Exploitation and Utilization of Mineral Resources in Hunan Province
I. Mining history
The mining development history in Hunan Province is very long. In modern history, through in-depth exploration of Xikuangshan Antimony Mine, Shuikoushan Lead-zinc Mine, Yaogangxian Tungsten Mine, Xiangtan Manganese Mine, Xiangxi Gold Mine, Shimenxiong Sulfide Mine and many other old mines left over before the founding of New China, they have become pillar mines and meritorious mines for the economic and social development of New China in recent decades. After the founding of New China, geologists explored and discovered a large number of world-renowned deposits such as Shizhuyuan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit, Huangshaping lead-zinc mine, Xiangnan uranium mine, Minle manganese mine, Gongxi barite mine, Hengnan fluorite mine and Liuyang sepiolite mine. At present, Hunan Province has formed a unique chemical industrial system of steel, cement, coal, manganese, lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, gold and salt, especially the manganese processing industry and non-ferrous metal smelting and processing industry have obvious industrial advantages in China, and the output of 1 kinds of non-ferrous metals has ranked first in the country for many years.
(1) Ancient mining development
From the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, Hunan began to use copper, tin, gold, porcelain clay and other minerals; Iron appeared in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were 9 kinds of main minerals in Hunan, including gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, mercury, mica and rock salt, which originated in more than 1 states and counties in southern Hunan, western Hunan and central Hunan. Non-ferrous metals were mined on a large scale in southern Hunan, and copper mines in lead, Baoshan and Tongshanling in Huangshaping have begun to be mined. By the Northern Song Dynasty, there were mining institutions such as supervision, service, field, pit and metallurgy, and there were 1 supervision, 2 services and 2 fields in the province. The silver and sulfur mines in Shuikoushan, Changning and the copper mines in Qibaoshan, Liuyang were all mined. Great progress has been made in mineral mining technology during the Song Dynasty, and the burning mining method of cinnabar in Chenzhou has been used by private miners for hundreds of years. In Yuan Dynasty, the estimated annual gold output of placer gold mines in Yuanshui River Basin and Yiyang area was more than 1,3 taels. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Hunan's mining industry was quite prosperous, and Huangshaping lead-zinc mine, Lvziao copper mine, Wanfalong copper mine and Dayoulong tin-lead mine were heavily excavated, with strong production. Until Xianfeng and Tongzhi years, most of the surface outcrops of lead and copper mines in Chenzhou and Guiyang were mined out. Later, sulfur and arsenic mines were discovered in Yaogangxian, and mining in Zixing and Yizhang rose.
(II) Investigation and Development of Modern Minerals
From 1913 to 1917, Japanese Ichiro Koyama, Swedish Ding Gelan and German Slice visited more than 1 mines such as Shuikou Mountain in Changning, Tin Mine in Lengshuijiang, Golden Cave in Pingjiang and Liulin Branch in Yuanling successively, among which Ding Gelan's grade was 6%.
In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), after Hunan Geological Survey was established by Hunan government, extensive geological surveys were carried out, especially for iron, manganese, tungsten, antimony, mercury, gold, coal and other minerals. Hunan Mining Summary and iron, manganese, tin and antimony mineral records were compiled respectively.
up to 1949, there were 35 kinds of minerals and 593 mineral deposits investigated in the whole province, of which, except for shallow drilling in a few mining areas, most of them were limited to observation and measurement on the surface or pit stopes, and the obtained mineral reserves were all estimated.
(III) Development and management of modern mineral resources
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the management system of mineral resources mainly implemented a dual leadership mechanism with the central competent department as the mainstay and the local authorities as the supplement. In August 1983, the State Council stipulated that the Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, under the leadership of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and the provincial, municipal and district people's governments, should supervise the development, utilization and protection of mineral resources and groundwater resources. In May, 1984, Hunan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Metallurgical Industry Department, Petrochemical Industry Department, Building Materials Industry Bureau, Light Industry Department and Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the Joint Notice on Developing Township Enterprises, which stipulated that all small mines should be put forward by mining units, audited by the relevant mining departments of the county (city) government, reported to the provincial mining authorities and bureaus in conjunction with the provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources for examination and approval, and registered by Hunan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and issued a mining license, and the administration for industry and commerce.
