The history and culture of Liugou Village

Liugou and Phoenix City Liugou Village is located 10 kilometers southeast of Yanqing County. The tofu banquet in Liugou is very famous. In fact, the Phoenix City in Liugou has a longer history and is more famous. Liugou has been recorded in "Records of the Ming Dynasty", "Map of Xuanzhen", "Yanqing County Chronicle", etc. Liugou is located due north of Juyongguan and a little east of north of Badaling. The three places form an isosceles triangle (Juyongguan is the longer side from Liugou). Such a geographical location was so important in the cold weapon era. As early as the Song and Liao Dynasties, Liugou was a battlefield. In the 6th year after Genghis Khan ascended the throne (1211 AD), he led his army to pass through this place to cut down the gold. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Mongols, Tatars and other tribes successively invaded the pass, all taking the Liugou route to attack the Badaling or Juyongguan Great Wall. In the 42nd year of Jiajing (1563), 5,000 Mongolian cavalry invaded Xuanhua Prefecture. They captured Longqing (now Yanqing County) and Yongning City with great momentum. The next target was Chadao City. Liu Han, the general of Datong, fought hard. The Mongolian cavalry then transferred from Liugou to attack Hupi Village, and then attacked Zhangjiabao. When it snowed heavily, they withdrew their troops and returned to the outside of the pass. In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng led the peasant army to conquer Xuanhua and Chadao and attack Badaling Guancheng. However, Badaling has a dangerous terrain and tight defenses, and the peasant army cannot attack for a long time. Li Zicheng then ordered to go north to attack Liugou, and then divided his troops to besiege Juyong Pass. Juyongguan fell under attack from two directions, and the commander-in-chief Ma Dai committed suicide. The peasant army left Juyongguan and rushed into Beijing in triumph. The earliest record of the construction of Liugou city is in the 22nd year of Jiajing (1543). Previously, the Mongolian Ada and Duoyan tribes repeatedly invaded Xuan (Hua) and Da (Tong) prefectures. In the Longqingyuan year (1567), Anda invaded Datong again, and Emperor Mu Zong ordered a strict defense. Therefore, Liugou built a city with a circumference of 318 feet and a height of three feet and five feet. Looking at the map of the suburbs of Beijing, we can see that the Great Wall meanders northward from Badaling, turns to the northwest via Liugou, and reaches the Flame Mountain (i.e. Jiuyan Tower) on the eastern boundary of Yanqing where it intersects with the southeast-northwest-oriented Outer Great Wall. According to "Selected Cultural and Historical Materials of Beijing·Yanqing Volume", there were more than 30 castles along this section of the Great Wall at that time. Among them, the ones with better preservation and higher value include Yanqing, Yongning, Chadao, Shuangying, etc. According to the elders in the village, the ancient city of Liugou has many ancient wells, ancient trees, ancient temples, and ruins of military camps. By the Qing Dynasty, the Great Wall was no longer a border barrier, and the ancient city gradually became a relic. Since modern times, wars and wars have occurred frequently, and the ancient city has been repeatedly destroyed. Villagers from ten miles and eight villages dismantled the city wall bricks and carried them on people's shoulders and by large horses and small carts. A city wall with a circumference of several miles became the house foundations, courtyard walls, and even pig pens and toilets of each household. After searching through historical records, there is no such name as Phoenix City. There is an article on the Internet saying that when viewed from a high altitude, Liugou Ancient City looks like a flying phoenix, so it was named Phoenix City. There is a folk saying: Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, visited the north, and walked to Liugou. He saw the beautiful mountains and clear waters here, so he went up the mountain to appreciate the scenery. Emperor Zhu saw that the ancient city of Liugou resembled a phoenix, so he named it Phoenix City. Whether the ancient city of Liugou resembles a phoenix or not cannot be observed today. There is no historical data to verify whether Emperor Zhu came to Liugou. Even if he had come, could he see the unfinished Phoenix City? No one can tell whether Emperor Zhu and King Li Chuang came to Phoenix City. A famous historical figure did come to Liugou and left behind beautiful