"Li _" Li Zicheng forced a dynasty to death and was finally killed by a mountaineer's hoe?
This magical process, after reading the history books, will often be surprised to return to God. Even if Zhu Yuanzhang built a high wall and accumulated a lot of food, there was no rocket speed.
However, this is exactly what Ouyang Xiu and Old Master Q once said: It prospered, but its death was sudden.
Take building a house as an example. Zhu Yuanzhang built a house on stones brick by brick. The house is guaranteed for 300 years, and the quality of the project is very reliable. Li Zicheng built a hut and seemed to shout a lot. In fact, this is a shabby hut swaying from place to place. When the wind blows, it turns to slag.
Therefore, when Li Zicheng made great achievements in Beijing, he generously called in officials, and then pursued and arrested people condescendingly, plundering the wealth of Beijing's elite. Almost everyone thinks that the weather in China will change. At that time, it was said at home and abroad that eighteen sons were the mainstay, and Li Zicheng was doomed to regime change.
However, when the real wind blows, all false prosperity is formed. There was a stone outside Shanhaiguan, which was defeated by Wu Sangui and the Qing army. Li Zicheng suffered a crushing defeat and hurried back to Beijing.
Wu Sangui led Guan Liao's soldiers and civilians to shave their hair, worshipped the king of the day, became the forerunner of the Qing army, and went to Beijing in the name of revenge for the Ming Dynasty.
Later generations have read a lot of history and have many affectionate friends. After reading this article, they can't help complaining: Li Zicheng is also a great man. If it weren't for the defeat in Shanhaiguan, how could it be easy to escape and hand over these mountains and rivers to the Qing army? Where did you go after the Ming Dynasty annexed thousands of miles?
In fact, at first, Li Zicheng also had the courage to go shopping. Even with enthusiasm, I intend to fight a vigorous Beijing war. He actively took measures to prepare for the war and ordered the army and civilians to completely dismantle the sheepfolds, horse pens and houses beside the moat outside the city. But after careful consideration, I finally decided to give up Beijing and withdraw to the west in advance.
The reason is that although Dashun Army claims to be a million strong men, there are actually less than 50,000 troops stationed in the two capitals. However, after the First World War in Shanhaiguan, the morale of the army was greatly boosted, and rumors spread everywhere in Beijing. People in Beijing don't know that Wu Sangui has voted, but in order to defeat Dashun Army, recapture Zhu Ci and ming prince, and prepare to be taken back to Beijing to seize the throne, competing to celebrate Wu Sangui's "loyalty".
Of course, the most important thing is not to change old habits. Li Zicheng said he could fight, but this is actually the routine of many years of sports warfare. Fighting is a habitual behavior, but you have to run after fighting. This is also a stubborn disease that peasant insurgents in past dynasties have been extremely difficult to overcome: bandits.
In China's feudal social history of more than two thousand years, only Liu Bang and Zhu Yuanzhang really overcame this stubborn disease. But one of them, though not very good at going out, asked Han Xin to go out as much as possible. The other is self-taught and can be called the most outstanding strategist in14th century. Li Zicheng's personal team level has always been guerrilla level, while Liu Zongmin and others under his leadership are worse than Han Xin. The surge in that year was not so much that he could fight, but that he lost too much blood in the Ming Dynasty and became extremely unable to fight. Therefore, even if Beijing is conquered and Chongzhen is forced to death, the seemingly victorious fighting capacity of Li Zicheng peasant army is actually a false prosperity.
So the battle of Shanhaiguan, although many scholars who sympathized with the peasant uprising in later generations, also found various reasons for its failure. There is only one fundamental reason: I can't beat it.
At that time, when morale was high, we couldn't beat it, but when morale was low, we naturally couldn't beat it. If you can't win, attack collectively. Even Li Zicheng himself can't stop it. As a result, Li Zicheng had to rush to the west after the ceremony on the 29th.
After Li Zicheng escaped from Beijing, he set fire to the Forbidden City. According to "Li Chaozhi", "All the palaces were burned down, only the Wuying Hall was left, and the stone bridges inside and outside the Forbidden City were still intact. Swallows burning houses are flying in the sky. "
Dourgen's army did not reach Jixian. It is said that Dashun Army has voluntarily retreated. Wu Sangui was frightened when he captured Azig. He quickly led the elite soldiers to pursue and kill them, so as to divide up the property seized by Dashun Army and lead some troops into Beijing.
Officials, gentlemen and people in Beijing watched Dashun leave and quickly went out of the city to meet the emperor's uncle Lu, waiting for the legendary Zhu Di _ to return to Beijing to reign. Surprisingly, it was the Eight Banners "Braid Army" that roared. People were terrified, so they had to meet Dourgen in the only remaining Wuying Hall after the disaster and fell at the feet of the Qing royal family who had been fighting with the Ming court for many years.
