Complete works of extracurricular common sense knowledge in senior one.
Meteorological knowledge 1 level 1. Know little about meteorology
1) Look at the proverb 1, the morning clouds disperse and the dog dies at noon. 2. Be afraid of the south cloud early and the north cloud late. Clouds will rise from the southeast, but the rain will not last. At sunrise, the red clouds will rise, so it is recommended not to go far away. When the red clouds rise at sunset, it will be sunny. 5. Dark clouds will be high and there will be rain tomorrow; Dark clouds are low after sunset, and it rains at night. 6. Oolong hits the dam, and it rains if it is not cloudy. 7. The clouds are in the east, and the rain is not fierce; The clouds are in the south and the river rises. 8. There are clouds hanging in the sky and rain dripping on the ground; Broom clouds in the sky, three days of rain; Cotton clouds in the morning will rain in the afternoon; Tower clouds in the sky, thunder and rain in the ground. 9. Northwest Huang Yun, hail ahead. 10, fish scales in the sky, no rain and wind. 1 1, there is no good goods in the northwest, either wind disaster or hail 1 1, dark clouds are the limelight, and white clouds are the omen of rain. Clouds get married, and the rain is more fierce. 13. Clouds cover the fog in the morning, and there is no rain and wind. 14. Clouds eat under fog, and fog eats clear clouds. 15. Clouds are heading east and gusts are blowing; The clouds are heading west, covered with hemp fiber. 16, sunny in the morning and sunny at night. 17, there are pod clouds in the sky, and it will rain soon; There is an anvil cloud in the sky, and it will rain heavily soon. 18, dark clouds see the sun, and it rains in the middle of the night; Dark clouds have white feet, and there must be heavy rain; The clouds don't go away, and it will rain soon. 19, dark clouds began to smoke, and hail was on the same day. (2) Observing the wind and measuring the sky proverb 1, under the easterly winds of the four seasons, I am afraid that the easterly winds will not blow much. 2. It will rain continuously in spring and intermittently in summer; The east wind doesn't match in autumn, and it snows for a long time in winter. Open the door to the wind and close the door to the rain. The east wind will rain and clear up, but it won't. 5. The south wind blows to the end, and the north wind reciprocates. 6. The east wind is urgent, the rain hits the wall, the south wind is hard at the waist, and the north wind is pointed at the head. 7. The east wind does not rain in the drought, the west wind does not clear up after the rain, and the southwest wind does not fall for three days. In September and May, there will be heavy rain in the south wind. In June, the bottom of the south wind will be very dry. 10, and the southerly wind will be cloudy if it doesn't rain for three days. 1 1, the east wind will be wet, the west wind will be dry, the north wind will be cold and the south wind will be warm. 12, no rain, cloudy against the wind. The south wind is afraid of sunset, and the north wind is afraid of dawn. 16, fog dew in the south wind, frost in the north wind. 17, the wind blows every night, and the rain and snow don't meet; It will be cloudy if the south wind exceeds level 3. 18, there will be sails in the wind, and the rain will clear up. 19, the east wind rang before noon. 20, the east wind is strong after the rain, and it will rain again tomorrow. 2 1, hail comes and goes with the wind, and the headwind will turn around. It will be windy in spring. It rained heavily when lightning struck the clouds. The thunderstorm is not fierce, and the pit is full of muffled thunder. 4. The sudden thunder quickly dispersed, but the muffled thunder was hard to clear. Thunder is like grinding, and the wind is mixed with hail. 6. Spring thunder 10 is cloudy and winter thunder 10 is cold. 7. The sky flashes in the east, the rain flashes in the west, the fire door opens in the south, and it flashes all night in the north. 8. The southeast flash is clear, and the northwest flash is clear. The weather will clear up soon. The bird landed on the boat, and the rainy day passed. 4. Magpies crow, and it is sunny to go out. Crickets are chirping in the house and crops are blistered. 6. The weather will get worse because of mosquito bites. 7. Dragonflies try their best to go around, and it will rain soon. 8. Bees are busy picking flowers, and it will rain soon. 9. My back hurts and my scar itches. It rained for three or five days. 12, swallows fly low, ants move, fish come to the water to catch their breath, and heavy rain is coming soon. 13, cats wash their faces, frogs call it rain. 14, mantis flying around, with showers. Spiders weave webs, and it will clear up after a heavy rain. 46638.6886868666 1
2. Know little about meteorology
1. Cool down
According to statistics, the month with the strongest cold air in China is 1 1. From June to February in 5438, the average temperature in most parts of the north was between–5℃ and–20℃, and frost sometimes appeared after the strong cold air in the south.