lyrics. He was Nalan Xingde, a great talent in the early Qing Dynasty. Nalan Xingde was born in the early years of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty, and his father was the most famous prime minister in the dynasty. Nalan Xingde was smart since he was a child and received a good education, so he knew classics and history, was good at calligraphy, poetry, good at painting, and learned riding and archery. At the age of 16, he was awarded the title of Jinshi by the palace examination and was awarded the title of first-class bodyguard. It is a pity that a generation of talented people only lived for 31 years and died of illness in the 29th year of Kangxi (1690). "Manuscripts of the History of the Qing Dynasty" said that he once served as an envoy to provide propaganda and appeasement outside the Great Wall, that is, Emperor Kangxi often sent him to inspect outside the Great Wall to appease the border officers and soldiers. In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when he was 23 years old, he was ordered to patrol the border and stay in Liugou. I wrote a poem inspired by the autumn scenery in Liugou:

The dawn of Liugou Where the Wu hook is quenched, a piece of city is surrounded by green water. It used to be the battlefield of dragons in those days, with whistling grass, frost and wind all over the ground in autumn. Hegemony is like a prancing horse, but Hegege always grows old. Don't waste your time and become a marquis. How many heroes only use the hills. The main idea of ​​the poem is: On the autumn morning, the poet is about to get on his horse and set off again. In front of us is the ancient battlefield of the past. Where is the place where swords are tempered? The ancient city was deserted, with only blue currents, frosty wind and grass all over the ground. Prancing Horse Hengge established his hegemony, but in the end he became old! Never exchange your precious years for fame and wealth. How many heroes are buried in those desolate tombs! The stele engraved with the poem "Liugou Xiaofa" is erected next to Liugou Village. These fresh and fresh words convey the feeling that life is short.

Liugou City is located behind Minling Tomb. It was an important military city on the roadside of Nanshan Mountain in the Ming Dynasty. It is 20 miles southeast of Yanqing County and 3 miles south of Jingzhuang Township. In the 30th year of Jiajing reign (1551) of the Ming Dynasty, a garrison was established, and in the 45th year of Jiajing reign (1566), a general of Nanshan Road was established. In the first year of Longqing (1567), the city was built and commanded 6,500 troops. From the 10th to the 13th year of Chongzhen (1637-1640), he served as the commander-in-chief of the army after being promoted to the mausoleum. In the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1649), the generals were dismissed.

In order to defend against the Mongolian Tatars, in the 22nd year of Jiajing (1543), Wang Yi, the governor of the Xuanfu Prefecture, requested that a side wall be built behind Jinling. The Ministry of Rites ordered the Qintian Prison to appraise the Feng Shui. The appraiser said: outside the Jiujie (one section is about 5 miles), there is no damage to the dragon veins and it can be repaired. Wang Yi commissioned Cheng Shou and Dong Gong of North Kou Road to build it. The roadside wall of Nanshan stretches from Hongmen to Chadao Yangtou Mountain in the west and Sihaiye Huoyan Mountain in the east, with a total length of 160 miles. Liugou City is on this side wall line, and the red gate is to the west of Liugou. There are 14 piers built in the east and west of Hongmen, and 5 piers in the west of Hongmen: Mingjiangtai pier, Dahongmen pier, Xiaohongmen pier, Xiao Zhangjiakou pier and Kawakou pier; 7 piers in the east of Hongmen; Minghupi pier, East 2nd pier and East 3rd pier. , East Four Dunes, East Five Dunes, East Six Dunes, Yaganshan Duns, Taomu Chong Duns, and Laohu Yao Duns. The piers and walls are connected, and there are police all over the world. With artillery fire, you can reach Juyong Pass in an instant. The officers and soldiers guarding the Red Gate monitored the north-south passage (the three entrances of the Red Gate leading to Desheng, Xianzhuang and Huiling) and sincerely protected the mausoleum and capital. Although the roadside walls of Nanshan are built with rammed earth, they are very beautiful. At about this time, Liugou City was built very small, leading to the later construction during the Longqing Year. In the 27th and 28th years of Jiajing (1548 and 1549), the Tatars