After losing to Shanxi, Li Zicheng retained a large number of troops in Niangziguan, Datong, Taiyuan, Jinnan, Changzhi and other places in Shanxi, forming a seemingly indestructible defensive front, and led the troops back to xi 'an with Liu Zongmin.
On the surface, this decision is very correct, but in fact, it is extremely wrong.
Because Li Zicheng's army itself is a snowball hodgepodge, full of good guys and bad guys. In order to pull the team, all the cats and dogs were put away. When things are smooth sailing, they are as fierce as tigers and wolves. Once there is a little setback, they immediately form cats and dogs. Li Zicheng is not clear about this article. As the leader of the peasant uprising, he lacks the power game that the emperor should have and has a deep understanding of interpersonal relationships. The so-called solid defense line, sent to guard, is such a role.
Then, Li Zicheng turned and left. Bian Jiang and Tang Tong, who were originally engaged in Dashun Daming camp, were lured by the Qing army to surrender. The five counties of Daizhou, Fan Shi and Yingxian near Datong in northern Shaanxi all fell into the hands of the Qing army.
Tang Tong attacked Lee Guo, the general of Dashun, and Shanshan not only changed hands in nine counties, but also opened the door to northern Shaanxi.
In June, the Qing army entered Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province, from Shanxi.
In July and September, the Qing Dynasty sent more troops to Shanxi.
Because most of Dashun's troops have retreated to Xi, Shaanxi's troops are also fighting in their own way. The Qing army occupied Yongning at the end of 10 and Pingyang at10.
In this way, Li Zicheng's deployment of defending Shanxi was basically cancelled.
But that's not all. The Qing government sent the British master Azig from the north as General Jingyuan. Go out to Yulin, northern Shaanxi with Shangkexi and Wu Sangui, and attack Yan 'an and xi 'an.
In order to save the defeat, Li Zicheng decided to repay the Qing army.
1944 10, Li Zicheng abandoned the "three-year no levy" policy, levied grain on a large scale, mobilized 250,000 troops, and launched a large-scale counterattack against the Qing army in Huaiqing, Henan.
It must be admitted that this is the most intense and active battle of Dashun Army since the rise of Li Zicheng. Command and fighting spirit are the highest level since Li Zicheng's military career.
The attack started from Jinnan and Guanzhong and was struck by lightning. Quickly occupied Jiyuan and Mengxian, took Huaiqing and Yuzhou directly, and was killed by General Yu Ban, General Qing Huaiqing and Hanqi. The lieutenant Chang Dinghe joined Chen.
Later, Dashun Army attacked Qinyang County, Huaiqing Prefecture.
But such a high level of fighting was the last moment of Li Zicheng's life. Because this strategic counterattack is a wrong effort in terms of choice. As the Qing army was in an offensive state, Li Zicheng was in a defensive state. When he is in an unstable state, he will take the initiative to save himself and fight with others, just like fighting, but he must work hard. It is unlikely that he will win by surprise, but it is very likely that Hei Hu will see through him.
More importantly, the Qing army brought the best trained elite troops this time. From coaches to soldiers, they are all battle-hardened veterans. It is absolutely impossible to be careless. Surprisingly, there is no way out.
The more serious consequence was that the Qing government took two paths, one was to attack the newly established Hong Guang regime led by Duoduo, and the other was to invade Xi 'an from Yulin and destroy the Dashun regime led by Azig. Li Zicheng's counterattack made Dourgen, the leader of the Qing Dynasty, sober and prosperous.
So Dourgen temporarily changed his plan, ordered a large number of changes in the marching route, and went straight to Tongguan to join forces with Azige to destroy Dashun Army.
In Yulin, the soldiers fought fiercely with the main force of Dashun, and the two sides killed each other.
In December, the dodo came to Shaanxi from Jin Meng and attacked Tongguan, the gateway of Shaanxi.
In the face of the two attacks of the Qing army, Li Zicheng thought about it and finally chose Tongguan as the defensive focus. Because the Red Army artillery that the Qing army relied on had not yet arrived, in the first half of the decisive battle, the Qing army focused on defense. Li Zicheng in order to return to Yulin as soon as possible, eager to beat off a lot. He and He took turns to go through the customs and took the initiative to attack the Qing army barracks day and night, but they were all defeated by the Qing army.
1645 65438+1October 9, heavy artillery of the Qing army arrived, and the attack and defense reversed. Shunjun had to rely on customs to stabilize his position.
However, time is running out for Li Zicheng to turn over.
Ziggy attacked Yulin in northern Shaanxi and stayed. The general joined Gao Min, led the main force of the Qing army northward, and captured Xijing, the capital of Dashun Dynasty.
Li Zicheng was beaten with red eyes and rushed back to Xi with a great army.
As soon as the main force of Shunjun retreated, Tongguan fell into many hands. Dodo and Archie formed an encirclement in Xi.
