Does anyone know the origin of the surname Xu?

1. Origin of the surname

The origin of Xu’s surname is relatively pure, mainly derived from the surname Ying. He is a descendant of Ruomu, the son of the late emperor Boyi. According to legend, Emperor Zheng had a granddaughter named Nu Xiu who had a great career because of eating swallow eggs. Daye married a girl from the Shaodian family and gave birth to Boyi. Because Boyi assisted Dayu in controlling floods, Emperor Shun not only officially gave him the surname Ying, but also married him to a girl named Yao from his own clan. Yao girl later gave birth to two sons, the youngest of whom was named Ruomu because his father Because of his meritorious service, he was granted the title of Xu and established the Xu Kingdom. Xu State went through Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, all of which existed as princes. During the reign of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, it was passed down to Xu Junyan, the 32nd generation grandson of Xu State. He was very smart and kind to the people, so he was deeply loved by the people and the country's power continued to grow. At that time, King Mu of Zhou liked to travel far and wide and often ignored national affairs. The princes complained a lot about him, so Xu Junyan developed the ambition to replace King Mu of Zhou. So he called himself King Xu Yan and led the coalition forces from various countries to march towards Zhou. King Mu of Zhou immediately returned to the capital after learning the news and dispatched troops to suppress it. King Xu Yan had no choice but to withdraw his troops and flee. He hid in the mountains near Pengcheng. Because he won the hearts of the people, many people followed him to the mountains. This mountain was later called Xushan, and Xuzhou got its name from it. Therefore, King Mu of Zhou had to grant his son Zong Yuxu, calling him "Xu Zi", and continue to manage Xu State. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Xu was defeated by the State of Chu, and its national power gradually declined. In the eighth year of King Zhou Jing's reign, the State of Xu was destroyed by the State of Wu.

Details of the origin of the surname Xu:

As early as ancient times, there were four major tribal groups living in the vast land of China. That is, the Yanhuang Group in the west and central plains, also known as the Huaxia Group; the Dongyi Group in the east; the Miaoman Group in the south; and the Baiyue Group on the southeast coast. The ancient ancestor of the Xu surname was Shaohao, an important leader of the Dongyi Group.

The Dongyi Group is a tribal group with birds as their totem. This is because this area has been a good place for various bird species to inhabit and migratory birds have stopped since ancient times. The people living here naturally hunted birds for food and used bird feathers for clothing. They relied on birds as their main source of livelihood and eventually developed to worship birds as a totem. Regarding this point, we can also see from the original meaning of the word Yi. The explanation in Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" of the Eastern Han Dynasty is: "Yi, from the big and the bow, are people from the East." It can be seen from this that the Yi people are good at shooting. It can also be inferred that this group relies on hunting as its main way of survival. With the strengthening of the totem worship of birds, birds gradually began to be used as the names and symbols of clans and tribes, and then slowly developed into surnames. For example, the four major surnames of the Dongyi Group, Yan (Yan), Ying, Zi (Swallow, Little Bird), and Feng (Phoenix Bird), are probably derived from this.

Shaohao, whose surname is Ying, is also written as "Shaohao", "Shaohao" and "Shaogao" in ancient classics. His name is Zhi (also used as a pledge). He is one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and is also known as "Shaohao". They are called "Zhu Xuan", "Bai Di", "Xi Huang", "Jin Tianshi" and "Qiong Sangshi". From Shaohao's name, we can also see his relationship with birds. Zhi, that is, a bird of prey, is a bird of prey. There are many theories about the birth of Shaohao, which is very legendary. One of the legends is that on the Mother-Daughter Day, also known as Huang'e, she dreamed of a shooting star at night and became pregnant and gave birth to Shaohao. When Shaohao grew up, he became the leader of his own clan and later the leader of the entire Dongyi Tribe Alliance. At first, the black bird, that is, the swallow, was used as the totem of the tribe. Later, when Qiong Sang was the leader of the big alliance, a phoenix flew over and he was overjoyed. Therefore, he changed the phoenix to the clan god and worshiped the phoenix totem. Soon the capital was moved to Qufu, and the tribes under its jurisdiction were named after birds. They were divided into five tribes: Fengniao, Xuanniao, Bozhao, Qingniao, and Danniao. In addition to these five tribes, they were also divided into Zhujiu. , the five clans of the cuckoo pheasant, the cormorant dove, the cool dove, and the falcon dove, and the five pheasant clans of the magpie pheasant, eul pheasant, zhai pheasant, pelican pheasant, and faint pheasant, the spring pheasant, the summer pheasant, the autumn pheasant, the winter pheasant, and the thorn pheasant. There are nine Hu clans, Xinghu, Xiaohu, Sanghu and Laohu, and twenty-four clans, forming a huge and complete clan and tribal society with the phoenix bird as its totem.

