Where is Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum?
Among the hundreds of imperial tombs in China, there are three landmarks, one is the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, the other is the Mausoleum of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, and the other is the Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. After the death of Qin Shihuang, the mausoleum was built into a square, which has been influencing the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty ever since. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, took this mountain as the mausoleum. There was a complete Shinto and stone carving system in front of the mausoleum, which influenced the whole Tang Dynasty until the Song Dynasty. When he arrived at Zhu Yuanzhang's place, he changed the square tomb into a circle, and at the same time changed the fence around the tomb from a square to a rectangle, and opened the door from all sides to a separate door. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum also cancelled the lower palace in the former emperor's mausoleum, only retained the upper palace, expanded the scale of the upper palace, and added Fangcheng and Minglou. The curved Shinto in front of the tomb is said to bypass the tomb of Sun Quan, which Sun went to during the Three Kingdoms period. It is also related to Zhu Yuanzhang's superstition of Feng Shui, but it did create a new mausoleum system, which has been used in the Ming Tombs in Beijing and even the tombs of the Qing emperors, with far-reaching influence. Although Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born in poverty, he did not dare to be careless in building his own permanent resting place. From the location of Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum in the hall, we can see his intentions, forcing Jiangshan Hall to move out and enclosing half of the 70 halls in the Palace Museum. Jiangshan Temple is a temple with a long history. The temple was founded in the 13th year of Tian Jian, Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties (AD 5 14), and was originally named Kaichan Temple. It was originally built in memory of the famous monk Bao Zhi. After the death of Master Baozhi, according to Liang Wudi's daughter Princess Yongding, she was buried in Dulong House in Zhongshan, and a five-story pagoda was built with colored glass and pearls. The pagoda is called the straight palace, also known as the pearl tower. Kaichan Temple was renamed Baogong Temple in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Xiangfu in Song Dynasty, it was renamed Taiping xingguo temple. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the incense in the temple flourished. It was not until the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 138 1) that it moved and changed its name. The reason is: after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, in order to find the burial place, Liu Bowen, a founding strategist with profound attainments in astronomy, geography, art of war and mathematics, was asked to take charge of the site selection. Liu Bowen and Feng Shui traveled all over Nanjing Zijin Mountain, and finally took a fancy to Jiangshan Temple, an ancient temple. It is backed by Zhongshan Mountain, facing Qianhu Lake, surrounded by green hills in the back, and there are two dragon plays in front (referring to Fangshan Mountain in Jiangning District and two mountains around Fangshan Mountain). This is the only place where purple air transpires, and it is the best Tibetan Dragon Resort in Feng Shui. The site of the southern foot of Zhongshan was chosen, and the temple had to be moved to make way for the imperial tomb. In addition to Jiangshan Temple and Zhigong Tower, nearby small temples such as Baolin Temple, Songxi Temple, Zhuyuan Temple and Wuzhen Temple have all moved to Dulonggang on the left side of Zhongshan Island. Since then, Jiangshan Temple has been renamed Linggu Temple. In the 14th year of Hongwu (A.D. 138 1), Jiangshan Temple was ordered to move 2.5km eastward and a new temple was built. After the temple was built, the monk moved away. Ming Taizu named the new temple "Linggu Temple", which is now Linggu Temple, and then began to build its own Xiaoling Mausoleum.
Because the base sites of many temples are chosen according to their faces, temples have become auspicious places. Historically, some tombs were built on the original site of the temple. Yan Hongliang, the ruler of the Jin Dynasty, was buried in the south of the national forest. When Wan Yanliang was in power, he took a fancy to the Dragon Palace in Lin Musen, with beautiful mountains and beautiful waters and outstanding people. "Looking at the western suburbs, it is a big house, beautiful and deep. It is the source of sex and rain, and it is what people are looking forward to ("Jin Li Shizhi "). This is a treasure trove of geomantic omen, so the temple was destroyed. His grandfather was buried in the original site of Longxian Temple, and Lingqu is the former site of Longxian Temple.
