What are the ancient books about Zhu?

Open classification: books, ancient times, rivers, notes, monographs.

A strange book that the universe has never seen before.

Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Mirror in the 6th century A.D. is China's first comprehensive geographical work, which mainly records the river system. It has had a far-reaching impact on the long-term historical development of China. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars have made in-depth and meticulous research on it from various aspects, forming a comprehensive "Sydney".

Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was born in Xiaoting, Zhuozhou, Northern Wei Dynasty (now south of Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). There are different opinions about his date of birth, and it is still difficult to determine. Historical records only record that he was killed in Yinpan Post Office (now East Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) in the third year of Xiaochang (527). He was born in an official family. As a teenager, he lived in Shandong with his father. He loves traveling and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, and cultivated his interest in "visiting blasphemies to find canals". As an adult, he inherited his father's title and was named Yongningbo. He has served as Qiu, a Tang dynasty envoy, chief minister of Jizhou Town East House, satrap of Yingchuan, satrap of Luyang, secretariat of East Jingzhou, Yinan of Henan, assistant minister of Huangmen, assistant middle school, minister of history, etc. Taking advantage of his position, he traveled all over the vast areas of the Huanghuai River Basin in the north, covering Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces. Wherever I went, I paid attention to the waterway situation, traced back to the source, visited places of interest and historic interest, and collected information extensively in field investigation to make up for the lack of literature, thus completing the unparalleled geographical masterpiece "Notes on Water Classics". Li Daoyuan was a studious child since he was a child. He read strange books. In addition to Shui Jing Zhu, he also wrote Local Records 13 and Seven Covenants, but they were all lost, and only Shui Jing Zhu circulated.

China's ancient monograph on rivers is called Water Mirror, and its authors have always had different opinions. It is said that it was written by Pu Xue of the State of Jin, that it was written by Sangqin in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and that it was written by Sangqin by Guo Pu. Chen Qiaoyi, a contemporary philosopher, thinks that even though Han wrote Water Mirror and has annotations on the Book of the State of Jin, both annotations and annotations have been lost. Li Daoyuan notes that this version of Water Mirror is another version, and the author is an anonymous person. There are different opinions about its publication date. All thought it was the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Dai Zhen thought it was the Three Kingdoms.

The water mirror annotation is named after the water mirror annotation.

Why did Li Daoyuan annotate the water mirror? In his preface, he wrote: First of all, the ancient geography book Shan Hai Jing is too miscellaneous. Yugong and Li Zhouzhifang only have an outline, and the description of Chinese geography is not fully prepared, and some of them are limited to genres. Although the water mirror is dedicated to rivers and has a systematic plan, it does not record the geographical situation outside the waterway. He traveled all over the country and saw many things. In order to pass on this rich geographical knowledge to future generations, he chose water mirror as the key link to describe the national geographical situation. As Wang Xianqian said, the purpose of Li Daoyuan's water injection mirror is to "prove the land with water, that is, to preserve the right" (Preface to Wang Xianqian Joint School). Secondly, he realized that geographical phenomena were constantly changing, and the situation in ancient times was very slim. Later, the migration of tribes, the rise and fall of cities, the change of rivers and the alternation of names were all very complicated, so he decided to describe the changing geographical situation with waterways as the key link. More importantly, he is in an era of political division. He yearns for the reunification of the motherland and focuses on the vast motherland that Gong Yu described in history. Taking the natural factors of the whole country as the key link, he can break the restrictions of artificial political boundaries at that time, thus fully embodying his determination to reunify the motherland. This shows that Li Daoyuan is a patriot, and his Water Mirror Notes is a patriotic work.

Notes on the Water Mirror takes the waterway recorded by the water mirror as the key link. According to the notes in the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, there are 137 waterways in the water mirror, and the tributaries in the water mirror note are added to 1252. Today, Zhao Yongfu counted the water bodies in the book, including lakes, lakes, ponds, springs, canals, ponds and ancient blasphemies, and recorded 2,596 places, twice as many as the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty.

Notes total 300,000 words. The geographical scope involved, in addition to basically taking the territory of the Western Han Dynasty as the writing object, also involved many foreign regions at that time, including India, Indo-China Peninsula and parts of the Korean Peninsula, covering an unprecedented area.