2. heavy snow
Strong cold air can often form large-scale snowfall or local blizzard. Snowfall has many benefits, especially for relieving winter drought and freezing farm diseases and insect pests. However, the snowy road is slippery and icy, which easily leads to civil aviation flight delays, road traffic accidents and lane congestion; In some areas, snow storms and road closures will also pose a threat to the safety of people and animals in pastoral areas.
3. freezing rain
Freezing rain is snow falling from the upper cold layer, sometimes it melts into rain in the middle layer, and becomes supercooled water with raindrops at a temperature below 0℃ in the lower cold layer. The supercooled water drops fall from the air, reach the ground and touch anything on the ground, and immediately freeze to form freezing rain. When freezing rain occurs, uneven ice shells appear on the ground and objects, which will have a great impact on traffic, electricity and communication, and will also cause damage to fruit trees.
4. Frost
Rime is the milky white ice crystal precipitation formed on objects by direct condensation of water vapor in the air at low temperature or direct freezing of supercooled water droplets. There are many foggy days in winter in China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, northern Xinjiang and northern Shaanxi. Rime is a kind of natural beauty that people generally appreciate, but sometimes it will become a natural disaster, which will seriously break wires and trees and affect traffic, power supply and communication.
5. Heavy rain
The formation process of rainstorm is quite complicated. Generally speaking, sufficient and continuous water vapor, strong and lasting upward movement of airflow and instability of atmospheric structure are the main physical conditions for heavy rain.
The favorable combination of various scales of weather system and underlying surface, especially topography, can produce heavy rain. The main weather systems that cause large-scale rainstorm in China are fronts, cyclones, shear lines, eddies, troughs, typhoons, easterly waves and intertropical convergence zone. In addition, thermal thunderstorms will also cause short-term and small-scale heavy rains in arid and semi-arid areas.
Extended data:
1. The dew in the morning is usually clear.
Why is it usually sunny when there is dew? This is because on a clear and cloudless night, the ground dissipates heat quickly, the field temperature drops rapidly, and the tolerance for water vapor in the air weakens, so that water vapor condenses on grass leaves and stones one after another. On a cloudy night, the ground seems to be covered with a big quilt, so the heat is not easy to dissipate, the temperature does not drop, and the water vapor stored in the cold is not easy to condense into dew.
There is always a rainbow after the rain.
In the air after a heavy rain, there are many small water droplets floating in the air. They are like prisms hanging in the air. When sunlight passes through them, it is first decomposed into seven bands: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple, and then reflected back. At this time, if someone stands between the "rain curtain" formed by the sun and raindrops, they will see colorful rainbows.
It usually snows in winter.
Winter is coming, why does it snow? This is because the temperature is low in winter, the ground temperature is below zero, and the temperature of high-altitude clouds is even lower. Water vapor in the cloud condenses directly into small ice crystals and snowflakes. When these snowflakes increase to a certain extent, the airflow can't hold, and falling from the clouds to the ground means snow. If there is a strong updraft, the air temperature will be higher, just like a big hand holding snowflakes. Snowflakes grow up in the clouds for a longer time and fall more.
See the lightning before you hear the thunder
The reason why you see lightning first and then hear thunder is because in the air, light travels fast and can reach the ground soon, while sound travels slowly in the air and will reach the earth in a short time. So you will hear lightning first, and then thunder. In fact, lightning and thunder appear at the same time.
The reason why the time to reach the ground is so different is that the speed of light is 3,000,000 kilometers per second, while sound can only travel 0.34 kilometers in the air for 65,438+0 seconds. The speed of sound is only one-ninth of the speed of light.
Lightning is long and short, loud and quiet. You can roughly judge the height from the clouds to the ground according to the time when the sound reaches the ground. It doesn't take much time for light to reach the ground, which can be considered as 0. The interval between seeing lightning and hearing thunder is how many seconds times 340 meters, which is the distance from lightning to you.
Lightning will reflect when it meets clouds or tall buildings, so it usually takes some time for lightning to disappear after lightning.
