What are the artistic features of Six Kingdoms?
During the Warring States Period, the Seven Chivalrous Men competed for hegemony. In order to monopolize the world, countries are constantly fighting with each other. In the end, the six countries were destroyed by Qin one by one and perished. There are many reasons for the demise of the six countries. The fundamental reason is that Qin established advanced relations of production through the thorough reform of Shang Yang's political reform, and its economy developed rapidly, and its military strength surpassed that of the six countries. At the same time, Qin's destruction of the six countries was in line with the general trend of historical development towards unity at that time and had its historical inevitability. This paper belongs to the theory of history, but it is not an analysis of history, nor does it talk about history on the basis of history. Instead, take history as a mirror, learn from the past, choose an angle, grasp a problem, hold on, establish your own arguments, demonstrate in depth, and clarify your views on real politics. Therefore, when analyzing this article, we should not look at whether it accurately and comprehensively evaluates historical facts, but should focus on its strong realistic pertinence. From the perspective of combining history with reality, and based on historical facts, this paper argues that the death of the Six Kingdoms is not conducive to Qin, criticizes the current disadvantages, and gets to the point, which shows the author's distinct and profound political views. At the end of the article, it skillfully connects with the reality of the Northern Song Dynasty and points out the main idea of the full text, which is profound and thought-provoking.
2. The argument is clear and the argument is rigorous.
This article is an argumentative essay, and its structure perfectly embodies the general methods and laws of argumentation, which is a model of ancient argumentative essays. At the beginning of the article, the argument that "the disadvantage of the collapse of the six countries lies in the bribery of Qin" was put forward. Then, based on historical facts, the two countries of "bribing Qin" and "not bribing Qin" are demonstrated from the front; Furthermore, it is further demonstrated by hypothesis that if Qin state is not accepted, the six countries will not perish, and it is demonstrated from the opposite side; Thus, it is concluded that "people who serve the country are plundered by the accumulation of power"; Finally, the topic is used to satirize the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty not to "destroy the six countries". The article focuses on the central argument, which is thorough and full, logical and impeccable. The full text has clear outline, clear context and rigorous structure. Sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph are not only closely related logically, but also coordinated from beginning to end, which reflect each other from ancient times to the present. This paper uses examples, quotations, assumptions, especially comparative argumentation methods. For example, the comparison between "bribers" and "non-bribers"; The land gains and losses of Qin and vassals are compared, including the gains of Qin's bribery and victory, and the losses of vassals' bribery and defeat. Frequency comparison between Guiqin and Sleeping A Night: Compare the Six Kingdoms with the Northern Song Dynasty. Through comparison, it strengthens the distinctiveness and profundity of the argument that "the disadvantage lies in bribery in Qin".
3. The language is vivid and full of momentum
In terms of language, this paper has the characteristics of accurate and concise words in general discussion and vivid language. In the debate, "I miss my grandfather ... and Qin Bing will come again" is interspersed among them, quoting the words of the ancients and vividly explaining the truth. The fear of "Qin people" is described as "food is not suitable for swallowing", which greatly enhances the expression effect of the article. The words in the article are full of the author's feelings. There are strong lamentations such as "alas" and "bereavement", and the author's emotions in the narrative and discussion, such as hatred of Qin's land seizure, appreciation of "not worshiping Qin", regret of "endless use of force" and regret and anger of those who have been robbed of their country by accumulated strength. Coupled with the use of rhetorical methods such as antithesis, comparison, metaphor, quotation and questioning, the article Bo Bian Zhao (Ouyang Xiu Yu) is not only rigorous in composition, but also changeable, flexible in inheritance, ups and downs, magnificent, eloquent and full of momentum.
Comment on Su Xun's Six Kingdoms
Su Xun's The Six Kingdoms does not belong to a free and rambling style of writing, but a book with a standardized writing structure, which embodies the characteristics of rigorous argumentation. Because the clues are clear and there are few changes, it is easy to understand the context and main ideological content of the article through step-by-step induction and summary.
Very studious in the structure of the article.
On the other hand, Su Xun's On the Six Kingdoms attributed the demise of the Six Kingdoms to "Gong Qin". Although the article gives people a sweeping feeling in argument and tone, it is obviously biased today. Because in essence, the six countries perished because they didn't think about reform and enterprising, and didn't adopt the strategy of enriching Qiang Bing, so they fell into a backward and beaten situation and were eliminated by history. Of course, there are also various specific reasons such as strategy and tactics (including "taking responsibility for Qin"). It is easy for human beings to fall into a misunderstanding that they have grasped the whole thing just by seeing some facts from a certain angle. (Excerpted from Practical Writing, No.5, 2006, Facts Argumentation-Eloquence and Overriding)
Brief introduction of the author
Su Xun (A.D. 1009- 1066) was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe, they are called "Three Sus", and they are all included in the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". The word Ming Yun is called Lao Quan. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. It is said that I didn't study until I was 27. After studying hard behind closed doors for more than ten years, I have made great progress in my studies. In the first year of Injong Jiayou (1056), Su Shi and Su Zhe were introduced to Bianjing, and Ouyang Xiu, a bachelor of Hanlin, was called. Ouyang Xiu admired his works, such as Power, Balance and Tactics, and thought that they could be comparable to Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and scholars rushed to tell stories, and the literary name flourished. In the third year of Jiayou, Renzong called him to Scheeren Hospital to take the exam, but he refused to reply on the grounds of illness. In five years, Jia You was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school bookkeeper. Later, he and Yao Bi, the county magistrate of Xiangcheng (now Henan) in Chen Zhou, wrote the book Taichang Yin Ge Rites. Soon after writing, he died and was posthumously awarded as Guanglu Temple Cheng.
