Why did the Ming Dynasty move its capital?
A glimpse of the most awesome figures in Ming and Qing Dynasties: braided handsome Zhang Xun and Fang Xiaoru
One. Fang Xiaoru in Ming Dynasty
Fang Xiaoru, the son of Fang Keqin, 1357- 1402, was called "Mr. Goucheng". Also, when he was teaching in Shu, King Xian of Shu named his reading room "Zheng Xue", also known as "Mr. Zheng Xue". "Young and smart, you can write poetry at the age of 6, and people are very talented. Called "Little Hanzi" 15 years old, he went north to Jining with his father and brother to study inspirational. The dragon, who studied under Song Lian, is highly valued. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Wu Shen, a university student in Dongge, recommended Fang Xiaoru, and was ordered by Fengtianmen to apply for writing two poems, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganlu, in Beijing, which was very satisfactory. When Zhu Maoyuan Zhang gave a banquet, he deliberately made people lean over several times to test him. Fang Xiaoru sat down after him. Zhu Xiqi is dignified and knowledgeable, hoping to help future generations. He was sent back to his hometown with a generous gift. In the next ten years, I studied and wrote at home, and wrote The Book of Changes and Song Li Yao Yan. 3 1 year-old, the enemy filed a lawsuit with his uncle, and the word was even filial. The government belongs to his family and was taken to Beijing to plead guilty. Zhu Yuanzhang saw the name of filial piety and Confucianism, and his special name was released In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu, he was recommended again and awarded Professor Hanzhong, which won the appreciation of Shu and was hired as the teacher of the Prince. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yun succeeded to the throne, and called Xiaoru into Beijing as a lecturer of Hanlin. The following year, he worked in Wen Yuan Pavilion to respect teachers with courtesy. When the emperor had doubts about reading, he asked him to explain. When it comes to state affairs, Xiaoru is often ordered to sit down and answer questions. When he was in the palace, he compiled records of Mao and Lei Yao, so he was an agreement. Hou Diao, a doctor of literature, was ordered to preside over the Beijing exam with Dong Lun and Gao Xunzhi.
In the third year of wenjian (140 1), Rebecca Judy rebelled. At that time, the imperial court made a campaign, all from the hands of filial piety and Confucianism, and planned to resist the Yan soldiers for the imperial court in many ways. In four years, Yan Bing went to Beijing, and a fire broke out in the palace. Hui Di was burned to death, and Xiao Wen mourned in front of the temple day and night. At the beginning, Judy went south from Beiping. Military adviser Yao once said, "Anyone who has Fang Xiaoru in the south knows his skills. When they succeed, they will not surrender. Please don't kill them. If they kill them, there will be no seeds for reading in the world. " At this point, Judy ordered Xiaoru to draft the imperial edict, and Xiaoru wore hemp to show filial piety, scolded endlessly and refused the imperial edict. Judy sat down for Xiaoru, then stood up to comfort him and said, "Why bother yourself, Sir? I want to learn from Duke Zhou and be a king's ear. " Xiaoru asked, "Is Wang Cheng here?" He said, "Qu died of self-immolation. Ask again: "Would you like to be the son of the king?" Judy said, "The country depends on Chang Jun .." And asked, "Why not be the king's brother?" Judy faltered, "My husband has never worked hard for this family." In other words, the left and right sides forced to give the pen and said, "It is necessary for you to write a letter to the world. "Filial piety, Confucianism, calligraphy" Yan thief usurps the throne "characters, throwing the pen to the ground, crying and cursing:" Death is death, you can't write a letter. "Judy was very angry and said, Do you care about Jiuzu?" Xiaoru replied: "Why don't the ten schools resist me!" Swearing is helpful. Judy was furious and ordered someone to chop off Xiaoru's mouth. Filial piety and Confucianism are full of blood and tears, but they still spit blood and curse. Judy snapped, "How did you die suddenly? : When ten families are destroyed! " So, when he was going to prison, he searched for his family, arrested them in Beijing and killed them one by one in front of them. Confucianism endures grief and never gives in. When Xiao You, his younger brother, was executed, Xiao Wen burst into tears. Xiao You calmly recited a poem: "Brother, why did you cry to death here?" "After a thousand years, the wandering souls still return to their homes in the mountains." Xiaoru also wrote a desperate poem: "There will be chaos in the sky. Who knows that it is a traitor who seeks for the country, and the blood and tears of loyal ministers are exchanged for loyal ministers. What can you ask for?" Finally, Judy executed Xiao Ru. 10 families (9 families and students) were destroyed, reaching 873 people, and the execution lasted 7 days. Thousands of other foreign relatives were imprisoned and exiled, then known as "Guamanchao". After the death of Xiaoru, Ming, a disciple of Duke Deqing, took over his body and was buried in Jubaomen Mountain. He died in the Fang clan in Ninghai County. His son Mazi collected his body and threw it into this well, which was later called the Well of Justice.