During Shaohao's reign, he practiced Taihao's method, named officials after birds, and established Gongzheng and Nongzheng to manage handicrafts and agriculture respectively to develop production. At the same time, he also "corrected measurement". That is, establishing measurement standards, observing celestial phenomena, formulating calendars, inventing musical instruments, and composing music. Under his leadership, Dongyi Group has developed greatly.

At the same time, he also established a very close communication relationship with the Yanhuang Group. For example, he adopted and raised Huangdi's grandson Zhuanxu and his tribe, and decided that Zhuanxu would take over as the leader of his Dongyi Tribe Alliance after his death. Emperor Shaohao reigned for eighty-four years and lived to be over a hundred years old. It is also said that he reigned for a hundred years and was buried in Qufu after his death. The mausoleum is located 4 kilometers east of today's Qufu City. It is pyramid-shaped, with a base length of 28 meters, a top side of 9.4 meters, and a slope of 15.2 meters high. There is a temple on top. The entire cemetery covers an area of ​​more than 110,000 square meters and consists of palace gates, Xiangtang, side halls, stone squares and other buildings.

After Shaohao's death, the Dongyi Tribe Alliance was taken over by the twenty-year-old Zhuanxu, Huangdi's grandson. Zhuanxu, named Gaoyang, was one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. He has been very smart since he was a child. According to legend, he became the leader of his tribe at the age of ten and led his tribe to move to the location of the Dongyi Group. However, it is unclear why he led his tribe to the Qiongsang area where the Dongyi Group is located. , but there is no doubt that he is trusted by Shaohao. Eight years later, Shaohao died and Zhuanxu succeeded to the throne and became the leader of the Dongyi Tribal Alliance. Soon, he moved the ruling center back to the Central Plains, which is now the area of ​​Puyang, Henan. Many Dongyi tribes also moved inward. After moving back to the Central Plains, Zhuan Xu inherited the position of leader of the Yanhuang tribal alliance held by his grandfather Huangdi. He was also the leader of the two major tribal alliances, Yanhuang and Dongyi, which greatly promoted the integration of the Chinese nation. After reigning for seventy-eight years, Zhuanxu, who was nearly a hundred years old, passed away. The Zhuanxu Mausoleum site is located 1.5 kilometers west of Sanxiangzhuang, Neihuang County, Henan Province. It is 240 meters long from north to south and more than 130 meters long from east to west. It has a Baocheng, Xiangdian and Langfang. It was first built in the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt in the Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, every spring and autumn or when the Yuan Dynasty changed, the emperor would send envoys to offer sacrifices. During the Xuantong period of the Qing Dynasty, a tornado covered the entire cemetery with sand. In recent years, with the movement of sand dunes, some buildings have been exposed above the ground.

As a descendant of Shaohao, the surname Xu had a relationship with Zhuanxu after Zhuanxu. In all the Xu family trees, the blood ancestor of the surname Xu is Ruomu. Ruomu's father is Boyi, Boyi's father is Gaotao, Gaotao's father is Daye, and Daye's great-grandfather is Zhuanxu

< p>According to records in "Historical Records" and other books, Zhuan Xu had a granddaughter named Nvxiu. Once, the nvxiu swallowed an egg dropped by a swallow (xuanniao) and became pregnant. She gave birth to a boy named Daye. After Daye came of age, he married a woman from the Shaodian clan of the Huaxia Group and gave birth to a son, Gaotao. Gaotao, also known as Yao, Gaoyao, Jiu Yao, Jiu Tao, also named Tingjian.

