"There are four hundred and eighty temples in the Southern Dynasty, and how many towers are in the mist and rain." Which 4 dynasties does the Southern Dynasty refer to?

The Southern Dynasties refer to the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen.

The Southern Dynasties (420 AD - 589 AD): the collective name for the four dynasties established in the south after the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Following the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD, the four Han regimes of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen emerged in southern China, confronting the regime established by the Xianbei ethnic group in the north, and they all existed for a short period of time. The longest one was only 59 years (Liu Song), and the shortest was only 23 years (Xiao Qi). It was a period of rapid dynasty change in Chinese history. At this time, China was in the period of partition between north and south. It is called the Southern and Northern Dynasties together with the Yuan Wei (Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei), Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou in the north.

Southern Song Dynasty (420-479): also known as Liu Song, the first political power in the Southern Dynasties of China. The founding emperor Liu Yu was the direct grandson of Liu Jiao, King of Chu Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. He was born in the army and his family was poor since he was a child. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, civil unrest occurred one after another, and the internal struggles within the court were also fierce. In 402 AD, General Huan Xuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty took advantage of the weakness of the imperial court and raised troops to usurp the throne. The country was named "Chu". Liu Yu, Liu Yi and others raised troops to serve the king and finally eliminated Huan Xuan's power. After that, Liu Yu led his army to conquer the south and the north, and his power continued to consolidate and strengthen, and he successively defeated Liu Yi, Sima Xiuzhi and other powerful factions, and finally forced Emperor Gong of Jin to abdicate the throne to him. The Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty were established, and the northern countries were watching with eager eyes. There was constant fighting. In 424 AD, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty Liu Yilong came to the throne. He reigned for thirty years and worked hard to govern. The country's production and economy finally recovered, and thus came the Yuanjia Rule. However, in 453 AD, his eldest son Liu Shao appallingly killed his father in order to usurp the throne. After that, the royal family members fought for the throne, and fighting continued. The emperor was debauched and brutal, the government became increasingly corrupt, and the country's strength never recovered. In 479 AD, Emperor Shun of the Song Dynasty Liu Zhun abdicated the throne to Xiao Daocheng, and the Southern Song Dynasty was finally replaced by the Southern Qi Dynasty.

Southern Qi (479-503)

The second dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. Created by Xiao Daocheng. All are well. The territory extends to the Daba Mountains and Huainan in the north, to Sichuan in the west, to Yunnan in the southwest, to the Hengshan Mountains in Vietnam in the south, and to the seaside in the southeast. The Seventh Emperor lived in the twenty-fourth year of his reign (479-503).

Xiao Daocheng was from a low-level noble family. After leading the army for more than 30 years, he took advantage of the chaotic situation in the royal family and the mutual killings between monarchs and ministers in the late Liu Song Dynasty to lead the army to gain real power. In the third year of Ming Dynasty (479), he proclaimed himself emperor of Song Dynasty (see Qi Emperor Xiao Daocheng). , the country was named Qi, and the reign was Jianyuan. It was also called Southern Qi and Xiao Qi in history. Although some reforms were made in the early Qi Dynasty to the tyranny of the late Song Dynasty, and attention was paid to encouraging classes, farming, mulberry farming and school education, the burden on the people has not been relieved, and farmers on the verge of bankruptcy have become hermits of powerful families. The trend of the rise of the Han people in the Qi Dynasty continued to develop. The central government used the Han people to control the secrets of dians, while the local governments reused dianxuan to strictly control and monitor the royal family and Fangzhen. The real power of the noble families was further weakened. At the beginning of the Qi Dynasty, in view of the lessons learned from the late Song Dynasty when the ruling class killed each other and lost the world, at the end of the Qi Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Qi Dynasty, Xiao Bi, although the riots of Tang Yu broke out, the political situation was still able to maintain stability. During the five years of Qi Ming Emperor Xiao Luan's reign, the royal family killed each other even more than in the late Song Dynasty. The descendants of Gao and Wu were almost killed by Xiao Luan. After Xiao Luan's death, Xiao Baojuan (Donghunhou) who succeeded him became a tyrant specializing in killing. Everyone was in danger, everyone rebelled against their relatives, and the political situation reached the extreme. In the third year of Yongyuan (501), Xiao Yan, the governor of Yongzhou of the clan, raised troops from Xiangyang to capture Jiankang, killing all the descendants of Emperor Ming. He proclaimed himself emperor the following year, established the Liang Dynasty, and destroyed Qi.

Nanliang

The third king of the Southern Dynasties, the Nanbei Dynasty-Liang Dynasty (546 AD). Created by Xiao Yan. All are well. The four emperors lived for fifty-six years (502~557). In the second year of Yongyuan (500), Xiao Yan's brother Xiao Yi was killed by Xiao Baojuan, the Marquis of Qidong. In the third year, Xiao Yan took advantage of the Southern Qi monarchs and ministers to kill each other. When the political situation was extremely chaotic, he sent troops from Xiangyang to the east and captured Jiankang. And he proclaimed himself emperor the following year. The national name is Liang, Jianyuan Tianjian, also known as Xiaoliang in history. Du Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). At its peak, the territory included present-day Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces and regions; parts of Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and a small part of the eastern part of northern Vietnam and the northern end of Myanmar.

