Cultural connotation and architectural art?
1. The statue is creative and presents secular characteristics
(1) The location of the Buddha and Bodhisattva statue in Ruiyun Pagoda is relatively hidden, and it is more like the background of other carving themes. The overall Buddhist atmosphere of the pagoda is relatively weak.
(2) There are many images of Arhats and eminent monks that are popular among the masses. There are many statues of eminent monks and Arhats on each floor of Ruiyun Pagoda. Their number and size are larger than those of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The dynamics of the characters are more like refining and exaggerating the life forms of ordinary people. Their expressions are lively and have obvious characteristics. The mark of secularization has the flavor of social life and strong local cultural color, tending to the characteristics of secularization.
(3) The divine generals and warriors of Ruiyun Pagoda appear gentle and elegant, close to the lives of the people. Among them, there are two tower-bearing warriors on the waist of Xumizuo. The warriors are holding conches in their hands and blowing them desperately, as if Using orders to direct other strong men to work hard to hold up the tall stone tower vividly reflects the daily life of local fishermen on the seaside in Fuqing.
(4) The animal images of Ruiyun Tower include dragon, phoenix, lion, unicorn, horse, deer, crane, monkey, rabbit, golden-winged bird, magpie, etc. They are all common auspicious animals with unique characteristics. The auspicious symbolic meaning reflects that local officials and people place their good hopes on these lively and interesting auspicious animals.
(5) Ruiyun Pagoda is different from pure pagodas. Some plants and landscapes are represented as main images in the reliefs, which have the style characteristics of literati paintings in the Ming Dynasty, such as the third and fourth paintings of Ruiyun Pagoda. The shapes of the rockeries on the two floors are quite peculiar, with vertical and horizontal surface textures, strangely rounded postures, twists and turns, and clear and transparent shapes. They have the aesthetic characteristics of "thin, wrinkled, leaky, and transparent" Taihu stones in Suzhou gardens. Therefore, these rockeries should be It's Taihu stone. The carved mountain stone on the pagoda also appears in many pagodas, but the carved Taihu stone is extremely rare among the ancient pagodas in my country. It is also unique among the more than 300 ancient pagodas in Fujian. It has a sense of life, which shows that the local officials and people in Fuqing yearn for the lyrical and leisurely style of the literati and officials in the Jiangnan area. interest in life.
It can be understood from the carvings of Ruiyun Pagoda that its style and expression techniques have broken through the constraints of Buddhist rituals, reflected the creative thinking of the craftsmen, and reflected the Chinese characteristics of the pagoda. The carvings of Ruiyun Pagoda express people's hope for life and yearning for ideals. It has a strong interest in life and a realistic atmosphere. It is not only permeated with the religious worship of Buddha nature, but also permeated with the poetic brilliance of secular human feelings, making it a An architectural art that is both harmonious and contradictory, the religious nature of Buddhist sculptures gradually weakens, and the lofty Buddha nature and secular humanity are unified in the Ruiyun Pagoda sculptures.
The tower ventricle is a structure that passes through the tower and wraps around a flat seat. The Ruiyun Tower is an octagonal hollow tower. Each floor has a square tower ventricle, but the space is small. The tower wall, floor and tower ventricle are closely integrated into one. . When climbing the tower, enter through the tower door. From the first floor to the upper floor, you first need to climb seven to eight steps to enter the center of the ventricle of the tower, then make a 90-degree turn, and then climb seven to eight steps before reaching the upper level. If you want to go up to another floor, you need to circle the tower half a circle before entering the tower door leading to the upper floor. This is done step by step step by step. This is the standard "passing through the tower and surrounding the flat seat" structure. In some hollow pavilions in our country, Often seen in the tower.
2. Ruiyun Pagoda inherited the architectural style of the coastal areas of Fujian The style of the pavilion-style stone tower is generally reflected in the following two aspects.
The external features of Ruiyun Pagoda, especially the brackets and eaves structure, are obviously based on the Putian Sakyamuni Pagoda built before the first year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1165), and the Sakyamuni Buddhist Pagoda built in Shaoding Yuan of the Southern Song Dynasty. Although they are slightly different from each other, the Quanzhou East and West Pagodas were built in 1227 and 1238, and the Shishi Liusheng Pagoda was built in 1336, the second year of Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty. The basic styles are very similar. The brackets and eaves of Ruiyun Tower were developed on the basis of these early pavilion-style hollow stone towers.
In addition, the overall shape of Ruiyun Tower is also similar to the earlier pavilion-style stone towers in Fuqing, such as the Longshan Consecration Tower built in the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125), and the Wanli Tower in the Ming Dynasty. The Wan'an Consecration Tower was built in the 27th year of Ming Dynasty (1599) and the Aojiang Pagoda was built in the 28th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1600). These towers, like Ruiyun Tower, are all seven-story and octagonal imitation wood pavilions. The hollow stone tower is straight and slender in shape, exquisite and delicate.