3. Meteorological knowledge
El Nino phenomenon El Nino is a phenomenon that occurs in the ocean, and its remarkable feature is the abnormal warming of seawater in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific. Because tropical marine areas receive more solar radiation, the temperature of seawater is correspondingly higher. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, the equatorial current flows from the eastern Pacific Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean due to the traction of the east equatorial trade wind, which makes the western Pacific Ocean accumulate warm water continuously and become the sea area with the highest seawater temperature in the world. The sea surface temperature is above 29℃. On the contrary, the SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific is relatively low, generally 23~24℃. Due to the distribution characteristics of sea surface temperature field, the tropical western Pacific Ocean shows updraft and low pressure, while the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean shows updraft and high pressure. Under normal circumstances, the western Pacific has a strong upward movement and abundant precipitation, while the atmosphere in the equatorial Middle East Pacific has a downward movement. There is little precipitation. When El Nino occurred, a large amount of warm seawater from the western equatorial Pacific flowed to the eastern equatorial Pacific, which led to the decrease of seawater temperature, the weakening of atmospheric upward movement and the decrease of precipitation in the western equatorial Pacific, resulting in severe drought there. In the equatorial Middle East Pacific, due to the rising sea surface temperature, the upward movement is strengthened, resulting in a significant increase in precipitation. Rainstorm disaster. El Nino phenomenon is the result of unstable interaction between ocean and atmosphere. According to statistics, every strong El Niñ o phenomenon will lead to global climate anomalies and bring huge economic losses. 1997 is a strong El Nino year, and its strong influence will last until the first half of 1998. 1998, China suffered a severe flood rarely seen in history. El Nino is one of the most important factors. El Nino has become an important topic in meteorology and oceanography because it has brought great disasters to the whole world. Cold and weather are called "catching cold" in many places in China, which shows that cold is closely related to weather conditions. Colds occur all year round, especially in winter and spring. Because the influenza virus is easy to parasitize in a cold and dry environment, Chinese medicine also believes that when the climate changes suddenly and the temperature is abnormal, the wind pathogen virus is most likely to attack the human body. Clinical practice also shows that whenever "sudden weather change" occurs, the number of people who catch a cold often increases suddenly. "Sudden weather change" is mainly manifested in the drastic changes of meteorological factors such as temperature, air pressure, precipitation, wind and humidity, which are generally caused by frontal weather. That is, the interface between cold air mass and warm air mass), especially in winter and spring, the cold air in the north moves southward from time to time, and the front activity is more frequent. It often induces colds or other diseases. The symptoms of people's colds are different in different seasons, that is, the so-called "four seasons colds": wind-cold colds (caused by cold in winter or cooling in spring), wind-heat colds (caused by high temperature in spring or rising temperature in autumn and winter), wet-cold or summer-cold colds (caused by high humidity and high temperature in summer) and dry colds (caused by dry air in autumn). The first two cold symptoms are common headaches. The third kind of cold is often accompanied by chest tightness and joint pain, while dry and cold are generally accompanied by dry mouth and nose, cough without phlegm or less phlegm, thirst and red tongue. Therefore, "adapting to the weather" should be the first principle to follow in preventing colds. Specifically, it is necessary to listen to and watch weather forecast programs on the premise of being familiar with the local weather and climate change laws, and change clothes and quilts in time when the weather changes suddenly. In a day or two after the sudden change of weather, you should go to public places as little as possible to avoid catching a cold.
4. Popular science knowledge suitable for first-grade primary school students.
Popular science knowledge suitable for first-grade primary school students is useful for fire safety knowledge.
First, LPG cookers should not be placed in bedrooms, offices, balconies, warehouses, auditoriums and other public places to prevent air leakage and fire.
Second, correctly grasp the use of the switch, wait for the fire, don't wait for the fire, remember to turn off the valve and switch after use, and replace the valve in time if it is broken. Don't let children use cookers or play with switches at will.
Third, when using liquefied gas, someone should look after it and stay away from it. Pay attention to adjust the size of the rotor at any time to prevent the soup from overflowing and extinguishing the flame or being blown out by the wind, resulting in air leakage.
Fourth, liquefied gas tanks should be upright, not upside down, and cannot be cooked or roasted with fire.
5. If there is air leakage, measures should be taken immediately: open doors and windows, ventilate with a fan (but not an electric fan), and then find the leaking part.
How to write what I know about astronomy in grade one?
Gorky said: books are the ladder of human progress.