invaded Guichuan with 100,000 horses, killing and looting wantonly. The officers and soldiers did not guard Longqingzhou City but went to guard Hongmenkou. In the 30th year of Jiajing reign (1551), a garrison was stationed in Liugou and a garrison office was built. "Each person who guards one city and one fort is a garrison. Those who guard one road alone are divided garrison, that is, participating generals. Those who guard one area are garrison, that is, general soldiers." Due to his important status, Liugou was promoted from garrison to participating general, and then from participating general to general. Will be promoted to commander-in-chief. In the 45th year of Jiajing reign (1566), Xuanzhen appointed a South Road general to be stationed in Liugoucheng, with jurisdiction over Chadao, Liugou, Yulin Sanbao and Nanshan passes. General Nanlu, also called Nanshan Road General, is one of the seven generals in Xuanzhen. (The other six officers will be General Dushi and Maying on the North Road, General Yongning on the East Road, General Wanquan Youwei on the Upper West Road, General Shunshengwei on the South Road, General Geyubao on the Middle Road, and General Chaigou on the Lower West Road. Fort General) was changed to Liugou Garrison Office. "Yanqing Prefecture Chronicles" says that in the 16th year of Chongzhen (1643), after the mausoleum was built, the general soldier of Liugou was named Wang Guochen. The Ming Dynasty perished the next year. According to the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), the Qing soldiers entered Dushikou, broke through Juyongguan and Changping from the Nanshan Mountain of Yanqing, forced the capital, and fell into the twelve southern cities of Baoding, capturing 180,000 people and livestock. It should be that after this war, Liugou established a general army. On April 5, 1998, a stone plaque of "Victory Platform" was discovered in Yulinbao, Yanqing County Cultural Relics Management Office. The plaque was originally used as an offering table in front of a farmer's grave. The stone plaque is rectangular, 0.38 meters high, 0.55 meters wide and 0.12 meters thick. The three characters "winning platform" in the middle are in double-checked regular script, with each character being 12 to 350px high and 10 to 325px wide. The last payment is the auspicious day of August in the 13th year of Chongzhen. The following paragraph refers to Chen Jiugao, the deputy commander-in-chief of the imperial envoy and commander of Yulin and other places, and Qian Shima, the garrison commander of the central part of the Qinyi Right Wing Association. "Rixia Jiuwen Kao", page 2465, quotes "Ten Strategies for Protecting the Nation" and says, "In the east, we go from Dongshan Pass to Huanghua Town, and in the west, we go from Nanshan Pass to the border town of the town. If the guards on the left and right wings have the same intention. Liugou behind the mausoleum controls Changling in the south and Changling in the north. Zhendushi is connected to Sihaiye in the east and forked roads in the west. There are two associations in Nanshan facing each other, one stationed in Liugou and one stationed in Yulin. It is proposed to change Xie into a town, and the general troops will still be stationed in Liugou, and the center will be stationed in Sihaiye to prevent Lingdong, and Xixie will be changed into a right wing in support of Huanghua Town. Stationed in Yulin to guard against the west side of the mausoleum, and to coordinate with the border towns of the town. If there is a warning, the general soldiers of the town will block the outside, and the general soldiers behind the mausoleum will defend the interior. They will also liaise with the general soldiers in front of the mausoleum (stationed in Changping) to set up defenses at the entrances of the east and west Hongshan Mountains. , Tianshou stands in the center like Mount Tai, and the four dimensions are there. "The general of Liugou behind the mausoleum was supposed to be between the 10th and 13th years of Chongzhen (1637-1640). In the Ming Dynasty, there were twenty general military officers in Jizhou, Changping, Liaodong, Baoding, Xuanfu, Datong, Shanxi, Yansui, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian , Shandong. The chief military officer and the deputy chief military officer have no rank, and they are led by Duke, Marquis and Bo Dudu Xun Qi Chong. There is not even one general soldier in the southern province. There is a general soldier in the small village of Liugou, which shows the importance of Yanqing's geographical location.

