Dong Culture Fortune Telling _ Dong Zhihu
Traditional culture and art of Dong nationality
Dong folk song art
Dong nationality is a member of China's ethnic minorities, and it is said that it is the descendant of the Guyue people, with a history of more than 2,500 years. Mainly living in China's Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and other provinces, the existing population of more than 2.6 million, mainly engaged in agricultural and forestry production. Liping County, Guizhou Province is the most populous county of Dong nationality in China, with a population of 350,000. The place where Dong people live is not only beautiful in scenery and simple in folk customs, but also a very creative nation. A folk proverb says: "There are three treasures in Dong culture: Drum Tower, Big Song and Flower Bridge." Among them, Daqu is intangible folk music, which can only be captured and appreciated with ears and hearts.
Because Dong people didn't have their own characters before, many excellent cultural traditions, living customs and social etiquette were passed down from generation to generation through beautiful songs. "Han people have words to spread books, and Dong people have no words to spread songs; Ancestors sing to their fathers and fathers sing to their children and grandchildren "is a true portrayal of Dong people's national life.". ".For a long time, the world music community thought that there were not many harmony arts in China, and polyphony music only existed in the West. In 1950s, Dong folk songs were accidentally discovered by famous musicians in China. During the period of 1986, Guizhou Songdong Chorus performed in China, which caused a sensation, and the music circle marveled that this was a major discovery in the history of French music, thus reversing the international view that there was no polyphonic music in China. Dong folk songs are commonly called "Ga Lao" in Dong language. "Ga" is a song, and "Lao" has a grand and ancient meaning. It is a kind of "superior" music, which must be sung by more than three people. Multi-voice, no conductor and no accompaniment are its main characteristics. Simulating the sounds of nature, such as birdsong, mountains and running water, is a major feature of the creation of big songs and a natural source of big songs. Its main content is to praise the friendship between nature, labor, love and human beings, which is a kind of harmony between man and nature and between people. Therefore, in Dong villages where big songs are popular, there are few acts such as fighting, swearing and stealing. People even "don't close their doors at night and don't pick up the road", just like Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden.
Dong people's big song "All Low and All High" and polyphonic multi-voice chorus are rare in Chinese and foreign folk music. The structure of Daqu is generally composed of fruit (group), piece (head), monk (segment) and angle (sentence). The occasion of singing big songs is more particular. In addition to the usual training, big songs can only be sung in the Drum Tower, a landmark building in Dong villages, on major festivals, in collective exchanges or when receiving distinguished guests from afar. Therefore, Dong folk songs are also called "Drum Tower Songs". Dong folk songs can be divided into four categories: vocal music (called "Gasuo" in Dong language), gentle songs (called "Gama" in Dong language), ethical songs (called "Gaxiang" in Dong language) and narrative songs (called "Gaji" in Dong language), among which vocal music is the most essential part, and the titles of sounds are often named after insects, birds and animals or seasons. 1986 10, Josephine, Executive Chairman of Golden Autumn Art Festival in Paris, France? After listening to the Dong people's big songs, Margowitz said excitedly, "It is rare in the world that a minority with a population of just over one million in eastern Asia can create and preserve such an ancient, pure and shining folk chorus art."
Dong people regard songs as treasures and think that songs are knowledge and culture. Whoever has many songs is a knowledgeable person. In the Dong area, singers are recognized by the society as the most knowledgeable and reasonable people, so they are deeply respected by the Dong people. As the most important part of Dong songs, Dong songs are closely related to the customs, habits, personality, psychology and living environment of Dong people, which is a true record of Dong history and a direct expression of Dong culture.
Note: Polyphony music refers to multi-part music composed of several melodic parts in motion according to counterpoint, as opposed to main melody music. The parts that make up polyphonic music are not divided into two parts, but they contrast or complement each other. The creative techniques are mainly counterpoint and imitation.
Dong people's sense of language and writing art
Dong people have their own language, belonging to the Dong Shui branch of Zhuang Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is divided into two dialects: South and North. Southern and northern dialects are divided into three dialect areas. Dong language, represented by Rongjiang dialect in Guizhou, is the standard pronunciation of Dong language. There are 32 initials, 56 finals, 9 tones and 6 tones. Dong language is a "musical language" with many tones and rich vocabulary.
In the past, the Dong people had no written language suitable for their own language. 1958 according to the principle of voluntariness, the state helps the Dong people to create characters. Dong language, in the form of Latin letters, is popular with people. The emergence of Dong language indicates that Dong culture has entered a new stage. The implementation of Dong language has played a positive role in promoting the development of Dong culture. Although Dong language has experienced a tortuous road since its emergence and implementation, practice has proved that it has played a multiplier role in preserving, inheriting and carrying forward the excellent traditional culture of Dong people, learning Chinese and absorbing advanced national science and culture.
Dong people's art and folk art
Dong folk handicrafts include embroidery, weaving, painting, carving, paper cutting and paper carving. Most of them are practical, beautiful and distinctive. Embroidery is a skill that Dong women are good at. They embroidered various patterns on their clothes, which were vivid and colorful.
Dong brocade is a handicraft of Dong people. Generally, Dong people have brocade tools called steep machines. The lines of the brocade pattern are all straight lines, such as herringbone, cross, mouth, zigzag, meter and ten thousand. After careful planning by brocade girl, these patterns are composed of simple and bright pictures. The content of the picture is mainly based on common things of mountain people. Such as depicting animals, plants, utensils, etc. Several large Dong Brocades were also made according to ancient fairy tales. Nowadays, the varieties of Dong brocade have also developed from lace, cuffs, belts and headscarves to the decoration of furniture or daily necessities such as mats, tablecloths and bags.