The time range of the record is from the pre-Qin period to the contemporary Southern and Northern Dynasties, which lasted about 2000 years. It contains a wide range of geographical contents, including natural geography, human geography, mountains and rivers, historical evolution, customs and habits, character stories, fairy tales and so on. It's really an encyclopedia of geography in China in the 6th century. What is commendable is that such rich and colorful content is not a simple list of phenomena, but a systematic and comprehensive account. Professor Hou Renzhi summed it up most aptly: "He endowed geographical description with the depth of time and many historical events with the realism of concrete space." (Introduction to Selected Works of Water Mirror)

Notes on Water Mirror is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, covering all aspects of natural geography and human geography. In terms of physical geography, there are more than 1000 rivers, including the main stream, tributaries, valley width, bed depth, seasonal variation of water quantity and water level, sediment concentration, ice age and undercurrent, waterfalls, rapids, beaches and lakes along the river, etc., which are widely collected and recorded in detail. There are more than 500 lakes and swamps, nearly 300 springs, wells and other groundwater, more than 30 undercurrents and more than 60 waterfalls. Various landforms are recorded in highlands, such as mountains, mountains, peaks, mountains, Sakamoto, hills, hills, obstacles, peaks, rocky mountains and plains, and in lowlands, such as Sichuan, Wild, Lying Wild, Pingchuan, Plain and Yuan Qi. There are nearly 2000 mountain hills, karst and other place names.

In terms of human geography, the records of some administrative divisions can often supplement the shortcomings of official geographical records. There are * * * 2,800 county-level cities and other cities, 180 ancient capitals. In addition, settlements smaller than cities include 10, including towns, towns, pavilions, towns, villages, markets, garrisons, docks, castles, etc., about 1000. These cities include some foreign cities, such as Polonaise City, Bahrain City, Wangshe New City, and Zhanpo Country City. And important military areas in Linyi, such as Sucheng and Guodu Electric Chongcheng, are recorded in detail. Traffic geography includes water transportation and land transportation, in which there are about 100 bridges and nearly 100 ferries. There are a lot of information about farmland water conservancy in Economic Geography, and the names of farmland water conservancy projects recorded are Poyang Lake, Dike, Pond, Weir, Yi, Li *, Tuo, Shuimen, etc. There are also a lot of data on land reclamation and farming system. Handicraft production includes mining, metallurgy, machinery, textiles, coins, food and so on. The recorded minerals include metallic minerals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and mercury, nonmetallic minerals such as realgar, sulfur, salt, graphite, mica, timely, jade and stone, and energy minerals such as coal, oil and natural gas. In addition, there are military geography, population geography, ethnic geography and other information.

In addition to rich geographical content, there are many subject matter materials. For example, there are about 20,000 place names recorded in the book, of which more than 2,400 are explained. There are more than 30 ancient pagodas, 20 palaces 120, 260 tombs, 26 temples and many gardens at home and abroad. It can be seen that the book has certain reference value to history, archaeology, toponymy, water conservancy history, ethnology, religion, art and so on. These contents are not only amazing in quantity, but more importantly, the author uses literary and artistic techniques to describe them vividly, so it is still a classic of China classical literature and occupies a certain position in the history of literature. It is a collection of landscape prose, a collection of myths and legends, a guide map of scenic spots and historical sites, and an interview record of local conditions and customs in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Water Mirror Notes" is also excellent in language use. As far as waterfalls are concerned, the words it uses are: long, flood, suspended current, suspended water, suspended waves, suspended springs, suspended streams, suspended waves, ebbing waves, flying clear and so on. It's endless. Therefore, we say that Zhu is not only a scientific masterpiece, but also a literary and artistic treasure.

The value of such rich content is self-evident. As far as historical geography is concerned, it plays an endless role. Professor Hou Renzhi used it to repair ancient water conservancy projects in Beijing suburbs and studied the historical changes of Mu Us Desert. We can use it to study ancient waterway changes, lake annihilation, groundwater development, coastal changes, urban planning, climate change in historical periods and many other topics.