In March p>1986, the Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, which stipulated that people's governments at all levels should strengthen the management of mineral resources exploration and exploitation within their respective administrative areas, maintain mining order according to law, protect mineral resources and promote mining development. In order to strengthen the supervision and management of mining enterprises, the National Bureau of Statistics approved in August 1987 that the statistical report on the development and utilization of mineral resources should be included in the official annual statistical report of the country, and by the end of the year, the data of the national mine survey had been summarized. In 1986, the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Hunan Province carried out a thorough investigation of more than 1, mines in the province, completed the pilot work of fixed-point mine demarcation and mining registration, and completed the general survey and comprehensive analysis of mine data in the province at the end of 1987, and submitted a special analysis report.
since the early 198s, under the general policy of the central government of "opening, invigorating and managing" to speed up the development of underground resources, a pattern of mining development has been formed in Hunan province, in which the state, the collective and the individual work together, and the large, medium and small mining industries are simultaneously developed, and the collective and individual mining industries in villages and towns have developed rapidly. According to the statistics in 1987, there are 6,164 mines in Hunan Province, including 271 state-owned mining enterprises, 1,619 township collective mining enterprises and 4,274 individual mines. There are 552,2 people engaged in mining all the year round, including more than 26, people engaged in collective and individual mines in villages and towns. The production of ore is 62.8 million tons (excluding sand, eggs, chips and flaky), which is equivalent to 14.67% of the national average (6 million tons). However, with the development of township collective and individual mining industry, some new problems have emerged in mining activities. Some local township collective and individual mining enterprises have gone to the mining areas of mining enterprises owned by the whole people without approval, destroying and wasting resources, vying for ore spots, hindering the normal production of mines and affecting the development of mining industry.
In August, 2, the General Office of Hunan Provincial People's Government issued "Provisions on the Function Allocation, Internal Organization and Staffing of Hunan Provincial Department of Land and Resources", which clearly stated that Hunan Provincial Department of Land and Resources shall manage the functions of examination, registration, certification and transfer examination and registration of mineral resources exploration and mining rights according to law. After the establishment of the Provincial Department of Land and Resources, the province's exploration and mining licenses were renewed, the original exploration and mining rights were reconfirmed, the mining behavior was standardized, mining disputes were mediated, and a number of mines with backward mining methods, serious waste of resources and small production scale were closed. By the end of 21, the number of licensed mines in the province had decreased from 11,8 in 1999 to 8,878, with a decrease of 2,13.
in September p>23, after the provincial government issued the Notice on Accelerating the Construction of Mining Rights Market, the paid acquisition system of mining rights in the whole province was fully implemented. In 24, the transfer of mining rights of new coal mines was suspended. In 26, the Provincial Department of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on Issues Related to Standardizing the Permission to Approve and Issue Mining Licenses", which collected all the original licensing rights of the entrusted city (state) and clarified the licensing rights of mining licenses of provincial, municipal and county land and resources departments. Since 27, Hunan Province has comprehensively implemented the resource integration work, and comprehensively improved the entry threshold of mines from the aspects of the qualification of mining rights, capital, technology, scale and geological environment protection. In 21, the field verification of mining rights was completed in an all-round way, and field verification was carried out in 6849 mines in the province.
II. Present situation of exploitation and utilization of mineral resources
For more than half a century, the mining industry in Hunan Province has developed vigorously, forming a complete mining economic system with regional characteristics and advantages, which has promoted other industries and economic construction.
by the end of 212, 91 kinds of minerals had been developed and utilized in the whole province, with 34,2 employees and an annual output of 269 million tons. The total industrial output value of mining enterprises was 33.598 billion yuan, and the total profit of mineral resources development was 4.3 billion yuan.
The province's mining system has formed a complete industrial system of geology, mining, dressing, metallurgy, design, scientific research and education. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan triangle has become the center of metallurgy, chemical industry and building materials, and southern Hunan has become the main production base of nonferrous metals in China. Chenzhou, Loudi and Shaoyang are important energy bases in the province, and the mining industry in other departments has also developed rapidly, forming a rational allocation in the region.
Energy and mineral resources: mainly coal and stone coal. Three mining bureaus, namely Lianshao, Zixing and Baisha, and large and medium-sized coal mines, such as Coal Dam, Chenxi, Tanjiashan, Qunli and Xinsheng, have been established.
ferrous metal minerals: an iron and steel industrial system with Valin Iron and Steel Group as the main body has been established, with Huayuan Yinhai Manganese Industry, Qianghua Mining Industry, xiangtan electrochemical, Xiangtan Jinshi Manganese Mine, Yongzhou Xincheng Manganese Industry, Anhua County Shengde Manganese Industry and Lingling Dongxiang Manganese Industry as the main body.