Gaotao served as the official in charge of punishment during the period of Yu and Shun. He explained the five punishments and taught the five religions, so that there would be no unjust prisons in the world, and he was known for his justice and integrity. In terms of agriculture, he invented agricultural tools such as the Lei and Shu, which made great contributions to the agricultural development of the Dongyi clans and tribes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. At the same time, he also participated in Dayu's water control project, worked closely with Dayu, did not take credit for his faults, and tried his best to establish Dayu's prestige among the people. Although his achievements in governing the country such as "knowing people" and "pacifying the people" were not inferior to those of Dayu, when Shun died, he actively recommended and supported Dayu to ascend the throne of Shun and became the leader of the Chinese tribal alliance in the Central Plains. Dayu was very grateful to him and considered him the most virtuous, so he selected Gao Tao as his successor and granted him the power to handle government affairs. He planned to cede his throne to him at the appropriate time. However, Gao Tao died soon after and Dayu soon died. Feeling sad, he enfeoffed Ying (now Yingshan County, Hubei) and Liu (now Liu'an County, Anhui) to his descendants. Today, Gaotao's tomb is located 8 kilometers east of Lu'an County and on the north side of Liu (An) He (Fei) Highway. It is a circular mound with a circumference of 97 meters, a top height of 6.2 meters, a top plane diameter of 4 meters, and a stele in front of the tomb. , written in the handwriting of Wu Kunxiu, the chief envoy of Anhui in the eighth year of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1869). There is a yellow chestnut tree on the tomb, shaped like an umbrella cover. 14 meters east of the tomb, there is the Gaotao Temple, which is in the style of a quadrangle with two entrances in the front and back. Because Gaotao had an excellent reputation and great influence at that time, in order to commemorate him, later generations also called Lu'an County Gaotao City, or Gaocheng for short.

It is said that Gaotao had six sons (some say three), and the other sons were sealed in Ying, Liu, and other places. Later, small kingdoms such as Ying, Liu, and Qunshu were successively established. Only the eldest son Da Fei (yin guan), also known as Boyi, had been with him for a long time and assisted Shun and Yu. He made great contributions and was given the surname Ying by Shun. He inherited the orthodox surname Ying, that is, when he became the successor of Shaohao The surname is the tribal leader. From then on, his brothers inherited the surname Yan and developed southward. The surname Yan and the surnames that came after it were regarded as the blood ancestors of Gaotao, while the surname Ying and the surnames it produced such as Qin, Xu, Zhao, Huang, etc. Boyi is regarded as the blood ancestor, and his descendants mainly live in southern Shandong or the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River, or move to the northwest.

Bo Yi is also written as Boyi, Bofan, Baiyi, Huayi, or just Yi. This is because Bo originally means boss. Because of Zuo Shun's meritorious service, he was granted the title of Fei. Therefore, they are also called Dafei and Guanhou: Since Shaohao's Ying family originally had the phoenix bird as their totem, after Boyi was given the surname Ying, he naturally took the phoenix bird as his totem and became the orthodox surname Ying: Regarding this point, We can also see from his name that Yi Ye is written as Fan, and Fan is explained as "Fenghuang's alias" according to "Lisao Notes". Boyi is a legendary and heroic figure in the history of the Chinese nation who has made outstanding contributions. It is said that Boyi could tame birds and beasts by listening to the songs of birds. "As Shun tamed birds and beasts, many birds and beasts were tamed." This was very surprising and convincing at a time when productivity was extremely low. Boyi also invented the method of using hexagrams to predict good and bad luck at the end of the year. When he was very young, he assisted Shun with his father Gao Tao. "Shun sent Yi to hold fire, which burned the mountains and rivers, and the animals fled." Burning the forest trees and driving away the animals can quickly open up large areas of flat land. At the same time, The ashes after burning grass and trees are used as fertilizer, which greatly facilitates the development of clan tribes and the reclamation of farmland, and greatly accelerates the development of social productivity. In books such as "Lu Shi Chun Qiu", stories such as "Bo Yi made a well" and "Huayi made a well" were also mentioned. This shows that Boyi invented the well-drilling technology in ancient China. The invention of well-drilling technology greatly expanded the living space of ancient ancestors. Before the invention of well-drilling technology, our ancestors could only live near rivers and lakes, and were threatened by the rainy season every year. After the invention of well-drilling technology, the ancestors were able to survive and develop in vast plain areas relatively far away from rivers and lakes. Therefore, no matter what words we use today to praise the invention of well-drilling technology, it cannot be overstated. Boyi also played a very important role in Dayu's flood control process. So much so that after Dayu succeeded in controlling the floods, he actually said when reporting to Shun: "It couldn't have been accomplished without my help, and it would have cost a lot of help." Shun was so impressed that he married a woman named Yao from his clan to him, who later gave birth to him. Two sons: Dalian and Ruomu, at the same time, also said to Boyi: "Zi'er Fei, praise Yu's merits, and if you give him the gift, you will have great heirs." Shun's words are indeed correct, Boyi's victory The descendants of the surname later gave rise to more than ten surnames such as Xu, Huang, Zhao, Qin, and Jiang, and they all respected him as their blood ancestor.

