt crown, felt strip, felt mat, felt snow, felt curtain and felt hut. Then, how many kinds of "felt" were there in ancient Dunhuang temples?
Felts and mattresses are bedding in temples and are permanent things. When calculating meetings, they are often classified into one category. P26 13 "calendar of permanent objects handed over by a temple in shazhou on the fourth day of the 14th month of the first month of Tang xiantong (873)" 1, with the following attached:
"In the fourteenth year of Xian Tong, on the fourth day of the first month, the disciples were enshrined in the temple. Before the delivery of the library, they all came to the hands of Shi Yijin and Fajin, and there lived funerals, umbrellas, utensils, lockers, carts, copper and iron, felt mattresses, clothes of kings, gold and silver utensils, and official silks and paper cloth.
It can be seen that the "felt mat" is a permanent thing. In Xian Tong for four years (863), the Dusi Computing Association in Buddhism independently handed over the felt mattress in the tube:
Xian Tong four years (863) Dunhuang Temple Cave Calculation Association (S,1947 VA);
"Datang Xian Tong four years, Dunhuang sixteen temples, three Zen caves, are monks in Hexi. It has been eleven years since monk Sikongwu unified the annual calculation to the ugly year. "
In May of Guiwei Year, it was recorded by the official, photographed and felted (S,1974 VB);
"On May 23rd, Guiwei Year, the official records were copied, and then the photos were made into blankets. The number is as follows: the new square mattress is very good and the brocade is also very good. Silk linen mattress, felt boy. After the carpet is cured, the brocade is wrapped (green). And the mattress of the holy monk, so. King mattress three. Therefore, the small pole is a mattress with white felt. Donghe water grinding wheel. You Liang Yi locked a blue and white felt collar. Three-collar and five-color floral felt. A broken heart. This is the first time. Seven feet [gross/] tall. The new nine-collar square felt. A new felt. Twenty-three blankets. A black white boy. A little fragrant mattress. So if you break the golden retriever, it will be green. So the five-color mattress is broken. One is in a monk. Du Xin said he would make one. And a bowl. God has five mouths. Clock bite. In addition to the mattress, there are 28 felt collars. "
As we know from the above, carpets include: carpet, white carpet, blue and white carpet, five-color pattern carpet, new sandwich carpet, lamp pole carpet, black carpet and so on. According to the shape, long stripes and square collars; There are white, black, blue, white and five-color flowers in color; From the degree of use, there are new, old and old; There are also points in texture, such as practice, clip, pole and so on. S, 5878 "Biological Calendar of the Year of the Child" The first line: "There are seven collars of wool felt in the Year of the Child, and there are two small ones inside, so the broken bone felt is twenty-one, and there are six small ones inside." Because there are no detailed materials and objects, the details of this "broken bone felt" are unknown. In the middle Tang Dynasty (Dunhuang Tubo period), shoes were made of felt. P3730 "Children's Calendar during the Tubo Occupation of Dunhuang": "The boy monk of Huaiji Zhai applied a certain amount of felt shoes, and eight fights were wonderful". P4624 "Deng Rongshi entered the cave on August 26th, the year of Qi Tang (853)": "A black square felt cassock", or this cassock is made of felt.
S, 1776 calendar for inspection of the delivery of permanent objects in temples in the 5th year of Tong Xian (958), after listing utensils, furniture, lockers and pottery. Special train "felt mattress":
"Felt mattress: two colors, one in the cupboard. New white carpet/five-collar. Five new strips of white felt. An old white felt with two collars. Therefore, the flower/felt is a collar. A mattress is in the cupboard. Wang put a mattress on it. /Lovely mattress. There are two black felt strips, the inside of which is in Beicang. Let a gentleman put on/get a collar with felt. Hua touched the collar. Zhang Shuo Li Fan mattress/single piece. Two wool felts were removed. Blue and white felt with two collars. White felt/strip. White felt collar. Cheng Shuo's pear white felt collar. Political/white carpet repair. It's as white as felt. Yin Jia is easy to enter/white felt a collar. Kang Yiying and Li Fendui are two people, and they get two white carpets each. "
Its basic situation is basically the same as that recorded in the Official Records of Zhao Ming Gai FeltNo. Yu Guiwei in May, 2000, but the difference is that the income of FeltNo. is not only invested, but also converted into debt.
Second, the production of felt
We haven't found any special records about the making of felt, but clues related to it can still be found. P2032 There are some records in the Pure Earth Temple Broken Calendar:
(Qianxu) is used by doctors and monks to fast with felt tires. (lines 383-384)
Two pieces of coarse flour, a barrel of wine and dyed felt tires were eaten. (lines 384-385)
Nine fights and five wins of coarse flour, three fights of millet flour and three wins of oil were eaten by monks such as Dr. Felt in four days. (lines 387-388)
Nine buckets of white flour, three wins and six wins of oil, two buckets of millet and one bucket of stone, lying on the wine, rolling up the felt, sitting at the table, seeing the township officials, being eaten by monks. (lines 388-389)
Five buckets of wheat and five buckets of millet are used to dye felt tires. (390 lines)
Dr. Lu Dougan and the monk ate noodles for three days. (line 707)
Three barrels of noodles are used by monks to roll blankets. (line 744)