Xi's grain reserves are very small, so it is difficult to stick to it. Li Zicheng, Liu Zongmin, Song Xiance and Niu Jinxing. Decided to give up Xi, leave Wuguan from Lantian Shangzhou, and advance into Neixiang, Henan and Xiangyang, Hubei.
Neixiang in Henan and Xiangyang in Hubei are relatively stable bases of Dashun regime. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng called Xinshun the king of Xiangyang, and there were still 70,000 troops stationed in Xiangyang, Chengtian, De 'an and Jingzhou, led by White King, the general of Dashun. Before retreating, Li Zicheng, like the precedent of retreating from Beijing, ordered Tian Jianxiu to burn Xi into white. However, Tian Jianxiu couldn't stand it. He only set fire to the East Gate Building and the South Moon Gate Building, and neither the house nor the granary was burned.
A large number of troops flooded into Xi in the firelight, while the soldiers continued to bite the Dashun army that escaped from western Henan, chasing and fighting, and won eight battles before and after, all the way to Jiujiang, Jiangxi.
Li Zicheng had to change his plan again because Aziz was chasing him too hard.
Li Zicheng first fled from Xi to Hubei and stayed in Xiangyang. But when Li Zicheng arrived in Xiangyang, he was completely frightened by the Qing army. He changed his mind and prepared to give up Xiangyang and occupy the rich Jiangnan occupied by the Hong Guang regime before the Qing army.
In order to ensure the realization of the strategic objectives set by Nanjing Yike, Li Zicheng and his troops jointly compiled 70,000 garrison troops and formed the Southern Expedition Army.
At that time, Li Zicheng felt desperate and confused.
You know, Shaanxi has fallen, and Beijing Xiangfang is the only base of Dashun. In addition, Xiangfang Beijing has a good mass base, and Hubei is a land-rich city. To say the least, even if you want to capture Jiangnan, you should stick to Xiangyang to avoid worries. I didn't get Jiangnan, Xiangyang has given up. Finally, I couldn't help falling into danger and losing my foothold. Moreover, relying on insufficient support and only relying on mobile warfare should be lighter than Jiangnan, right?
However, Li Zicheng is utterly confused and no longer cares so much.
1March 645, Li Zicheng led 200,000 troops, 300,000 family members and 500,000 troops from Xiangyang and Narita to Mianyang, Hanchuan.
Li Zicheng's big move suddenly frightened Zuo Liangyu stationed in Wuchang.
Zuo Liangyu burned Wuchang, which had been in business for many years, and went downstream to Nanjing in the name of "the edge of the Qing army". As soon as Li Zicheng entered Wuchang, the Qing army arrived in Azig, in sharp contrast, and surrounded Wuchang City.
Liu Zongmin and Tian Kenxiu led 5,000 troops into the war and were all defeated by the Qing army. Li Zicheng, full of fear, gave up Wuchang and stumbled eastward. Thousands of troops in Li Zicheng have no place to provide logistical supplies, but also have to protect their families, killing and robbing people everywhere to raise food, which leads to chaos and command failure.
In Chikou, Yangxin Prefecture, the Qing army suddenly entered Dashun Army Camp, and Dashun Army was defeated.
Then, 40 miles away from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, the old camp of Dashun Army was destroyed and Liu Zongmin, the No.2 soldier of Dashun Army, was captured. Song Xiance's two uncles, Hou Zhao and Hou Xiang.
Liu Zongmin and Li Zicheng's two uncles were strangled by the Qing army with bowstring, while Song Xiance and Niu Jinxing bowed their knees and surrendered under the account of the Qing army.
All the above events were obvious at that time.
However, the details that happened next are full of doubts. Especially the final destination of Li Zicheng, historians have debated for hundreds of years. How did Li Zicheng die?
Below, we will show readers some reliable historical materials for their own analysis and judgment:
Peter said that Li Zicheng was hit hard by the Qing army, weakened and demoralized, and the strategic intention of capturing Nanjing was difficult to achieve. Therefore, the marching direction was adjusted to move to Hunan via northwest Jiangxi.
According to the records of Dehua County Records and Jiujiang Prefecture Records, Dashun Army crossed Luocheng Mountain, was blocked in Xixinqiao, 40 kilometers away from Jiujiang River, and burned the boat south. When the Qing army retreated to Luheng, Wuning County, in order to disperse the pursuit of the Qing army, the soldiers were divided into three ways, Li Zicheng returned to Xingguo and all the way into Tongshan.
According to the Records of Xingguo County, thieves occupied Dongtai Temple at the foot of Shi Gen Mountain in the southwest of Xingguo County 180, and villagers burned the temple.