When Dayu was in power, he planned to abdicate his position as leader to Gaotao. After Gaotao's death, Dayu planned to pass the throne to Boyi, and in his later years, he granted power to Boyi and asked him to assist him. Manage all tribal and clan affairs by yourself. On his deathbed, he passed down the throne to Boyi. But Boyi, like his father Gaotao, was indifferent to power. After mourning for Yu for three years, he took the initiative to give up his position as leader to Yu's son Qi and lived in seclusion in the north of Jishan Mountain. Qi then established the Xia Dynasty, the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history. Because of Qi's behavior, he completely abandoned the long-standing tradition of "public world" in clan society and replaced it with "family world" in civilized society. For the stability and longevity of the regime, it was necessary to cleanse and purge the influential and powerful clan forces and famous figures who adhered to the past traditions. Boyi, who had an outstanding reputation, was naturally not spared. According to the records of "Warring States Policy" and "Han Feizi", after Xia Qi came to the throne, after a period of adjustment, and after the political power was basically stable, he began to attack Boyi. In the sixth year of Xia Qi, Boyi was killed. It is said that he was over 200 years old. In order to win over people's hearts, Xia Qi buried Boyi with a grand ceremony, and sealed Boyi's second son Ruomu in Xu, which is today's northeastern Anhui, southwest Shandong, and northwest Jiangsu centered on Sixian, Anhui. Since then, the context of the Xu surname has become clear. The main branch of the Xu clan multiplied, developed and grew from this. Ruomu has become the basically recognized blood ancestor of the Xu surname in later generations.

Due to his father's merits, Ruomu was granted the title of Xu during the Xia Yu Dynasty and established the Xu State. His hometown is in the northwest of Jiangsu and the northeast of Anhui today. Xu State was a vassal during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. During the reign of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, it was passed down to the 32nd grandson Xu Junyan. At that time, the state of Xu was already very powerful, so Xu Junyan wanted to take advantage of King Mu's tour to proclaim himself emperor. He called himself King Xu Yan and led the coalition forces of various countries to attack Zhou. After King Mu heard the news, he took a car driven by Zaofu and rushed to Kyoto day and night. He mobilized troops to suppress it. King Yan abandoned the country and ran away, hiding in the mountains around Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Because he was so popular among the people, tens of thousands of people followed him into the mountains. This mountain was later called Xushan, and Xuzhou got its name from it. Later, King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty granted King Yan's son Zong Yu to Xu (today's Sihong area of ​​Jiangsu Province), and he was still called "Xu Zi". In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Xu State was defeated by the Chu State, and its national power gradually weakened. In the eighth year of the reign of King Jing of the Zhou Dynasty, Zhang Yu, the eleventh generation of the clan, (50 BC) was eventually annexed by the State of Wu, and subsequent descendants took the country as their surname and called it the Xu family.