Zhu Dui's profound influence is inseparable from Li Daoyuan's serious attitude towards scholarship. In order to write this book, he collected a large number of documents, quoted 437 books, sorted out about 350 kinds of Han and Wei inscriptions, and collected many folk songs, proverbs, dialects, legends and stories. , and carefully analyzed and studied all the materials obtained, personally visited historical sites, traced back to the source, and adopted a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts. This book is actually a summary of the ancient geography of China before the Northern Wei Dynasty. Many valuable materials in the book have long been lost, and many people can edit or revise some ancient books from them.

Of course, limited by the times and conditions at that time, such a great masterpiece inevitably has many mistakes. In Tongdian, Du You in Tang Dynasty clearly pointed out his "misunderstanding" about the source of the Yellow River. In addition, because it is impossible for him to conduct field investigations in remote areas and the south, there are many mistakes in this regard. Quotations in some places are not credible and so on. But these do not damage the value of the book.

The original "Water Mirror Zhu" has 40 volumes, and the early Song Dynasty lost 5 volumes. Later generations revised the remaining 35 volumes to 40 volumes. Due to repeated copying, the mistakes are very serious, and some chapters are even difficult to read. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many scholars did a lot of research work on Zhu, and some of them corrected more than 500 errors and basically restored the original appearance. Some of them have done a lot of compilation work, and more have done collation and annotation. Yang Shoujing, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, and his disciple Xiong Zhongsheng wrote Notes on Water Classics all their lives, compiling Notes on Water Classics, comparing ancient and modern times, and overprinting them. Recently, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House published Shuijing Annotation, which was proofread by Duan Xizhong and proofread by Chen Qiaoyi, providing convenience for the future research and utilization of Shuijing Annotation.

Dai Zhen's collating of Notes on Shui Jing shows the depth of kung fu by deleting more than one word, correcting more than 3,000 mistakes and filling more than 2,000 places, just as Duan Yucai said: "All the old religions, sounds, calculations, astronomy, geography, systems, things, people's good and evil, and Yin and Yang, gasification, morality and life.

-Complete Works of Dai Zhen

Classic fragment

Shui Jing Zhu Jiang shui

The river is in the east, which is the first of the Three Gorges. There are Qutang and Huang Kan Ertan in the canyon. Its gorge covers the Tongjiang River since the past, and Guo Jingchun's so-called Badong Gorge is similar to Xia Hou's.

The river flows eastward to Wuxia, and Du Yu cuts through the river. The river flows eastward through the canyon and the new beach collapses. In the meantime, it was 160 miles long and was named Wuxia, hence the name Gaiyin Mountain.

The Three Gorges, 700 Li, is surrounded by mountains on both sides, and there is no gap. Rocks piled up, blocking the sunshine in the sky, and there was no sunrise since midnight. As for Xiashui Xiangling, is it blocked along the back, or the king ordered an emergency announcement. Sometimes it is sent to Bai Di, and it goes to Jiangling at dusk, during which it takes 1,200 miles, although it is not a disease. In spring and summer, the green pool is surging and the reflection is clear. Many cypresses, hanging springs and waterfalls, fly in it. Rong Qing Junmao, it's fun. At the beginning of every sunny day, the frost shines, the forest is cold and sad, and there are often high apes whistling, which leads to sadness, the empty valley echoes, and the sadness turns to leisurely. So the fisherman sang: "The Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges in Badong is long, and the apes cry three times!"

The river is in the east, and it flows directly to the beach. Its water is steep and fast, neither fish nor tortoise can swim, and walkers often suffer. Its song says, "Bai Bojian on the beach can't get along, and it's gone forever." Yuan said, "Shu has been here for more than five thousand miles; Five days in the water and a hundred days in the water. "