Dong embroidery culture and art
Brief introduction of Dong embroidery
Dong embroidery is the product of farming culture. Qiandongnan is a difficult place to reach, full of mystery. The Dong people have lived here for generations and created a splendid culture. Whether it is the material wind and rain bridge, the diaojiao building, the ancient well and the ancient post road, or the intangible Dong opera, Dong song and Dong embroidery, they all have fatal attraction. Especially Dong embroidery, simple and natural, with bright colors.
Dong embroidery is an ornamental and practical craft form. Embroidery not only has exquisite patterns, but also has high decorative value. Its repeated embroidery process can also increase the durability of clothes. (Moon Network www.nongli.com)
There are some unique accessories on Dong embroidery. For example, the accessories used by Miao people include thick gold paper, copper sheets and glass weights. Most of these appendages are round, but also square and triangular. Embroidery on the pattern can fill the space and form lines, and can also use its color to increase the luster of clothing. When the girls put on these clothes and turn over and dance in the festival, people can see the glory of the clothes from a distance.
The origin of Dong embroidery
Dong embroidery is embroidered by Dong people on Dong cloth, and its style is natural, simple and generous. The fine product of Dong embroidery is Northern Dong embroidery, which is only circulated among northern Dong ethnic groups such as Qiu Ping, Yin Shi and Huangmen in Jinping County. It is said that the piping embroidery of spools is all hand-made, and it often takes a year to make a complete piping embroidery after dozens of processes, such as modeling, kneading, pasting, clamping, veneering, hemming and embroidery.
Since ancient times, people here have worn distinctive clothes, especially Dong women. They wear self-woven white headscarves on their heads, double-breasted floral dresses on their upper bodies, and wide lace on both cuffs. Clothes, feet and forks are all equipped with shoelaces, which are stacked layer by layer, and chest pockets are equipped on the chest. Because their parts are the best places to show their skills, there are many kinds of them, some embroidered with Ssangyong for treasure, some embroidered with money gourd, some embroidered with peony for wealth, and some embroidered with complacency. There are many Dong embroidery artworks here, including headscarves, baby suspenders, women's chest bags, the cloth flower shoes, insoles, tobacco bags and satchels.
Dong embroidery is the intangible cultural heritage of Guangxi, the inheritance of Dong culture, and an important branch of the excellent cultural heritage of China ethnic minorities. It not only shows the ingenuity of Dong women, but also shows the exquisite skills of China traditional arts and crafts, which is an organic part of China traditional culture.
Dong traditional opera culture
Dong Opera is one of the folk operas in China, and it is an art form created and loved by the Dong people in their long-term labor life. It has a unique national style and is popular in Dong villages in Liping, Congjiang and Rongjiang of Guizhou Province, Tongdao of Hunan Province, Sanjiang and Longsheng of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
Dong Opera has a long history. It has experienced the collective creation, collective communication and continuous processing and transformation of the people. It is simple but not monotonous, lyrical but not vulgar. Ethnic and folk characteristics are distinct and the mass base is deep, which is still developing. Its content is rich and colorful, its form is fresh and lively, and it has a strong local flavor. Academically, it is a promising folk drama.
The main repertoire of Dong Opera
There are many Dong operas with wide sources. Pipa music, folk stories and Han stories, which are widely circulated by Dong people, are all materials for adapting Dong opera. Han opera is often adapted and transplanted into Dong opera. The repertoires adapted from Dong folk stories include Zhulang Niangnie, Liu Mei, Jin Jun, Niangnie and so on. Dramas adapted from stories of the Han nationality include Chen Shimei and Marriage in butterfly lovers. Historical story plays include King Wu Mian and Li Wandang. The repertoires transplanted from Han dramas include Life and Death Card, Fifteen Levels, White-haired Girl and so on. His modern plays include Reunion, Twenty Days, Pumpkin, Yang Wa and Good Grandson. The plots of these dramas are basically the same as other dramas, but the basic structure and format are written according to the characteristics of Dong opera. The original words of Dong drama are vivid, the rhythm is rigorous, and the rhyme of ending, waist and string is emphasized. A play is also a long narrative poem. Compared with other operas, Dong Opera is unique in this respect.
Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Dong Opera Association was established.
Dong Opera Association of Tongdao Dong Autonomous County was established on 20 13 10 3 1 with the strong support of relevant departments after long-term planning and careful preparation. Tongdao County is an important birthplace of Dong culture, and it is also one of the most authentic and complete areas of Dong cultural heritage preservation in China, with rich cultural heritage resources. The county party committee and government have always attached great importance to the protection of cultural heritage and the promotion of excellent traditional culture, and have done a lot of work with remarkable results. The establishment of Dong Opera Association is an important, good and happy event in the process of protection, research, inheritance and innovation of Dong Opera. Its establishment will certainly play a positive role in promoting the protection, inheritance and research innovation of Dong Opera, and will have a positive impact on the promotion, publicity and promotion of Dong culture, which has far-reaching practical and working significance.
According to incomplete statistics, at present, the repertoire of Dong Opera has developed to a lot. Its spreading power and influence spread all over the Dong nationality areas such as Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Hubei, and it was very active among the people. Maogong and even the whole Dong area have formed a strong atmosphere of "children learn to play, young people sing and old people watch", which has attracted the attention of relevant experts and scholars at home and abroad.