What do you mean by "connecting nine families"? It refers to four in the father's family, three in the mother's family and two in the wife's family. Paternity family 4: refers to one's own family, married aunts and their sons, married sisters and nephews, married daughters and grandchildren. Mother's family 3: refers to grandfather's family, grandmother's family, aunt and her son. Wife's family 2: refers to father-in-law's family and mother-in-law's family.
Interestingly, some historians even call Fang Xiaoru stupid and corrupt, such as Mr. Cai Dongfan. In order to cover up the shame of the emperor, these historians did not condemn the perpetrators, but blamed the victims who persisted in their ideals. The so-called Fang Xiaoru said, "Kill ten of my families?" This is against Judy's nine families who threatened to kill him. China has never said the so-called top ten families since ancient times, so Fang Xiaoru never thought that Judy would really count his students. If a Japanese officer said, "Don't surrender and kill your family," I don't know what Mr. Cai Dongfan would say. I really don't understand what historians like China are thinking. What kind of history does such a historian write? How much of China's history is true?
In short, in Fang Xiaoru's era, "killing people for their lives" and "loyalty to the monarch and patriotism" were the highest creeds. What Fang Xiaoru did was shocking and touching. He was the strongest man in the Ming Dynasty, and he deserved it. Let's make it clear here that the tragic death of more than 800 people was not Fang Xiaoru's fault, but the emperor's. These 800 people were not killed by Fang Xiaoru at Judy's request, but by Judy herself.
Mencius said, "Fish is what I want; Bear's paw is what I want, but I can't have it both ways. The man who gave the fish for the bear's paw is alive, too. I want it. Righteousness is what I want, and I can't have it both ways. Those who give up their lives for righteousness are also. Life is what I want. I want more than the living, so I don't want it. I hate death. I hate death more than the dead, so I have nothing to do with it. If people want nothing but life, why not live? If people are more terrible than the dead, why not treat the sick? If you are a smart person, you will be born without needs. If you are a smart person, you will be born without needs. Therefore, you want more than the living, and what you want is more evil than the dead. Not only the wise have a heart, but everyone has a heart. Smart people don't lose their ears. If you eat, you will live, and if you eat, you will die. Begging for help is disdainful. 10,000 minutes without paying attention to propriety. What does ten thousand minutes do to me? For the beauty of the palace, wives and concubines, poor people? Hometown is free from physical death, and today is the beauty of the palace; Hometown is not subject to physical death, and now it is regarded as a wife and concubine; I don't want to die in my hometown, but now I want to do it for the poor and those in need. Is it ok or not? This is called losing his heart. "
Fang Xiaoru embodies the spirit of an China person. Unfortunately, this spirit was stifled by Ming Chengzu. In addition, there are secret agencies such as Literature Prison, Zhang Ting, Dongchang and Xichang. As a result, accompanied by a eunuch, the Ming Dynasty worshipped Zhen and hanged himself alone. The leader of the party is worse than the prostitute Liu.