The internal structure of Ruiyun Pagoda is quite similar to some early pavilion-style towers in Fuzhou and Putian areas. Earlier than Ruiyun Pagoda, Lianjiang Immortal Pagoda was built in the 2nd year of Dazhong in the Tang Dynasty (848), and the Lianjiang Immortal Pagoda was built in the 3rd year of Yonglong in the Five Dynasties. The Chongmiao Baosheng Jianlao Pagoda in Fuzhou (932), the Longhua Twin Pagodas in Putian built in the Dahua period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1107-1110), the Changle Sanfeng Temple Pagoda built in the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117) in the Northern Song Dynasty, and The Longshan Consecration Pagoda, Wanan Consecration Pagoda and Aojiang Pagoda mentioned above all have a "passing through the tower and surrounding a flat seat" structure. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Ruiyun Pagoda referred to the ventricular structure of these ancient pagodas when it was built, and inherited the early Fujian architectural pattern of a stone pagoda with a through tower and a flat seat. From this, we can sort out the development of the pavilion-style stone pagoda construction technology in Fujian. context.
To sum up, Ruiyun Pagoda not only absorbs the characteristics of the local ancient pagodas in Fuqing, but also refers to the characteristics of the pavilion-style hollow stone pagodas in Fuzhou, Putian, Quanzhou and other places along the coast of Fujian during the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. An example of Fujian pavilion-style stone pagoda.
3. The diverse cultural connotations and functions of Ruiyun Tower
When studying a building, we must not only pay attention to its structural characteristics, but also further explore its deep spiritual connotation. China The ancients often integrated local folk customs, religious beliefs, thoughts and feelings into the construction of the tower, forming a unique ancient tower culture. Ruiyun Tower has rich cultural connotations and has a variety of functions.
1. Feng Shui Thoughts
Since the mid-Ming Dynasty in my country, a large number of Feng Shui towers have been built in various parts of the south, which mainly serve three functions: ① to make up for the shortcomings of the terrain; ② to pray for the development of cultural prosperity ; ③ Suppress evil spirits and keep one party safe. Ruiyun Tower has the functions of these three aspects. Ruiyun Tower was originally built by Ye Chengxue, the son of Fu Cheng, the son of Ye Xianggao, the chief minister of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, who was from Fuqing, and the county magistrate Ling Hanliao. It is said that the main purpose of building the tower was to "embellish the deficiencies in the scenery of Rongcheng" and " "Building the vast terrain of Longjiang River", therefore, Ruiyun Tower is first of all a Feng Shui tower. Ye Xianggao was erudite and had a lot of research on Kanyu. He attached great importance to Feng Shui and geography. Ye Cheng undoubtedly inherited his father's ideas when he built the Ruiyun Tower. It is said that after the tower was completed, Ye Xianggao was very satisfied and praised his son's courage and ability. Own.
Feng Shui is a unique environmental art thought in traditional Chinese culture. It is an architectural cultural ecosystem that is interconnected and unified with heaven, earth and people formed after long-term development. It aims to promote the harmony between people and the natural environment. Live in harmony and realize the ideal living environment of "harmony between man and nature". In ancient my country, whether a city or a building was built, Feng Shui factors had to be taken into consideration. If there was a vacancy in the city, a tower had to be built to make up for it. This was a common method used by the ancients. Ruiyun Pagoda first makes up for the shortcomings of the terrain, but it also has the function of other Feng Shui towers. For example, the top of Ruiyun Pagoda is shaped like a sharp cone, similar to the edge of a pen. It is a metaphor for dragon horns and a symbol of writing, which can revitalize local people. In terms of literary fortune, because Ruiyun Pagoda was built by a group of Confucian scholars, it naturally has the function of praying for the prosperity of the local literary style in Fuqing.
As a Feng Shui tower, it must follow the traditional ideas of Feng Shui. In Kanyu culture, the rise and fall of a town is determined by the outlet of the river, which is the "water mouth" according to Feng Shui theory. Since the topography of Fuqing is higher in the west and lower in the east, the Longjiang River is the largest river in the area, flowing into Fuqing Bay from west to east. April to September is the flood season every year, and the Longjiang River is raging, and Fuqing Chengguan will be damaged by floods. Therefore, Ye Chengxue and others chose A tower was built on the hillside of Longjiang River in the southeast of Fuqing City to suppress river monsters and prevent floods. In addition, in Feng Shui theory, "water" is wealth. Building a tower by the Longjiang River in the east of the city can also prevent Fuqing's wealth from flowing out. The construction of Ruiyun Tower reflects the importance that local officials and people in Fuqing attach to education and humanities in recruiting officials. It reflects the Chinese people's emphasis on the impact of geographical environment and landscape on humanities, and contains both Confucian and Taoist academic thoughts. In short, Ruiyun Tower is beneficial to the lives of people in Fuqing area. For four hundred years, it has quietly protected people from all over the world, perfectly reflecting the affinity between architecture and the natural environment.