Su Xun is a man with political ambitions. He said that the main purpose of his composition is to "speak the important words of the moment" and "apply them to the present". In some important argumentative papers, such as Lun Heng and Shang Shu, he put forward a set of ideas of political innovation. He believes that to govern the country well, it is necessary to "assess the situation" and "set the situation." He advocated "respecting prestige", strengthened official management, broke the laziness, inspired the enterprising spirit of the world and revitalized the Song Dynasty. Because Su Xun has a good understanding of social reality, is good at summing up historical experience and lessons, and takes history as a mirror, although his political essays inevitably have some pedantic and biased views, many of his views are still to the point.
Ceng Gong said that Su Xun was "easy to talk and easy to fight". Su Xun's 65,438+00 books, Tactics, Counting the Enemy, Balance of Power, Secret Books of Shang Dynasty, Making Enemies and Book of Shang Emperor, all discuss military issues. In the famous Six Kingdoms, he believed that the downfall of the Six Kingdoms was to bribe the State of Qin. In fact, it is a mockery of the past and accuses the humiliating policy of the Song Dynasty. The investigation of the enemy further reveals that the essence of this policy of bribing the enemy is to cripple the people. The Military System puts forward the idea of reforming the military system, restoring military morality and credibility. The Bill of Rights systematically studies the strategic and tactical issues. In Ji Xiang, he pointed out the strategic mistake that Ji Xiang could not attack Xianyang. He also emphasized the strategic and tactical principles of avoiding reality, attacking the weak with strong force, making good use of surprise soldiers, suspecting soldiers, making a quick decision and winning by surprise.
Su Xun's lyric prose is not much, but there are also many wonderful chapters. In "Sending Stone to the North", he hoped that Shi, a friend of Qidan, would not be afraid of violence, write lightly and have momentum. The Portrait of Zhang Yizhou describes Zhang's deeds of governing Yizhou, and creates an image of a feudal official who is lenient and loves the people. The Story of the Wooden Rockery expresses feelings with things, praising a spirit of self-reliance and integrity.
Su Xun's prose has distinct arguments, strong arguments, sharp language and strong persuasiveness. Ouyang Xiu praised him for his "excellent eloquence", saying that "going up and down, rushing in and out, must be built deep and then stop" ("Epitaph of the Soviet Union in the Lord's Book of Wen 'an County, Bazhou"); Ceng Gong also commented on his articles "Pointing at things, saying things with an introduction" and "Worry must not be chaotic, the boss must not flow" ("Mourning for Su Mingyun"), both of which are more pertinent. The artistic style is magnificent and varied. Some articles are also good at twists and turns. In Shu Mi Shu, Su Xun also commented on his articles as "the poet's softness, the poet's simplicity, the softness of Meng Han, and the simplicity of Sun Wu". The language of his article is concise, concise and meaningful; But sometimes, he can be on a par with others, and he is especially good at making vivid and wonderful metaphors, such as "The Story of Brother Zhong Fu Ziwen", which uses geomantic omen as a metaphor and makes a natural description, which is an example.
Su Xun's paper is also full of penetrating insights. He opposes flashy and weird prose and advocates learning ancient prose; Emphasize that articles should be "sincerely convinced" and write "from the heart"; It is advocated that articles should be "made for things" and "words must be in the present". He also discussed different styles of * * * and different writing methods. He is especially good at evaluating the styles and artistic features of various essays from comparison. For example, the first book "The Connotation of Shang Ouyang" commented well on the articles of Mencius, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu.
Su Xun doesn't write many poems, but he is good at writing five ancient poems, which are simple and vigorous. Ye Mengde, a poet in the Song Dynasty, commented that his poems were "profound and tasteful, just like their prose" (Shi Lin Shi Hua). His two poems by Ouyang Yongshu, White Rabbit, Seeing the Mountain off, Yan Shu, Answering Two Covenants and Waiting for Wu, are excellent, but their overall achievements are far less than those of prose.
Su Xun's works were popular in various versions in the Song Dynasty, and most of them had been lost. Today, there is a remnant of the Collected Works of Lao Su in the Northern Song Dynasty. The popular books are four-part series, shadow and song dynasty notes, nail polish collection, volume 15. (Guo Yuheng)