The Ming Mausoleum is centered on Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and the outer city wall is built around the mountain in a zigzag way, similar to the wall of Shi Jing in the early Ming Dynasty (Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty is called Shi Jing); Shinto is also unconventional. Shinto is not only not on the central axis of the mausoleum, but also twists and turns with the shape. Seen from the plane, the main body of Xiaoling Mausoleum is in the shape of "Beidou" from Dajinmen to Baocheng via Shinto. The Shengde Monument in Daming Tomb recorded Zhu Yuanzhang's "observing the celestial phenomena and writing local chronicles", which means that Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the architectural geomantic concept of the unity of heaven and earth, centering on the Beidou where the "Heaven Emperor" lived, surrounded by the mysterious arrangement of four images: Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu. The ancients in China believed that the Ziwei Academy was the place where the "Heaven Emperor" lived, and the emperor was the son of the Heaven Emperor, so "Ascending to Heaven" means "Soul belongs to Beidou" after death. The layout of the mausoleum area is related to the traditional culture of China, which is a reflection of the traditional culture of China.
Zhongshan was called "Longshan" in ancient times. As early as the Three Kingdoms period, it was regarded as "Dragon Pan" by politicians such as Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan. As the founding king of Daming, Zhu Yuanzhang will not let go of this treasure land, and naturally he will choose Zhongshan, which has the best feng shui in Nanjing, as the burial place. Later, both Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek chose this place as their final destination when they were alive, and it was also because Sun Yat-sen was a treasure trove of geomantic omen. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was built here, which became the main attraction of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing and also an important building during the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek failed because he retreated to Taiwan Province Province.
Zhu Yuanzhang chose to build the imperial tomb in the sun of Zhongshan. In the shadow of Zhongshan, the tomb of the hero buried with him corresponds to the north and the south, and the respect is clear, which fully conforms to the situation of "Feng Shui". Zhongshan has three peaks: East, Middle and West, which is called "Gaihua Three Peaks" in geomantic omen, among which the middle peak is the most respected. Xiaoling Underground Palace is 65,438+00 meters south of Zhongfeng. The first people who regarded it as a treasure trove of geomantic omen were Bao Zhi, a eminent monk of Liang Dynasty, and Xiao Yan, the Emperor of A Liang. In the west of Xiaoling, there is a hill called "Little Tiger Mountain". Before, I didn't understand its meaning. Now, analyzing the situation from geomantic omen, we know that it is in the position of "Husha" on the right side of Xiaoling, opposite to "Longsha" on the east side of Xiaoling. In the past, people thought that the Meihua Mountain opposite the Xiaoling Palace was left by Zhu Yuanzhang to let Sun Quan, the "hero" of the Three Kingdoms, guard the gate of his mausoleum. In fact, this screen-like hill is the "case mountain" in Xiaoling's geomantic omen, which symbolizes the status of imperial power, just like several cases in the emperor's office. Qianhu Lake in the southwest and Zhongshanpu in the south also have agile "Suzaku" feng shui characteristics.
The Ming Mausoleum inherited the excellent elements of the mausoleum system in Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Shinto in front of the mausoleum palace, stone statues and ministers' statues on both sides of the Shinto, but it was innovative, which was reflected in the architectural layout of Xiaoling Mausoleum and the underground drainage design of the mausoleum area. Nanjing, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, is a watery area with abundant rainfall. The rock stratum in Zhongshan inclines from north to south, and the rainwater at the top of the mountain is mainly discharged through the Xiaolinggong area of Dulong House. In order to ensure that the mausoleum does not enter water, Xiaoling has three drainage systems, namely, the outer royal river, the inner royal river and the Baocheng royal river. These three royal rivers divide the mausoleum into guiding area, Shinto area, front yard area and back bedroom area, and connect these four areas into a harmonious whole through the Royal Bridge. These three drainage systems not only did not break the order and integrity of the mausoleum space, but also decorated the mausoleum with the imperial bridge more perfectly and forcefully. In addition to the three royal rivers, there are huge culverts under the mausoleum palace to increase the flood discharge during the rainy season. The ground of the mausoleum palace is paved with bricks into an open ditch, and dozens of exquisite and scattered pieces are hung around the base of the enjoyment hall. Outside the mausoleum palace wall, scattered ditches are also paved with bricks, and the retaining wall is also made of masonry. These measures are ingenious.
Zhu Yuanzhang was buried in the Ming tombs after his death, and there were five or six thousand officials and people responsible for protecting the tombs. At the same time, in order to prevent "chiseling Long Mai" and hinder "Feng Shui", Zhu Yuanzhang also made mausoleum regulations before his death.