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The Tripitaka is a book that integrates all Buddhist classics. In ancient times, it was also called "Zhujing" or "Tibetan Classics" for short. Its content is mainly composed of three parts: Jing, Fa and Lun, also known as "Three Tibetan Classics", which are called Jing, Fa and Lun respectively. Buddhist scripture is the theory that Buddha said guides disciples to practice; Law is a rule made by the Buddha for his followers in their daily lives. Theory is the work of Buddhist disciples to clarify the theory of Buddhist scriptures. "Tibetan" means to contain collections.
The classification of Buddhist Sanzang originated very early. It is said that shortly after the death of the Buddha, his disciples began to collect the teachings of the Buddha, that is, to unify and fix what the Buddha said through meetings. Buddhist scriptures are formed after several collections (edits).
In the 2500 years since Buddhism spread, the spread of classics has experienced three times: reading, writing and printing. Indians are used to remembering. When they first assembled Sanzang, they just compiled the teaching methods mentioned by the Buddha into short sentences in the form of questions and answers for the disciples of the Buddha to recite together. Only then did words spread.
China's existing Chinese translation of the Tripitaka Sutra is directly and indirectly translated from various original Buddhist scriptures written on Bayeux (Beduroye) imported from India and western countries since the Late Han Dynasty (the first century AD). From Han Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties, it spread by writing books. It was not until the late Tang Dynasty (the ninth century) that there was an engraving of Buddhist scriptures. The Diamond Sutra was carved by Wang Jun in the ninth year of Tang Xiantong (868), and it is the oldest beautifully printed Buddhist sutra in the world.
Due to the increasing translation of Buddhist scriptures, many scriptures have been produced since the Jin and Song Dynasties, which record the number of volumes, translators, retranslations and different translation methods of Buddhist scriptures in previous dynasties. Among the many existing classics, the Chronicle of Kaiyuan Buddhism and Education written by Zhisheng in Tang Dynasty is the most detailed. The book recorded 5048 volumes of Buddhist scriptures that had been circulated at that time, numbered with "Thousand Characters" written by Liang Zhousixing, and each word was a letter (also called a letter), and each letter received about 10 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. "Thousand-character text" has 480 characters from "Tian" to "Ying", each with one letter and 480 letters. The scale of the China Tripitaka is basically shaped by the engraving and storage of the classics of past dynasties, and the phase has not changed.
The Tripitaka is a series of books on Buddhism and related cultures. In the Tripitaka, there are many Buddhist classics that have been lost in India for a long time, including the creative interpretation of Buddhist principles by China scholars. The Tripitaka is not only an important book for Buddhists to study Buddhism, but also a very important material for ordinary scholars to study ancient oriental culture.
In addition, in Tibet, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the classics translated from Sanskrit and Chinese into Tibetan have also been compiled into the Tibetan Tripitaka. Among them, the sutra said by Buddha is called Ganjul. The works of Buddhist disciples and ancestors are called "Danzhuer". From Yuan Dynasty to modern times, there were many prints in Lhasa, Xigaze, Naitang in Tibet, Zhuoni in Gansu, Dege in Sichuan and Beijing. About eight-tenths of the contents of the Tibetan Tripitaka in the west are not found in the China Tripitaka, especially in the tantric part. In the Qing dynasty, Tibetan scriptures were also translated into Mongolian and Manchu, and carved into Mongolian tripitaka and Manchu tripitaka. This kind of Tibetan scripture is rare and precious.
The Buddhist Sutra of Seating, which is popular in Dai areas of Yunnan, is written in Pali as Hinayana Sanzang. Generally, it is circulated in words, and the Pali Tripitaka has not been engraved in China.