Xiao Yan was a clan member of the Southern Qi Dynasty. In the third year of Yongyuan (501), he took advantage of the opportunity of the Southern Qi monarchs and ministers to kill each other. He raised troops in Xiangyang, captured Jiankang, killed the Marquis of Donghun, and established his younger brother Xiao Baorong as the emperor. Emperor Qihe. In the first year of Tianjian (502), Emperor He was deposed and he established himself as Emperor Wu of Liang. All are well. The country's name was Liang, Jianyuan Tianjian, and it was called Xiaoliang in history. Xiao Yan reigned for 48 years. He indulged the royal family, promoted Buddhism, and ordered local officials to "offer sacrifices." As a result, local officials competed to recruit and exploit the people; Xiao Yan was mediocre in his later period, which resulted in several unsuccessful battles against Wei, and he even defeated his army. In the first year of Taiqing (547), Eastern Wei general Hou Jing surrendered to Liang. Xiao Yan ignored the objections of his courtiers and tried to rely on Hou Jing to destroy Wei. In the second year, Hou Jing rebelled against Liang (see Hou Jing's Rebellion). Although Xiao Yan's descendants had strong troops, they defended the town and pretended to support them, waiting for an opportunity to seize the throne. Three years later, the rebels conquered Tai City and Xiao Yan starved to death. In the fourth year, Hou Jing established Prince Xiao Gang as emperor, who was Emperor Wen of Liang Jian. In the second year of Dabao (551), Hou Jing killed Xiao Gang and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han Dynasty. At this time, Xiao Yan's sons and grandsons each occupied one side and competed with each other. Xiao Lun (Xiao Yan's sixth son) occupied Yingzhou (the town of Xiakou, today's Wuchang, Hubei) and attached himself to Northern Qi; Xiao Yi (Xiao Yan's seventh son) According to Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei), it was repeatedly attached to the Northern Qi and Western Wei; Xiao Ji (the eighth son of Xiao Yan) was based on Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan); Xiao Qi (grandson of Xiao Yan) was based on Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei) and attached to the Western Wei. In the same year, Xiao Yi led the Western Wei army to help destroy Xiao Lun. Three years later, he destroyed Hou Jing and proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling (now part of Hubei). He was Emperor Yuan of Liang. In the second year of Chengsheng (553), Xiao Yi destroyed Xiao Ji who was heading east along the Yangtze River, but Yizhou was empty and was captured by the Western Wei Dynasty. In three years, Xiao Qi captured Jiangling with the help of the Western Wei army, killed Xiao Yi, and proclaimed himself emperor the following year. His country was named Liang, and the history was called Houliang (555~587). He was Emperor Xuan of Houliang. Houliang only had a small territory in and around Jiangling, and tens of thousands of men and women in Jiangling city, from prince to prince, had become slaves of the soldiers of the Western Wei Dynasty, so Xiao Ji occupied an empty city. When Houliang was first built, most of Xiaoliang's territory had been lost: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River entered the Northern Qi Dynasty; Yizhou, Hanzhong, and Xiangyang entered the Western Wei Dynasty; Jiangling Houliang was also owned by the Western Wei Dynasty. When Hou Liang was founded in the first year of Shaotai (555), Xiao Liang generals Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian supported Xiao Fangzhi, the son of Emperor Yuan of Liang, as the king of Liang before Jiankang. At that time, the Northern Qi Dynasty sent troops to send Xiao Yuanming, nephew of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, back to Jiankang. Wang Sengbian then supported Yuanming as emperor (called Zhenyang Marquis in history). Chen Baxian attacked and killed Wang Sengbian, deposed Yuanming as Jian'an Gong, and restored Xiao Fangzhi as emperor, who was Liang Jingdi. In the second year of Taiping (557), Chen Ba advanced to the title of King of Chen, accepted Zen and became emperor, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Yongding. All are well. The country name is Chen. The Liang Dynasty died.

Chen (557-589 AD)

In 557 AD, Chen Baxian deposed Emperor Jing of Liang and established himself as emperor. He established Chen as Emperor Chen Wu. At this time, southern China had gone through years of war, and its economy had been severely damaged. A country built on this basis is destined to be short-lived. Emperor Chen Wu and his successors Emperor Wen and Emperor Xuan successively eliminated opposition forces such as Wang Sengbian and Wang Sengzhi, and defeated the Northern Qi army near Jiankang. This consolidated Chen's rule to a certain extent, but after all, due to the decline of national power, Chen's rule was limited to the areas south of the Yangtze River and east of Yichang. In 583 AD, Emperor Chen Xuan died. His son Chen Shubao came to the throne. At this time, the north had been unified by the Sui Dynasty, and the unification of the country was just around the corner. In 589 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian destroyed the Chen Dynasty, ending China's nearly three hundred years of division.

In Chinese history, only the Chen family of the Southern Dynasties had the same dynasty name as the emperor's surname. When the Chen Dynasty was established, there was already a situation where the Southern Dynasty was getting weaker and the Northern Dynasty was getting stronger. When the Chen Dynasty was established, it faced the invasion of the northern regime and the situation was very critical. Chen Baxian, the founding emperor of the Chen Dynasty, led his army to defeat the enemy in one fell swoop, and the situation improved. The conquered king was Chen Shubao, the empress of Chen, and Chen was finally destroyed by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.

Emperor Chen Wu Chen Baxian (503-559)

Zi Xingguo, Han nationality, a native of Xiaruoli (now Changxing County, Zhejiang Province) in Chen Wuxing of the Southern Dynasty, an outstanding military strategist and statesman. In the first year of Tiancheng (AD 555), he killed monk Bian, established Jingdi, made himself the prime minister of the country, and granted the title of King Chen. After the Qi Dynasty was defeated, he defeated the monks and argued with the remaining parties. He was supported by the people and was later proclaimed emperor by Zen. The country was named Chen and the capital was Jiankang. After reigning for three years, he was given the posthumous title of Emperor Wu and the temple name Gaozu.