Two. Zhang Xun in Qing Dynasty
(a) Disputes between the Government and the courts
The struggle between the government and the court refers to the power struggle between the President of the Republic of China and the State Council from1917 (five to six years of the Republic of China). 1965438+After Yuan Shikai's death in June, 2006, former First Vice President Li succeeded the President according to law, with Duan as the Executive Dean. Duan claimed to be the orthodox leader of Beiyang, attached to the Japanese warlords, mastered the military and political power, and rivaled Li. First of all, Li Heduan had a dispute over the choice of Secretary-General the State Council, and finally Xu Shichang came forward to solve it. After wave after wave of turmoil, the struggle between the two sides became more intense on whether to participate in the First World War and declare war on Germany. In order to achieve the main purpose, Duan summoned more than a dozen overseers to Beijing to form a "overseer corps" and put pressure on Li, but failed; Later, Duan asked someone to write a declaration of war against Germany and asked the president to stamp it. In order to calm Li's storm, he reluctantly stamped the document. Even so, Duan was still dissatisfied, and he intervened in the meeting of the National Assembly and finally touched the public's anger. Just then, it was revealed that Duan borrowed money from Japan privately. 1965438+On May 2, 20071,Li decided to revoke the post of Prime Minister. At this moment, Duan angrily left Beijing for Tianjin, pointing out that according to the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, the President had no right to revoke the post of Prime Minister and refused to recognize Li's dismissal order. Because one side is the presidential palace and the other is the State Council, the struggle between them is called "the struggle between the government and the court".
(2). zhang xun restoration (Dingsi Restoration)
Zhang Xun, 1854- 1923, a native of Jiangxi, was a military strategist in China. In the Qing Dynasty, he joined the army in Changsha in 1884; in 1895, he joined Yuan Shikai to establish a new army, served as a wind band; in 1899, he was promoted to company commander. 19 1 1 year (Xuantong three years) served as the prefect of the south of the Yangtze River and headed the Nanjing patrol camp. He participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion, was favored by the royal family, gradually promoted, and his reputation in the military also rose. After the Republic of China, it remained loyal to the former dynasty, and the army left a braid, commonly known as the braid army. He helped Yuan Shikai, then president of the Republic of China, suppress the second revolution of Sun Yat-sen and was promoted by Yuan. He supported Yuan Shikai as emperor. 1965438+In June, 2007, Zhang Xun led troops to Beijing, dissolved parliament and drove Li away in the name of mediating court disputes. /kloc-in July, Kang Youwei supported the restoration of Puyi. 12 years, defeated by Anhui warlord section, fled to the Dutch embassy and was wanted. Later, he died in Tianjin. Zhang xun restoration was planned by Zhang Xun, who supported the deposed Qing emperor Puyi to stage a coup in Beijing in July 19 17 (the sixth year of the Republic of China), which lasted 12 days. This happened in the fourth year of Ding, also known as the restoration of Ding.
1965438+In May, 2007, Li and the State Council section of the Presidential Palace fought the main battle, and launched a "battle between the government and the court" on whether to participate in the war. Japan expressed support for Duan, while Britain and the United States supported Li and Feng. Li deposed Duan from office, and Duan made provincial governors declare independence. Li called Anhui warlord Zhang Xun to Beijing for mediation. 19 17 in June, Zhang Xun led five thousand braid troops to the north. Duan attempted restoration and wanted to use his support to enter Beijing. In July 1 year, Puyi officially ascended the throne, which aroused national opposition, so Duan formed a crusade against the rebels, and ended in July 12.
1895 (in the 21st year of Guangxu reign in Qing dynasty), he took refuge in Yuan Shikai, served as a wind band, and 1899 was promoted to company commander. 19 1 1 year (Xuantong three years) served as the prefect of the south of the Yangtze River and headed the Nanjing patrol camp. After Wuchang Uprising, he resisted the revolutionary army and retreated to Xuzhou. In order to show my loyalty to the Qing court, my department and I have pigtails, which are called "pigtails handsome" and "pigtails army". 19 13 On orders from Yuan Shikai, he led troops to Ning to suppress Yuan Jun, and the soldiers looted. Transferred to Xuzhou as the governor of the Yangtze River. 19 16 After Yuan's death, he established an alliance of seven northern provinces in Xuzhou, and soon served as the governor of Anhui, and expanded it into an alliance of thirteen provinces, plotting the restoration of the Qing Dynasty. 19 17 June, in the name of mediating court disputes, he led troops to Beijing, dissolved the parliament and drove Li away. /kloc-in July, Kang Youwei supported the restoration of Puyi. 12 years, defeated by Anhui warlord section, fled to the Dutch embassy and was wanted. Later, he died in Tianjin.
(3) How to evaluate Zhang Xun?