In the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, the Xu family was relatively powerful and formed a Fang Kingdom, which was called Xu Fang in history books. Because he and the merchants both belonged to the Dongyi Group, during the merchant rebellion after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Xu Ying, surnamed Xu, must have expressed great understanding and support for the rebellion even if he did not participate in the anti-Japanese movement. The reason why the merchant clan was not split up later. However, as the Zhou Dynasty's power strengthened and consolidated in the east, it would inevitably threaten Xu Fang's interests and survival. As a result, more than one war broke out between Xu Fang and the Zhou Dynasty, and the results were mutually victorious. This is recorded in relevant documents from pre-Qin and later generations. The "Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong" records the recollections of Rong Ju, a senior official of the Xu State: "In the past, my predecessor, King Ju, crusaded from the west and helped the river." The target of the western crusade must be the Zhou Dynasty, and King Xu Ju may be At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the king of Xu State's army had arrived at the Yellow River, which showed the strength of the army. Moreover, the king of Xu State also claimed the title of king and was on an equal footing with the Zhou royal family. This behavior was naturally intolerable. When Bo Qin was in Lu, he continued to conquer. "Historical Records: The Family of Lu" records: "Bo Qin led his troops to attack it, wrote "Fei Oath", and then defeated Xurong and defeated Lu." "The Book of Songs: Palace of Lu" contains: "The merits of the Marquis of Lu... then Xu's house was desolate . "Desolation means possession. Under the pressure of Bo Qin's army, Xu State had no choice but to move south to the Huaihe River Basin. Therefore, Xu State is also called Huaiyi and Xuyi. Because he repeatedly raised troops, he was also called Xu Rong.

After the Xu State moved south, it still maintained a strong national power. On the one hand, it stabilized the surrounding situation and crusaded against countries inconsistent with it, including the Shu State with the same surname or other tribes surnamed Xu. On the other hand, it actively prepared for war.

It is recorded in ancient books that King Zhao of Zhou died in the Han River after "not returning to the southern expedition", which was probably closely related to the expedition against Xu and Chu. At the time of King Mu of Zhou, King Xu Yan was in power and the country was in great power. According to the "Year of the Bamboo Secretary", in the thirteenth year of King Mu, Xu Rong invaded Luo. According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Dongyi": "After Xu Yi usurped his title, he led the nine barbarians to attack Zongzhou and reached the river in the west. King Mu was afraid of the fierceness of his country, so he divided the eastern princes and ordered King Xu Yan to take charge of them. Yan The king's place is five hundred miles east of Huangchi. He practices benevolence and righteousness, and there are thirty and six kingdoms in the land. "The entire east is governed by King Xu Yan, and King Xu Yan can compete with the Zhou royal family and become the king of the East.

In the history of the Xu surname, King Xu Yan is the most important ancestor after Ruomu. This is because in relevant historical documents and various genealogies of the Xu surname, Xu Yan has almost become synonymous with benevolence and righteousness. As a result, almost all genealogies with the surname Xu, if there is a "surname traceability" part, basically trace it back to King Xu Yan. If it goes back to Ruomu, King Xu Yan must be included in the book as the most important part. In various genealogies of the Xu surname, King Xu Yan is considered to be the thirty-first grandson of Ruo Mu, that is, from Boyi Ji to the thirty-third generation of King Xu Yan.