No matter what book can bring people knowledge, how can you not read such a good thing? I like Chinese literature. There are countless mysteries to be discovered in the sky, so people build rockets to fly to the sky and explore various planets. The solar system is centered on the sun and consists of various planets, asteroids, satellites, comets, meteors and some interstellar matter.
There are eight planets around the sun, namely: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. As for Pluto, it is now called a dwarf planet.
There are not only these planets in the universe, but also some hard-to-find planets, such as black holes and the Great Red Spot on Jupiter ... Now the technology is more and more developed and there are many explorations. I recommend you to read the book National Geographic, which also contains some astronomical knowledge! Finally, I want to ask you two more questions: 1. What is the unit for measuring length in the universe? 2. Who runs fastest in the solar system? If you don't know, read the gobbledygook.
6. Ask for some knowledge of weather astronomy and geography. Hope is less, and it is best not to be high.
How's this? 1, the world's largest plain, the most populous Han nationality in the Amazon Plain, the world's highest continent, the lowest continent, Antarctica, Europe, the world's largest ocean and the smallest ocean and arctic ocean in the Pacific Ocean, the world's longest mountain range, the highest peak in the Andes, Mount Everest, the highest mountain range in the world, the highest plateau in the Himalayas, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Indonesia, the largest archipelagic country in East Asia, has the most remarkable monsoon in the world. Indonesia, the country with the most volcanoes in the world, is called "Volcano Country". 8. Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of tropical cash crops, such as natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana hemp. 9. Oceania, the largest continent in the world and the smallest continent in Asia, 10, the largest continent in the world and the smallest continent in Asia and Europe, Australia, 1 1. The largest country in the world, the most populous country, Russian (1 China, 2 Indian, 3 American) 12, the region with the largest oil reserves (output and output) in the world, Middle East 13, the continent with the largest natural population growth rate in the world (28‰) and the continent with the smallest population growth rate in Europe (3 ‰). Most parts of Europe; The frigid zone of eastern North America, tundra zone and the ice sheet zone, are the four most sparsely populated areas in the world.15; Subhard coniferous forest belt; Undeveloped tropical rain forest belt; Arid desert areas. 16, Chinese, the most spoken language in the world 17, the largest and deepest canyon-Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon; 18, the deepest part of the ocean-Mariana Trench; 19, the largest mountain system-Himalayas (highest) and cordilleras (longest); 20. The largest basin-Congo Basin; The largest bay-the Bay of Bengal; The largest island-Greenland (Denmark); The largest waterfall-Angel Waterfall (Venezuela); The largest peninsula-* * * Peninsula; The lowest point on land-the Dead Sea (the navel of the earth); .
7. Little is known about life meteorology.
Meteorology is a subject that takes the atmosphere as the research object, explains the characteristics of large-scale agricultural meteorological gases from both qualitative and quantitative aspects, and focuses on the weather situation and changing law of the atmosphere and weather forecast.
Meteorology is a branch of atmospheric science. The science that studies the physical phenomena and processes in the atmosphere and their changing laws.
The research field of meteorology is very wide, and the research methods are also very different. Meteorology is divided into many branches: atmospheric physics, meteorology, dynamic meteorology, climatology and so on.
With the development of production, the application of meteorology is increasingly extensive, and applied disciplines such as marine meteorology, aviation meteorology, agricultural meteorology, forest meteorology and pollution meteorology have appeared one after another. With the application of modern science and technology in the field of meteorology, new branches have emerged, such as radar meteorology, satellite meteorology, cosmic meteorology and so on.
Meteorology is an applied science closely related to production and life, involving many disciplines. Edit this research task 1 to observe and study various atmospheric phenomena, the interaction between the atmosphere and the underlying surface and the meteorological effects caused by human activities.
2. Explain these phenomena, functions and influences systematically and scientifically, and clarify their occurrence and evolution laws. 3. Analyze, diagnose and predict the past, present and future weather according to the known laws.
Climate serves the national economy and people's daily life. 4. The weather process and artificial climate environment explored and simulated according to theory and practice provide scientific basis for artificially influencing weather and climate.
Editing this history The first person to establish meteorology was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. He described and explained the weather phenomena such as wind, clouds, rain, snow, thunder and hail for the first time in the world's earliest meteorological book, Dynamic Meteorology, and the monograph "Meteorological Exchange Theory".