This should be said from two aspects: politics and personality. Let's talk about personality first. Braided handsome Zhang Xun is a tragic figure, but he achieved Duan. Duan set up this game to make Zhang Bianshuai take advantage of it and drive Li away. He came to a horse factory to make peace. Lin Shu said to Zhang Xun's elegiac couplet: "Zhu Chenggong is there, Ming is there, and he is angry;" Zhang, leisurely heaven ",compare him to Zhang Shijie! Awesome, handsome braid! Strong and handsome! With regard to Zhang Xun's personality of "solitary loyalty", "repaying virtue" and "sincere", from the perspective of China culture, he is undoubtedly a great loyal minister and a real hero.
After Zhang Xun's death, relatives, friends and enemies all sent elegiac couplets, such as: "What about Zhang's democracy?" The theory of the world gradually returns to the public; The people of Sri Lanka are here today, and the monument of the party is different from mine. " ; There is also Ouyang Wu's "no words, no hatred, no morality, no report; Dan Xin is immortal, his life is brilliant, and his death is sad. " ; Finally, there are only two people in Jiangxi by Wang Yuchen: It's a pity that Li Liejun was defeated! More unfortunately, the marshal is dead! How to do this? Next, I want to ask a question: Is it good in Qing Dynasty? Might as well live in the Republic of China. I'm afraid it's hard to say? "
Zhang and Ouyang Wu were both participants and cadres in the Revolution of 1911, and both of them questioned whether the western-style democracy in modern China conformed to the national conditions. The GDP of Japan in the Qing Dynasty was 1/6 of that in the Qing Dynasty and 1/2 in the Republic of China, which shows the problem.
With the education level and traditional Confucianism at that time, Sun Yat-sen's American democracy was undoubtedly not suitable for the national conditions at that time. This scholar in the Cixi era has already demonstrated it, so the Qing Dynasty finally chose the constitutional monarchy. However, the first constitutional monarchy in China was aborted because of the peaceful abdication of the Qing Dynasty.
When Yuan Shikai almost ruled the whole country, Sun Yat-sen could not let go of his power and established a parliamentary system that treated people rather than things. When Sun Yat-sen was the interim president in Nanjing, it was a presidential system. In this way, Yuan Shikai became a famous "rubber stamp", so for the sake of power and the country, Yuan Shikai re-established the constitutional monarchy. At that time, famous scholars such as the United States and Japan demonstrated feasibility, but they were slandered as "claiming the emperor." Japanese and other foreigners actively undermined the opportunity of China's reunification and democracy, and Cai Ash launched the "Constitutional Protection Movement", and Beiyang was split and disintegrated by foreigners.
In this way, China's second constitutional monarchy also failed completely.
19 17, Zhang Xun asked Puyi to restore the monarchy, saying, "When it comes to accepting bribes from the party, everyone will strive for personal gain and help the violence with greed. Morality is ruined and people's grievances are boiling. Anyone who is on the job is corrupt and bribed to give them personal benefits. Called the Republic of China, but I don't know anyone else; Called a national, but I don't know that there is a country. " Zhang Xun's words were the true situation of the national conditions at that time. The Republic of China was a darker era than the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and more than 200 million people died abnormally. In addition to the above elegiac couplet, there are others who also agree with Zhang Xun's point of view. For example, Premier Zhou once said: "Before the Qing Dynasty, Ming, Song, Tang and Han were not as unified as the Qing Dynasty." (Zhou Enlai's Several Issues on China's Ethnic Policy); Sun Yat-sen once said: "When her husband went to Manchuria dictatorship, the tyranny of countless robbers was born, which was even more poisonous than before!" (Preface to the first episode of The Complete Works of The Founding of the People's Republic of China).
The success of Japan's constitutional monarchy was carried out after the overthrow of centralization, while the situation in zhang xun restoration and Japan was similar. At that time, Puyi didn't have much strength and influence, and it was ok to engage in "constitutional monarchy" or "virtual monarch * * * and". If people at that time put national interests first and paid less attention to individual regime, China could be a constitutional monarchy. In this way, there will be no reason for the independence of outer Mongolia, and there will be no loss of southern Tibet. It's a pity that there are too many careerists in China and too few true patriots like Zhang Xun. As a result, China's Outer Mongolia and other places were lost, and the territory of China changed from mulberry leaves to roosters today, and the rooster's ass was bitten by India. China's third constitutional monarchy was also adopted by China.