Bianwen baojuan
A "common saying" prevailed in temples in the Tang Dynasty. The Japanese book "Seeking the Dharma in the Tang Dynasty" said: "At that time, there were four famous mouths in Chang 'an, namely Hai 'an, Li Xu, Gao Qi and Guangying, and there were two in Youjie, and their Chinese was the most famous. Zhao Lin's "Quotations" said: "Listeners worship the temple and are called monks. The teaching workshop imitated its tone and thought it was a song. Duan Wenjie's Yuefu Miscellanies said: "Its sound is so smooth that people in the village are moved." Lu Zaji (quoted from Tai Ping Guang Ji, Volume 204) once said: "Tang Wenzong chose the sound as the tone and named his son. It can be seen that popular speech is a kind of rap-style popular speech book called Bianwen. The lyrics written by myself to interpret the meaning of the scriptures are called "lectures". As for drawing a story map in a classic, it is called "disguised form". Talking about variations or classics is also called "turning". When "changing", it can also be unfolded in disguise, which makes the listener easier to understand and more moved. In Dunhuang scriptures, the story of Sharif's surrender to six ministries is told. Behind the paper, there is a disguised version of "Fighting the Holy" by Sharif and Lao Du (this volume is now in the Paris Museum), and each picture corresponds to a short article. Later, it gradually developed, and some folk legends and historical stories were also adopted in popular stories, such as Shunza, Wu Zixu and Wang Zhaojun. Later, this kind of vulgar talk was not limited to vulgar masters, but also folk artists could sing variations. "The Whole Tang Poetry" contains the poem "Seeing Shu women turn to Zhao Jun to change", saying: "Tankou knows a thousand years' work, and the clear words are comparable to nine autumn essays. Cui Mei is at the edge of the moon. As soon as the picture opens, the clouds are outside the wall. "This shows that women at that time used disguised and variant ways to sing the story of Wang Zhaojun.
Generally, the lyrics of Bianwen are mainly seven words, but mixed with three words and a few mixed with five or six words. Saying words is a vernacular prose, and it is also useful to describe human feelings and things with the popular parallel prose at that time. For example, "Demon Change" and "Vimalakīrti Classic Change" are extremely round and free from vulgarity, fluent and vivid. Often exaggerated from dozens of verses to hundreds of words. Its grand system, vivid description, gorgeous words and rich imagination are masterpieces in popular literature. Many of these works contain a strong flavor of life. For example, "Mulian Bianwen" shows the great love between mother and son, and the horror description of hell is based on the real life of feudal social class oppression. At that time, these works reached the courage and confidence to inspire people to fight against the dark reality. Rap variations or classics are a rap system, which seems to be accompanied by music. The words "flat", "side" and "broken" are often noticed in the lyrics of Bianwen, which may refer to the use of flat tone, side tone or broken tone in singing. There are also some essays that are just essays, and some that don't sing and probably don't need music as a companion.
Since Song Zhenzong's time (998- 1020), monks were forbidden to sing Bianwen, and these Bianwen works were gradually lost. It was not until 1900 that the scriptures written in the Tang Dynasty were found in Dunhuang stone chambers, and variant characters were found. The Collection of Dunhuang Variations currently contains 78 variations in Dunhuang manuscripts, which is a rich material for studying variations.
Singing was forbidden in the Song Dynasty, and Zen was particularly prosperous. Because of the people's love for this word, the monk's singing appeared in Wazi's oral field in another form. At this time, there was the so-called "talking about classics", the so-called "talking about classics" and the so-called "asking for trouble". Wu Zimin's "Liang Lumeng" (Volume 20) said: "Those who talk about the classics always refer to the lectures, those who invite them, and those who talk about the classics." The article in Zhou Mi's "Tales of the Wulin Tales: Tales from All walks of life" wrote: "Monks recite scriptures and swear, and there are 17 people under them". The so-called "talking about classics" is of course about the development of singing and writing changes. Unfortunately, these works of the Song Dynasty have been lost today, and it is difficult to make a detailed textual research.
Later, from talking about classics and studying classics, it developed into a "treasure volume". It can also be said that "Baojuan" is a direct descendant of Bianwen. Among the existing treasure scrolls, Xiangshan Treasure Scroll is the oldest, which was written by Zen master Pu Ming in the second year of Chongning in Song Huizong (1 103). However, it is still difficult to determine whether the classic books of the Song Dynasty are based on baojuan. In addition, there is also a "Pinshi Vacuum Treasure Volume" about the Diamond Sutra; Mu Lian saved his mother from hell and ascended to heaven, which is obviously the development of Mu Lian's variant writing. These two existing manuscripts of Yuan and Ming Dynasties indicate that the works are very early. However, Baojuan literature is far less magnificent than Bianwen literature in Tang Dynasty. Especially in the late Ming Dynasty, Huimen used baojuan as a propaganda tool, so the content of baojuan was even lower. From the Qing Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the general baojuan propagated feudal superstitions, with extremely vulgar content and poor writing style.