Liugou City has the highest official rank in Yanqing. The magistrate of Yanqing is the fifth rank, the magistrate of Yongning is the seventh rank, and the general soldier is the first rank officer. "Xuanzhen Illustration" Liugou: "The city was built in the first year of Longqing (1567), with a height of 118 feet, a height of 3 feet and 5 feet, and four gates. In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), Beiguan was added again, with a height of 18 feet. Fifteen steps, two feet and five feet high. According to "Xuanfu Town Chronicles" in the 43rd year (1615), Liugou "is flat to the southwest of the river and is the middle of the Nanshan Mountain. "The valley is extremely strong, and the west Huiling is the second." "Xuanzhen Illustration" also says: "Liugou is adjacent to the camp, and is under the jurisdiction of Yanqingwei in Juyongguan. There are many grazing areas on the side, and there is no grass and food. You must be prepared, you must have both soldiers and food, and the common people will be protected from danger. There will be one general in charge, one in the camp, one in charge of the pacesetters, two in the general, and one thousand two hundred and ninety horse and infantry soldiers. There are six hundred and twenty-six mules and camels. On the border of the city, there is a second charge at Huiling in the west. The mountains are dangerous and difficult for the enemy to ride. The Ta'er Valley is very strong, but Liugou is in front of it, and Yongning is behind it, even if it is charged. Why bother? There are three generals, 694 soldiers, and five pack horses under the command of conduct; there is one general in Neixi Huiling, 250 soldiers and one horse; One of the generals in Eryu is divided into two hundred and fifty soldiers and one horse. The rest of the soldiers, guards, patrols, and generals are also stationed in Liugou to prepare for defense. Fight the enemy with soldiers. Therefore, Sun Tzu said: He who knows wins, but he who does not know cannot win. "At that time, there were 1,984 troops stationed. In the 42nd year of Wanli (1563), Hu Sizhong was appointed as Huailong Military Preparation Road. Du Qiming, his deputy in charge of grain transportation on the East Road, discussed the Nanshan Road more clearly in his "General Commentary on Nanshan Chronicles": "Nanshan is to the south of the East Road, and it is the south of the East Road." In the south, it is in the belly. The Liancheng pier is used as the border, and the surrounding mountains and hills are used as protection. If each road is not guarded, it will rush to the east road. If the east road loses control, it will rush to Nanshan. What is the use of Nanshan and the city? According to the border town, it starts from the Flame Mountain of Sihaiye and reaches the mouth of Hehe River in the south of Huailai. No matter how many or two hundred miles there are cliffs, the local wall is more than one hundred and twenty miles away, and the north and south are suitable for confrontation with Changping. Therefore, the so-called big and small red gates and the east and west gray ridges are all named after the mountain tombs. They are called Yingcheng twenty-four, nine fortresses, eighty for towers, and one hundred and eighty-eight for platforms. With the front and back leaning against each other, the defenders will have no danger. The officers and soldiers under the jurisdiction of the participating generals, Qian Zong, and the generals, as well as the officers and soldiers in the camp, will be in contact with each other. The defenders will have no danger. According to the records, there are no less than 993 horses, mules, and camels. In addition to the Tangbaozao, there are still more than 640 horses. If there is no danger of suffering, there is no land outside the wall. It is useless to take advantage of obstacles to attack, such as Haizikou, Liangpaoer, Hanjiakou, Huiling, Liugou, and Dahonghong. Gates and other places are most important, and the defense should be especially careful. Those beside the Flame Mountain and not connected to Ji Town are surrounded by Taoshu Temple's 100-foot-long wall. In the past, the three towns (Xuan, Ji, and Chang) passed the test, and passed through it for dozens of times. Those who are not willing to take up the post will be blamed for the difficulty of defending. The situation is completed by relying on Xuanzhen. However, when the situation arises, the three towns must work together to ensure that nothing is lost. In case of disaster, Xuanzhen can be held solely responsible. ”