2. Buddhist connotation
Ruiyun Pagoda is a Feng Shui tower with cultural characteristics of Confucianism, Taoism and folk customs. However, the carvings on Ruiyun Pagoda also reflect Buddhist ideas. It has elements of Buddhist culture, so it is also a pagoda. The shapes of Buddha, Bodhisattva, Arhat, eminent monks, flying apsaras, lotus and other figures on the Ruiyun Pagoda form a vivid miniature of the Buddhist kingdom. In the heart of the pagoda on each floor, there are statues of one Buddha and two Bodhisattvas for worshipers. Therefore, Ruiyun Pagoda has certain Buddhist connotations.
According to historical records, Ye Xianggao often participated in Buddhist and Taoist activities, advocated the construction of temples and Taoist temples many times, and rebuilt many Buddhist temples in his hometown of Fuqing. He maintained an inextricable relationship with Buddhism throughout his life. Ye Cheng was bound to learn to build pagodas. Father's wishes will be taken into account. Many Feng Shui pagodas in our country are actually Buddhist pagodas, mainly because people are eager to use the power of Buddha and Bodhisattva to bless the local weather and bring happiness to the people.
3. Ship navigation mark
Ruiyun Tower can also be used as a navigation beacon tower. Its geographical location is just on the shore of Longjiang River and can serve as a navigation mark for ships traveling to and from Longjiang River. Provide navigation. Whenever a ship passes through Fuqing Bay and is about to enter Fuqing County, the towering Ruiyun Tower on the top of the mountain can be seen in the distance. Today, standing on the tower, looking east to Fuqing Bay, to the west to the mountains of verdant mountains, with plains and hills to the north and south, and the Longjiang River meandering past the tower, we have a panoramic view of the whole city of Fuqing. The scenery is so beautiful that we can’t help but I admire the wisdom of the ancients in building towers.
4. Various functional properties
Ruiyun Tower has various functionalities, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects. ① For people to worship Buddha; ② Use the pagoda to make up for the defects in Fuqing's fengshui and improve the local landscape; ③ Revitalize the cultural movement, hoping to produce more talents and pass the imperial examination; ④ Zhen Longjiang's river demon to prevent flood damage; ⑤Prevent the water of the Longjiang River from taking away wealth; ⑥As a navigation mark for ships. Ruiyun Pagoda is not only a Buddhist pagoda, but also a Feng Shui pagoda and a navigation tower. Therefore, it is understandable why the carvings on the pagoda include not only Buddhist themes but also many traditional folk auspicious patterns that have little to do with Buddhism.
Ruiyun Pagoda is different from other traditional pagodas. In the serious religious atmosphere, there is an atmosphere of folk customs. This also reflects the gradual diversification and secularization of the functions of ancient pagodas in my country after the Ming Dynasty. development trends. Ruiyun Pagoda is a combination carrier of various pagoda cultural forms. It has rich cultural connotations and embodies the overall idea of pagoda construction in my country during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It shows that after thousands of years of evolution, ancient pagodas in my country have evolved from the original sacred objects that collected the relics of the Buddha. , Buddhist landmark buildings are developing in a diversified direction. Ruiyun Tower embodies the cultural thoughts and folk characteristics of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, integrates local culture and foreign culture, contains the yearning and pursuit of the value of life, and creates a multi-functional building with rich connotations that combines the noble The religious world is connected with ordinary life in this world to achieve the unity of humanity and heaven, thereby realizing the spiritual pursuit of harmony and perfection.
Ruiyun Pagoda has a high level of architectural form, style structure, carving technology, etc., and has a strong religious color and traditional national cultural connotation. Ruiyun Tower is a typical pavilion-style hollow stone tower in China. It has very high artistic value and cultural relic research value. Among the many pavilion-style hollow stone towers in Fujian, its architectural style is inherited from the pavilion-style stone towers of the Tang and Five Dynasties in Fujian, and is influenced by the Song and Yuan Dynasties. And the pavilion-style stone pagodas in the early Ming Dynasty had a greater influence, and had a profound influence on the pavilion-style stone pagodas in the late Ming and Qing dynasties.
Ruiyun Pagoda has experienced about four hundred years of vicissitudes. Although it is still relatively strong overall, some components have begun to loosen, and many reliefs have been eroded and damaged to a certain extent. Although the surrounding environment has also been improved It has been repaired, but it is still relatively messy and needs to be re-planned and renovated. Ruiyun Tower needs further attention and protection.
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