Non-ferrous metal minerals: a non-ferrous industrial system with China Minmetals Group and Hunan Nonferrous Group as the main bodies has been formed, in which the lead-zinc industry is dominated by lead-zinc mines such as Huangshaping, Shuikoushan and Baoshan and Zhuzhou smelter; The antimony industry is dominated by Xikuangshan Mining Bureau, Taojiang Banxi Antimony Mine and Yiyang Smelter. The tungsten industry is dominated by Yaogangxian, Rucheng, Kawaguchi and Xiangdong tungsten mines and Zhuzhou cemented carbide plant.
Precious metal minerals: A gold industrial system led by Hunan Gold Group has been formed.
Non-metallic minerals: Salt production and processing bases with Xiangheng Salt Mine and Xiangli Salt Mine as the main bodies, cement production bases with Shaofeng Group and Xuefeng Group as the backbone, and chemical production bases with Yueyang Phosphate Fertilizer Plant and Hunan Phosphorus Chemical General Factory as the main bodies have been established. The main minerals used are rock salt, glauberite, phosphorus, marl, graphite, gypsum, etc., while the comprehensive development and utilization level of other non-metallic minerals is low.
Rare and rare earth dispersed elements: only the light rare earth oxide factory in Jianghua County, Yongzhou City is mining, and a complete industrial system has not yet been formed.
Third, the main problems
(1) The scale and structure of mining enterprises are uncoordinated
Large and medium-sized mines in Hunan Province only account for 13.44% of the total, while small mines account for more than 86.56% of the total number of mining enterprises. The proportion of large and medium-sized mines is seriously uncoordinated, and there are few large and medium-sized mines, with low degree of intensification, backward technology and poor equipment, which are widespread.
(2) There are many lean ores difficult to beneficiate and smelt, but few rich ores, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of resources is low
Most of all kinds of deposits in Hunan Province are low-grade ores difficult to beneficiate and smelt. For example, 73% of iron ore reserves are refractory hematite, and most of them are poor ore, and the rich ore is less than 1%, so the available iron ore reserves are very few; Phosphate rock is mainly collophane, which has low grade and is difficult to beneficiate. Manganese, vanadium, gold, silver and some lead and zinc ores all have the problems of less rich ore and more poor ore. In addition, there are few single mineral deposits, and there are many deposits with * * * and associated components, which makes the development and utilization of mineral resources more difficult.
The level of "three rates" in the development and utilization of major mineral resources in the province is generally low, and the comprehensive utilization of refractory minerals associated with * * * in non-ferrous metal deposits is only 25% of non-ferrous metal mines; Most of the associated rare elements and dispersed elements are not comprehensively utilized, and only 4% of the minerals have been comprehensively utilized; The recovery rate of associated pyrite and fluorite ore needs to be further improved.
(3) The scientific and technological content and added value of mineral products are low, the proportion of deep processing is generally low, and the industrial chain is short
The mining structure presents a pattern of "small at both ends and large in the middle" (that is, small mining and deep processing capacity and large smelting capacity). The rate of deep processing products of minerals is low, and the output value of deep processing products of non-ferrous metals with advantages only accounts for about 1%, of which the output value of deep processing products of antimony only accounts for about 5% of the total output value of antimony products, and non-metallic minerals are basically sold and exported domestically with raw ore or mineral powder. This kind of "resource-based mining", which mainly focuses on primary products, reduces the utilization efficiency of mineral resources in the province. At the same time, due to the competitive export of some advantageous minerals in the province, the international market is seriously oversupplied, the price has dropped year after year, and the resource advantage has not been transformed into economic advantage.
(4) The geological environment problems in mines are still serious
There are a large number of waste rock tailings piled up in mines, and a large number of waste rock piles in individual and small township mines are everywhere. These waste rock tailings piles not only occupy a lot of land, destroy vegetation, but also easily lead to mudslides, which becomes a hidden danger of geological disasters; Geological disasters such as collapse and ground cracking caused by excessive mining and pumping of groundwater in mines occur from time to time, destroying farmland and houses, endangering railways and highways, causing great losses to the lives and property of the country and people, resulting in continuous disputes and a series of social problems; Heavy metal pollution such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic and radioactive pollution caused by the development and utilization of non-ferrous metal mines and uranium mines are serious.