Until 18- 19 century, due to the development of physics and chemistry and the continuous invention of measuring instruments such as pressure, temperature, humidity and wind, atmospheric science research entered the stage of quantitative analysis from simple description. 1820, Budrin, a German, drew the first surface weather map, which initiated modern weather analysis and forecasting methods.
1835, French Coriolis put forward the concept of wind deflection; 1857, Dutch C. H. D. Buys Ballot put forward the relationship between wind and air pressure, and their concepts became the basis of atmospheric dynamics and weather analysis. Around 1920, Pierre Knies and his son put forward a set of theories called "polar front theory" to explain the weather changes in mid-latitude areas.
It has been more than 70 years since 1920s was published, but it is still the main theoretical basis for today's weather forecast, and it also lays a theoretical foundation for analyzing and forecasting the weather in the next 1-2 days. 1930 s, the extensive use of radiosondes really began the atmospheric science research in three-dimensional space.
According to the high-altitude weather map drawn by a large number of detection data, the atmospheric long wave was found. 1939, Rossby proposed long-wave dynamics, and his theory also made great contributions to weather forecasting.
1From 1950s to 1960s, with the application of computer, weather radar, satellite and remote sensing technology, all kinds of atmospheric phenomena, from atmospheric circulation to raindrop formation, can be expressed in physical and chemical mathematical forms, thus making atmospheric science develop by leaps and bounds. The embryonic stage of this editorial development mainly refers to the long period before the middle of16th century. The characteristic of this period is that due to the needs of military meteorology and human life and production, some sporadic and local meteorological observations have appeared, some perceptual knowledge and experience have been accumulated, and some weather phenomena have been explained.
During this period, China has made many achievements in this field and is in the leading ranks in the world. As early as 3000 years ago, there were written records about wind, clouds, rain, snow, rainbows, clouds, tornadoes and thunderstorms. In Jia Shu of Yin Dynasty, people often ask about the weather in the next ten days (called "insolence") and record the actual situation for verification.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, according to the observation records of wind, clouds and phenology, 24 solar terms can be determined, which is of great significance to guiding the agricultural production season in the Yellow River basin and has been used until modern times. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, books on phenology also appeared, such as Lu's Chunqiu, Huainanzi and Book of Rites, which are the earliest phenological documents in the world.
Meteorological observation instrument is also the earliest invention of China. In the Western Han Dynasty (BC 104), three kinds of anemometers, Dai, Tong Feng and Xiang Bird, were popular, but in the Tang Dynasty, Xiang Feng Bird was used in fixed places, and the army used anemometers made of chicken feathers.
It was not until the 20th century that Europe recorded the use of migratory birds to measure the wind. In the Western Han Dynasty, the moisture absorption characteristics of feathers, charcoal and other things were also used to measure the air humidity.
In the Song Dynasty, a monk Zanning (A.D. 10 century) used a soil carbon hygrometer to forecast sunny and rainy days. The record of precipitation is also the earliest in China. According to the records of the later Han Dynasty, every county and state under its jurisdiction reported the rain to the imperial court every year from beginning of spring to beginning of autumn. Since then, all previous dynasties have attached great importance to the rain in various places.
Therefore, China has abundant rainfall, many floods and droughts, and the longest history. Due to the needs of production and life, human beings urgently need to predict the future weather changes, and have accumulated a lot of experience in long-term observation practice.
These experiences are expressed in short verse for easy memory and use. This is a weather proverb. The weather proverbs in China are extremely rich, except for some feudal superstitions, which are mostly the crystallization of the working people's experience in observing the sky.
Huang Zifa's Xiang Colleen Chan in Tang Dynasty, Tian Wu Jia Xing edited by Lou Yuanli at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, and Zhan Hou by Xu Guangqi at the end of Ming Dynasty are all works summarizing people's experience in weather forecasting. In foreign countries, meteorology sprouted very early. In the 4th century BC, the great Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote a book called Meteorology (about 350 BC), which comprehensively discussed water, air and earthquakes, and made an appropriate explanation for atmospheric phenomena.
Nowadays, the foreign names of meteorology are all evolved from Aristotle's original name. In short, in the embryonic period of meteorology, China and Greece had contact. At this time, from the disciplinary nature, meteorology and astronomy are mixed together, which can be said to have the nature of astrology.
The initial stage of development includes1mid-6th century to1end of 9th century. At this time, due to Europe.