After entering the Spring and Autumn Period, with the decline of the Zhou Dynasty and the decline of political control, various vassal states in the Central Plains region joined forces one after another to dominate and fight for hegemony. They had no time to look south, and the power of the Chu State in the south It has just begun to rise and has not yet gone north. The Xu State, which was in this political vacuum, also took advantage of the opportunity and annexed some small surrounding countries, including the Shu State with the same surname. It started its own path of rejuvenation and continued to compete with Qi, Lu and other countries in the north, and in the south. War broke out between the Chu State and later the Wu State. As Qi and Chu gradually became stronger and competed with each other for hegemony, Xu State became the object of competition between the two countries. At the beginning, he was too close to the Qi State, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the Chu State. In the spring of 646 BC, the Chu people attacked Xu. Although the troops of Qi, Cao and other countries from the north came to rescue them, they still failed. After the death of Duke Huan, the status and national power of Qi State declined, and the political attitude of Xu State gradually moved closer to that of Chu State. This caused dissatisfaction with the Jin State, a large northern country. However, since the forces of Jin and Chu were roughly equal, it was difficult to determine the winner for a while. In this case, the Jin State accepted the advice of Shen Gong Wuchen who escaped from the Chu State. , to help the emerging Wu State train its army to contain Chu State. According to the record in "Zuo Zhuan" in the seventh year of Chenggong (584 BC), the gradually stronger Wu State "attacked Chu, Chao, and Xu" that year. The battle between Wu and Chu in the south began. Xu State strived to remain neutral and maintain good relations with Wu State. For example, when people from the Wu state go north, they must pass through the state of Xu. Whenever they do so, the state of Xu warmly entertains them. Once, when Wu Jizha passed by Xu, Lord Xu warmly entertained him. When he saw the sword that Jizha was carrying, he liked him very much and expressed his love for it. When Jizha returned home, Lord Xu was dead. Jizha went to the tomb of Xuguo to pay homage and hung his sword on the tree in front of the tomb.

People were puzzled, so Jizha explained: "I know that Lord Xu likes my sword, but because I was on an envoy to the country at that time, I couldn't give it to him. But I have promised it, and now that I am back, even though he is dead, Just hang it in front of his tomb."

This neutral attitude of Xu State aroused serious dissatisfaction of Chu State. In 538 BC, the state of Chu, headed by the state of Chu, held an alliance with the princes in Shen. At the meeting, the state of Chu captured Xu Zi (the king of Xu state). Those who participated in the alliance included Cai, Chen, Xu and other countries, as well as Dun, Hu, Shen (all at the junction of Henan and Anhui) and Huaiyi. Chu State took the opportunity to conquer Zhu Fang. Two years later, Xu Yi, the Chu Dynasty, invited Chu State (it is said that there was a neighboring king, Yi Chu (Jin + Rui - King)), and expressed his sincerity to Chu State.

In 530 BC, Chu attacked Xu again, and Xu State's power became more and more powerful. Weakened, Xu had to turn to the state of Chu in order to survive. In this way, he offended Chu's old enemy Qi. In 524 BC, Qi attacked Xu, forcing Xu to turn to the state of Qi. In the second year, Xu State formed an alliance with Song, Zhu, Na and others to resist Wu's northern invasion. Under the strong pressure of Chu State, Xu State finally surrendered to Chu State, which greatly angered Chu's enemy Wu State. In 512 BC, Wu sent a large army to attack Xu and built forts to divert water to the capital of Xu State. When the city was destroyed, Xu Zi Zhang Yu (also known as Zhang Yu), the eleventh grandson of King Xu Yan, "cut off his hair and carried it with him." "His wife" fled to the Chu State, and the Chu State settled her in Yi (Chengfuji, 40 miles southeast of present-day Bo County, Anhui Province). The Xu State was officially destroyed.

After the fall of the Xu State, the Xu clan He still insisted on taking the country as his surname and taking his surname as his surname. Although he suffered the disaster of destroying the country, he did not change his mind until the Qin and Han Dynasties hundreds of years later.

After the destruction of the country, he still took his surname as his surname. Some of the people with the surname Xu stayed in their original place, and some moved to Wu. The famous one such as Xu Cheng also became a high official in the Wu state. In 485 BC, he led a boat army to attack Qi from Mishang. Some moved to the west and north. , and moved into present-day Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi areas. The rest initially moved to Yuchang, which was named Tu Shui in ancient times. According to "Minutes of Du Shi Fang Yu", "Tu Shui is the Chu River", which is today's Chu County in Anhui Province. Later, some of them crossed the Yangtze River and entered southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Hubei. This can be seen from some local place names and unearthed bronze inscriptions related to the Xu surname. There is Yuhang Mountain nearby, and Yuhang County was established in the Qin Dynasty. Yu and Xu are connected. As mentioned above, there is Yubu River in the north of Huzhou, and Yubuting on the stream. There is Yugan Mountain in Changxing nearby, and Kuaiji Mountain in the south of Shaoxing City, which was called Tutu in ancient times. Mountain. There is Tushui in Xianning County, Hubei, and the place where it enters the river is called Tukou. In addition, several bronze vessels have been unearthed in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and several of them can be clearly identified as (Yu + Du-) vessels. That is, Xu ware. In April 1979, three bronze ware were unearthed in Jing'an County, Jiangxi, which can be identified as (Yu + Du-Zhe)