In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, Wangjiapu, Honggang Town, Tongshan recorded that in March 2002, a thief invaded the territory, crossed the river from Hukou, prepared to go to Jiugong Mountain, rushed into Sichuan and was chased by officers and men. On May 4th, thousands of soldiers and horses from Li Chuang arrived in Tongshan, and the people along the way died by the sword as soon as they met. The bodies were buried together to fill the gap.
"Tongshan County Records" records the fourth year of Kangxi: On May 4th, the second year of Shunzhi, tens of thousands of thieves entered Tongxian County, destroying the surrounding areas and dispersing the people. Thousands of people died by the sword, ravaged for more than three months, and there was no peace.
Records: poor officials chased thieves into the old camp and broke them eight times. Thieves tried their best to break into Jiugong Mountain, followed by officers and men, and searched Li Zicheng everywhere.
In the book Donghua Lu written by Fermi during the reign of Kangxi, it is recorded that Li Zicheng led his family to arrive in Jiangxi from Tongshan County via Jiugongshan on 18 horse. People in the mountains heard that thieves had invaded their territory, so they climbed the mountain in droves and threw stones at Li Zicheng, interrupting his journey of riding eighteen horses. Li Zicheng went to Dayue Mountain Niuji alone, which coincided with the heavy rain. The road is muddy and it is difficult for horses to slip. Li Zicheng is going to the Lama Temple, and the mountain man Cheng Jiubo is fierce. They are in trouble. Li Zicheng sat on Cheng Jiubo and drew his sword backhand, trying to chop Cheng Jiubo to death, but the hilt was covered with blood and the scabbard was soaked with dirty mud. In desperation, he couldn't pull it out. Jiubo shouted for help. His nephew Jinshi tried his best to shovel the back of Li Zicheng's head and half of Li Zicheng's head with a big shovel. He didn't know that this shovel belonged to the famous King Li Zicheng.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Yeshu said: Li Zicheng rode twenty horses to Jiugong Mountain, and let the soldiers stay at the foot of the mountain to watch and go up to worship the temple. The local villagers thought that thieves had invaded the country and followed them secretly, while Li Zicheng knelt down to worship the statue of Yuan Di, attacked Li Zicheng with a big cymbal and then slammed his head. Li Zicheng fell flat on the ground. Villagers gathered around him, smashed his head, searched his belongings and found a golden seal. Li Zicheng, who knew that he was the best man in the world, was so scared that he fled from behind the mountain without a trace.
Records: "Li Chuang's tomb is located in Niuji, Jiugongshan. In the second year of Shunzhi, thieves broke the Tongshan Mountain, and Cheng Jiubo, a native of Liu Du, gathered thieves to kill them at Xiaoyuankou and was buried here. " In addition, both Suikou and Jiugong Mountain Records recorded that Li Zicheng was killed by Jiubo in Shanmin City.
After Li Zicheng's death, Tian Jianxiu, Liu Fangliang, Yuan Zongdi and others killed people and took revenge in Jiugongshan area.
Although Li Chuang's tomb is mentioned in Tongshan County Records, Tongshan County Records and Jiugong Mountain Records, in fact, Li Zicheng's body has never been found by later generations. It is estimated that Tian Jianxiu, Liu Fangliang and others are worried that the Qing army will dig graves and destroy corpses. This has already happened.
In June of the second year of Shunzhi, Azig reported to Dourgen in Volume 18 of Tongshan County Records: "The thief is at the end of the road and wants to break Jiugong Mountain. The officers and men followed closely in the mountains, searching for Li Zicheng. Some dead soldiers and arrested thieves testified that Li Zicheng escaped with more than 20 people. He was surrounded by villagers and could not escape, so he hanged himself. Send someone familiar with Li Zicheng to identify the body. The body was decomposed and unrecognizable.
The report of the Qing dynasty is like this. Look at Nan Ming's report.
The eighth volume is attached with the memorial presented by He Tengjiao, the governor of Huguang and other places, to Emperor Longwu. It says: Heaven will destroy thieves. Thief Li Zicheng rode on Jiugong Mountain for 28 days before he saw the terrain clearly. He doesn't want to lie in wait everywhere. Thief Li Zicheng was beheaded in the chaos. Zhang Shuangxi, the adopted son of the thief Li Zicheng, joined the puppet company and took the lead in riding away. Liu, the bodyguard of the thief Li Zicheng, chased the horse and shouted, "Long live Master Li!" At this time, thieves gathered around the camp, crying. Later, the minister restrained his caress, but he couldn't find his head to check.
In addition, Tongshan County Annals written by He Lin, Gu Ming and Li Zhou during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty stated that Li Zicheng was defeated and became a monk at Shimen Temple in Jiashan.
In fact, after the Dashun army passed Tongzhou, it became a fact that there was no leader, and Li Zicheng's Buddhist invisibility was just empty talk. To say the least, even if Li Zicheng is really frustrated and escapes into an empty net, his political career will be over, even though he is still alive.