The river flows eastward to the north of Yichang County, and the county governs the south bank of the river. The river goes east, reaches Wolf Tail Beach, but crosses the beach. The river flows eastward, and there is a beach called Huangniutan at the foot of Huangniushan. The river flows eastward to Xiling Gorge. Yiduji said: "From Huangniutan to the east, it enters the Xiling boundary and reaches the gorge for hundreds of miles. The mountains and rivers are winding, the mountains on both sides of the strait are heavily blocked, the sun and the moon are not seen at midnight, the cliffs or thousands of feet are colorful, and there are many kinds of descriptions. The trees are tall and lush, slightly in winter and spring. Apes are singing until they are clear, and the valley is ringing. " The so-called Three Gorges is one of them. The mountain road said, "As the saying goes, there is a water disease in the gorge, and both the secretary and the mouth know each other and fear each other. Never called the beauty of mountains and rivers. When I came to practice this situation, I was glad to begin to believe that what I heard was not as good as what I saw with my own eyes. Its overlapping peaks present strange shapes, which are difficult to describe. The trees are bleak, only towering, which is on the surface of Xia Qi. Look up, look down, learn from each other's strengths, linger in the house, never forget. I have never read my resume. Since I am glad of this wonder and the mountains and rivers have spirits, I should be a friend for ever. "

Brief introduction of the author

Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527), who lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in an official family in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province, and loved sightseeing as a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.

In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney".

Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was an ancient geographer and essayist in China. Attack Yongning Hou first, and the case will be reduced to Bo. Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, wrote a decree in Daoyuan, and cited it as a book to help the suggestion. Biaoyou is played as a servant, and Daoyuan is relieved of his official position. Jingmingzhong is a Jizhou town with a long history. The secretariat is very strong and obedient to the queen's father. The west is Guanzhong, and it has not yet reached the state. Daoyuan acted for three years. The government is harsh, officials are afraid, and traitors flee to other places. After trying to defend Luyang County, Daoyuan issued a statement advocating persuasion. Zhao said: "Luyang was originally a barbarian, and there was no college student. Listen to it now, so as to be a good man and keep Wen Weng. " Daoyuan is in the county seat, and the mountain is quite famous. I dare not be a coach. Yan Changzhong, as the secretariat of East Jingzhou, was a powerful politician, as in Jizhou. The barbarian told me that he had invited Kouzuli, the former secretariat. And sent Daoyuan back to Beijing with 70 garrison soldiers, and the two were relieved of their duties.

After that, He Nanyin. Ming Di changed the towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Bo Gu, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi into states, and its county, county and garrison were named as ancient cities. Zhao Daoyuan holds the festival and serves as assistant minister of Huangmen. Chiyi and Li Chong, the viceroy, should set up a position and cut their future. Towns will rebel, but they will return in vain.

At the beginning of Xiaochang, Liang sent generals to attack Yangzhou, and Yuan Mu rebelled in Pengcheng. Zhao Daoyuan kept the festival, served as a servant, took photos of Taiwan officials, saved the armies, and shot Li Ping's story according to the servant. Liang Jun went to Yang Guo, but failed. There are many gains from the recovery of Daoyuan.

After the suggestion, lieutenant. Tao Element is called Meng Yan, and Quan Hao is afraid of it. But it can't be corrected, and its reputation is even worse. Alice and Ruyue have a good relationship and often sleep together. And the election of state officials is mostly because of reading. I often sleep in seclusion and return to my home. Daoyuan came to see me secretly, took my thoughts and sent me to prison. Queen Yue Qiling, please read your mind and forgive me. Daoyuan did his best because he was satisfied with it.

At that time, the secretariat of Yongzhou was slightly exposed, and the assistant minister and Chengyang Wang was jealous of Daoyuan, and was sent as a close friend ambassador on the grounds of satirizing the court. Bao was worried about Daoyuan's self-interest and sent a physician to surround Daoyuan at the Yinpan Post Station. The pavilion is on the mountain and often eats wells under the mountain. Now we are surrounded. Without water, we can't cross the well more than ten feet. The water bent as hard as it could, and the thief climbed over the wall and went in. Daoyuan and his brother Daoque were both killed. Knife scolds thieves, sharp death. Baoyu sent his father and son to Chang 'an East. Things were peaceful, and the funeral was also given to Shangshu of the official department, the secretariat of Jizhou and the Duke of Anding County.

Daoyuan was eager to learn and read strange books, and wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, with 0/3 articles in this journal/kloc. It is also a "seven hires", and all articles are in the world. However, brothers don't get along and are too jealous.