2. Migration distribution

In ancient times, the place where Ruomu was granted the title of Xu State was in the north of today's Fengyang County, Anhui Province. This was the earliest birthplace of the Xu surname. The Xu family who lived here had already become a common surname when the Xu State fell. They migrated to the north one after another. From the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, many counties were formed in Shandong, Henan and other places in northern my country. The specific migration time is: Qin Dynasty. He had moved to Shandong before the Han Dynasty. According to history, there was a Japanese ancestor Xu Fu, also called Xu Shi. There are many records in history about his crossing the sea to seek the elixir of immortality. This is the case in "The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin" in "Historical Records". It is recorded: "The people of Qi in Xu City wrote a letter saying that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, named Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou. They asked Qi Jie and boys and girls to pray for them, so they sent thousands of boys and girls from the city to go into the sea to pray for them. "The story of Xu's visit to the elixir of immortality, although there are some discrepancies in different historical records, provides strong proof that the Xu family moved to Shandong more than 2,000 years ago. The Xu family moved again before the Eastern Han Dynasty. It spread to today's Gansu Province. In other words, during the Han Dynasty, the surname Xu had spread to the vast area in the north. The surname Xu moved southward earlier than other surnames. "According to the records of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, the first generation ancestor Xu Zhi moved to Nanchang, Jiangxi; the second generation ancestor moved to Longyou, Zhejiang; the third generation ancestor lived in many places in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and other provinces. The second Xu family moved southward. Beginning with the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was further proliferation and development in the south of my country during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. At the end of the Song Dynasty, people with the Xu surname moved from Shicheng, Jiangxi to Shanghang, Liancheng and other places in Fujian. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Xu surname mainly flourished in Guangdong. Fengshun, Meixian, Haifeng and other places.

In short, people with the Xu surname were mainly distributed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in my country during the Qin and Han Dynasties, especially in Shandong. From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the Xu surname mainly flourished in most areas of the Huaihe River and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. After the Song Dynasty, it has been distributed in the vast Jiangnan area. As for the large-scale reproduction of the Xu family in southwest my country, it was only after the Song Dynasty.

Distribution of Xu surname among ethnic minorities:

There are also some Xu surnames among ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. In addition to the possibility that the Zhong surname of the She ethnic group is a branch of the Xu surname mentioned above, during the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Di people in the North had the surname Xu. Whether the origin of the surname came from the Ying surname or whether the Di people later changed their surname on their own has not been determined. Xu Shipu, Chen's minister in the Southern Dynasties, was from the Ba ethnic group.

Xu Shipu (509-563), from the Ba tribe, had the courtesy name Xingzong. A native of Badong Yufu (now Dongbaidi City, Fengjie, Sichuan). He has lived in Jingzhou for a long time and is the coach. Brave and strong, good at water fighting. At the end of the Liang Dynasty, he served as a regular attendant on the foreign cavalry and led the navy. He followed Situ Lufa and defeated Hou Jing, sealed Yu and restored him to the county marquis, and appointed General Xinwu. Tongzhi Sanqi Changshi, Hedong Prefecture. Later, for his achievements in fighting against the Western Wei Dynasty, he was promoted to Shizhong, Zhennan General, and Guarding General. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Liang Dynasty, he was the general of Zuowei, responsible for water warfare equipment and had considerable military exploits. After the establishment of the Chen Dynasty, he successively served as Tejin, General Hujun, General Anxi, Taishou of Blind City, and Doctor Youguanglu. Emperor Chen Wen died of illness in the fourth year of Tianjia.

Xu Gao, a famous painter in the Song Dynasty, was from the Bai ethnic group and was good at painting fish.

