Why is Qishan in the Three Kingdoms so important?

Qishan is the bridgehead of Zhuge Liang's capture of Longyou and an important area in the strategy of cutting Wei, so there are many names in the history books, such as "attacking Qishan", "encircling Qishan", "saving Qishan" and "leaving Qishan". In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong called Zhuge Liang's six wars of conquering Wei as "six expeditions to Qishan", which also showed the prominent position of Qishan in military strategy. However, the interpretation of Qishan in Historical Records is: either the southern part of the Western Han Dynasty or the northern part of the Western Han Dynasty; Or Qishan Castle, 50 miles east of Lixian County today. Now? The 987 edition of Annotations on the Revision of Huayang National Records notes Qishan: "The boundary between Gaitian and Wudu is the general name of the great watershed in the western Qinling Mountains", and the 1996 edition of chinese military history Memorabilia explains Qishan as "the mountain between the Weihe River in the southeast of Gangu and the Western Han River", but the same Qishan has such a different view. Here, according to historical records and unearthed cultural relics such as Notes on Water Classics, the author made textual research on Qishan's landscape and asked local scholars to correct it.

First, Qishan ground view

Look at Qishan again. The Water Mirror in Shui Yang is very well described, and it is also the earliest geography of Qishan in China. It was written by Li Daoyuan, a great geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, so it is the most authoritative. According to its records, the author found that Qishan was actually called a general reference and a specific reference.

Length, General Qishan. "North of Hanshui, Lianshan Xiuju, Luofeng Jingzhi, 70 miles west of Qishan is a mound ... Hanshui is in the south". The Notes on Water Classics also quoted Zhuge Liang's Table and said, "There are thousands of people from Qishan to Juxian County, and they are believed to be Yi Yin." So Qishan described here is a densely populated, vast and very rich place. Through on-the-spot investigation, the author found that Qishan actually refers to the wide water in the northeast and Beishan areas of Lixian County during the Western Han Dynasty. In the northwest of Qishan, there is the Mushuguan Ancient Road (now Li Si Highway) leading to Nan 'an (the county is in Wushan County) and Longxi County; There is a middle road connecting Jixian (now Gangu); The northeast is connected with Tai (now Qincheng District of Tianshui City); South and southwest can reach Hanzhong and Yin Ping. Since ancient times, Shu Long has been seized by the throat and controlled the offensive and defensive. General scope: it starts from Lucheng in the east (now Yan Guan Town, Li County), reaches Sijiaoping in the west (Songkashan in Dongli, Li County), Tiantai Mountain in the southwest of Xishi County (now Yuefeijiazhuang in Honghe Township, Li County), and reaches the northern section of Sijiaoshan in the northwest (now the junction of Yongping, Gucheng and Yacheng townships in Li County), with a total length of more than 60 miles.

2. Specific Qishan. "Yang Shuijing Water Note" says: "Seventy miles west of Qishan is a burial valley ... Hanshui reaches its south". Another cloud salt official: "Shuibei (referring to the West Han River flowing from east to west) has a salt official in the north, 50 miles west of Ezhu. The same cooking source tastes like sea salt. " Because Tuqiu Mountain (now Qishou Mountain in Qincheng District of Tianshui City) is in the same water system and the same route as Yan Guan and Qishan. Yan Guan, who was imprisoned in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was a native of Lucheng in the Three Kingdoms period. It was called Yan Guan in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Yanjing City in the Tang Dynasty. Now it is called Yan Guan, and its address and place name have not changed. Therefore, it can be inferred that Qishan was in the northern part of the Western Han Dynasty, that is, 20 miles west of Yan Guan. This position coincides with Qishan Village, 50 miles east of Lixian County. Qishan village, called Qishan in ancient times, is the seat of Qishan township government in Lixian county. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in order to commemorate Zhuge Liang's "Six Outings from Qishan", a large-scale temple of Wuhou in Qishan was built on the top of Qishan Fort in Nanchuan Village, which became a famous cultural tourist attraction in Longyou today. According to the topography around Wuhou Temple, the relics of bronze iron shovel unearthed in front of Qishan Fort, the legend map of the Three Kingdoms and a large number of relics of ancient battlefields such as bronze iron shovel and bronze sword in Qishan Village, this paper proves that Qishan Fort, 50 miles east of Lixian County, undoubtedly refers to Qishan.

When I visited Qishan, I found that Tiantai Mountain and Yujia Mountain in the northeast of Qishan were winding, with high mountains and dangerous slopes, and stretched westward for 10 Li. After describing Qishan, Zhu once quoted the "Mountain Opening Map" and said: "There is Qishan in the southwest of Hanyang, with a winding path leading to a secluded place. This landform is consistent with Qishan in the southwest of Hanyang (Hanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, located in the east of Gangu County) referred to in the mountain opening map. Therefore, the Qishan referred to in the "Mountain Opening Map" actually refers to the northern part of Qishan.

Second, the old base areas of Qishan Army and Zhuge Liang.

Qishan Army and Zhuge Liang's base camp are two specific place names related to Qishan. Some researchers confuse Qishan Army, Qishan Fort and Zhuge Liang's stronghold, so it is necessary to make textual research here.

1. Qishan Army. Zhu Yang, a water mirror, described Zuogu water (now Heiyinggou water in Qiaochuan Township, Lixian County) on the south bank of Hanshui River to the west of Yan Guan, and said: "Gao Lan water in the southwest, Wujiao Valley in the northwest, Qishan Army in the southeast and Hanshui River in the southeast. Hanshui River is in the southwest of Qishan Army and in the south of Qishan Army ... ". To find out the position of Qishan Army, we must first find out the position of "Gao Lan Water" and "Pentagon Valley". After investigation, the author found that "Gao Lan Water" is the water of Wusong River and Zhoujiahe Valley in the southeast of Mahe Township in the northern part of the Western Han Dynasty. Because the water flows in the same direction as the river and oat ditch water (now the water in Guohe and Liujiagou is called Maochuan water), the water in Huashigou in the northeast flows to Honghe Township, the water in Magou in the southwest flows to Yongping Township, and the water sources in the five valleys meet in the north of the mountain, so it is named "Wujiaogu". So today's Qishan Fort East 12 Huali is located in Wusong River in the north of the Western Han Dynasty, southwest of Zhoujiagu (now Wangcheng Village, Yan Guan Town), and the "Qishan Army" is here. Qishan Junxi is located in L Huali, northeast of Qishan Fort. Zhuge Liang refers to a platform, which is the ruins of Taiwan Province and Beishan. From Dianjiangtai to Qishan Army, there were nine granary-shaped tall domes with umbrella-shaped tops and polished with white ash. 1958 was dug up by local villagers, and now there are two vaguely debatable. According to legend, Qishan Jiuzhai, which was set up for Zhuge Liang to confuse Sima Yi, is also called granary pile and noodle mountain.