In the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the Tu people had the Zubu tribe, which was later adopted as their surname, and was pronounced as Xu. Later generations of gentry also had the surname Xu, which was changed by the Xu Hu family and also by the Xu Bu family.

In the Ming Dynasty, there was Xu Sheng, who gave him his name. He was a Mongolian, and his original name was Seventy-Five. Shui Le joined the Ming Dynasty in the early years. He was an alert person, good at translating ethnic texts, and was deeply trusted. In the early Ming Dynasty, most of the ethnic minorities in the northwest and north participated in the affairs, and the tired officials went to the Jinyiwei to command the affairs and the colleagues.

In the Qing Dynasty, the Koryo tribe had the surname Xu, who lived in Gashan for generations. According to the "Eight Banners Manchu Clan General Chronicle", there was Xu Dayong, who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty and was wrapped in white flags. His great-grandson Xu Zongshun He is an eighth-grade general officer, and Xu Zongmeng is a sixth-grade general officer. In the Qing Dynasty, the stone drums and earth handles in Lijiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province were owned by the Xu family and the Naxi ethnic group. After the Qing Dynasty settled the country, a small number of Manchus changed their surnames to Han surnames.

In modern times, in addition to the Han, the Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Zhuang, Miao, Korean, Tu, Shui, Tibetan, Gelao, Layou, Jingpo, Achang, and Buyi ethnic groups , Ewenki, Dong, Hani, Yi, Tujia, Uyghur, Xibe, Daur, Dongxiang, Naxi and other ethnic minorities all have the surname Xu, and their origins are different. For example, the surname Xu of the Jingpo people was changed to "Letuo", and the surname Xu of the Achang people was changed to "Lashi". Among the ethnic minority people with Xu names today, the majority are Manchus, such as Xu Shao, Xu Feng, Xu Wenyuan, Xu Jiatong, Xu Chengshan, Xu Mingqian, Xu Baoliang, Xu Qinming, Xu Guizhu, Xu Chongyuan, Xu Deming, etc. The Uyghurs have Xu Kerhan, the Koreans have Xu Qixi, the Zhuangs have Xu Hanmei and Xu Xuehong, the Hui have Xu Zhongxi, Xu Wanpeng, Xu Jiemei, the Tujia have Xu Shijun, the Bai have Xu Lin, etc.

Contemporary distribution of the surname Xu

The surname Xu has developed to this day and has become the 11th most common surname in the Chinese nation, with a population of nearly 20 million, spread all over the country, and around the world. There are traces of people named Xu on all five continents. People with the surname Xu in Taiwan mainly live in Hsinchu and Miaoli. In mainland China, the surname Xu is especially common in Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Shandong, Jiangxi, Anhui and other provinces. The Xu surname in the above seven provinces accounts for about 65% of the Han population in the country. According to a sample survey conducted by some scholars in recent years among 174,900 people in seven provinces and cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Liaoning, Guangdong, and Fujian, it was found that there were 2,576 people with the surname Xu, accounting for 1.473 of the total number of people surveyed. Ranked 14th among the 1133 surnames in Beijing, the specific situation is:

Among the 24,948 Beijingers surveyed, 309 people were named Xu, accounting for 1.243 of the total number of people surveyed. Ranked 14th among the 515 surnames.

Among the 25,092 Shanghainese surveyed, 1,034 were named Xu, accounting for 4.121 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking fourth among the 391 surnames surveyed.

Among the 23,795 Shaanxi people surveyed, 209 had the surname Xu, accounting for 0.878 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking 21st among the 456 surnames surveyed.

Among the 25,239 Sichuan people surveyed, 363 had the surname Xu, accounting for 1.438 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking 18th among the 521 surnames surveyed.

Among the 25,029 Liaoning people surveyed, 352 had the surname Xu, accounting for 1.406 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking 12th among the 447 surnames surveyed.

Among the 25,244 Fujian people surveyed, 160 had the surname Xu, accounting for 0.634 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking 24th among the 246 surnames surveyed. Among the 25,646 Cantonese people surveyed, 149 had the surname Xu, accounting for 0.581 of the total number of people surveyed, ranking 37th among the 298 surnames surveyed.

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