Introduce the characteristics of the building according to the unique folk houses.

Beijing quadrangle is located in the hutongs of Beijing, large and small, with many courtyard houses surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north. This is the quadrangle. The gate of a quadrangle is generally opened in the southeast corner or northwest corner. The north room in the courtyard is the first room, which is built on a masonry abutment, which is larger than other houses and is the owner's living room. There are east and west wings on both sides of the yard, which are the places where the younger generations live. There is a corridor between the main room and the wing, which can be used for people to walk and rest. The walls of quadrangles and houses facing the street generally do not open windows, and the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet. There are quadrangles of all sizes in Beijing, but no matter how big or small, they are all composed of courtyards surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest quadrangle has only one yard, and the more complicated one has two or three yards. The deep house compound where rich people live is usually composed of several quadrangles side by side. There is also a partition wall in the middle. Siheyuan, a kind of combined building form in civil houses in North China, is a square or rectangular courtyard. A family, living in a closed yard, living a comfortable, leisurely and quiet life, enjoying the joy of family and family, naturally has a relaxed atmosphere. This quadrangle was left before the founding of New China, and it is still in use now. This kind of courtyard, generally used in and out of a courtyard door. At ordinary times, when the gate is closed, it is in a completely closed state. Most of the courtyard gates of quadrangles use wooden doors. One end of the gate made of thick wooden board is placed in the axis from top to bottom, which can be closed and opened, safe and reliable. In the quadrangle, there is the main room, that is, the north room. This is the main room in the courtyard, and the direction of the general quadrangle is also sitting north to south. On the east and west sides, there are east and west wing rooms. The east and west wing rooms are generally symmetrical, and the architectural format is generally the same or similar. There is a south building in the south, corresponding to the north building. Most of the quadrangles are built in a symmetrical way according to the traditional habits of China. Of course, in the corner formed by the north and south and the east and west rooms, there are also wing rooms. Some of these wing rooms are used to store grain, become grain depots and other warehouses, and some are used as kitchens. There is also a corner, usually the southwest corner is a toilet, while the southeast corner is mostly the gate of the yard. This kind of quadrangle program is more common in the county town of Shanxi and its nearby countryside. There are also courtyards in some places, and the gates are open to the south. Some families, in order to decorate the courtyard, also built a brick wall directly opposite the entrance of the courtyard. On the side facing the gate, flowers, pine and bamboo patterns or large calligraphy characters are generally placed on the front of the screen wall. Write auspicious words such as "Fu", "Lu" and "Shou". There are also some screen walls painted with auspicious patterns, such as "Song He Yan nian", "Magpie Climbing Plums" and "Kirin Sending Children", which create an atmosphere of scholarly calligraphy in the quadrangle. Some farmers also use the words or pictures of "abundant grains", "good luck" and "happiness as the East China Sea". This kind of screen wall is located at the entrance of the gate, some of which are built separately, and some are embedded in the gable of the wing. The screen wall, also known as the screen wall, is square, surrounded by brick carvings, and the square in the middle is calligraphy or painting. The zhaobi is divided into two parts: the base and the wall. Besides adding atmosphere to the courtyard and praying for good luck, the zhaobi also plays an isolation role that makes it difficult for the outside world to peek at the activities in the courtyard. In the courtyard, there are different kinds of floors, such as slabs, bricks and pebbles. Some of the grounds in the courtyard are all paved, and some of the main passages are paved. No matter how they are paved, there are always some places in the courtyard to plant trees and flowers as an ornament of the courtyard. With the development of the times, there have been many changes in architecture now. In rural areas, most of them have undergone great evolution on the basis of the original quadrangles. That is, expand the number of rooms in the main room, because the main room-the north room has good lighting. Therefore, when building a house, make full use of the space and ground in the north as much as possible, which makes the courtyard irregular and a square or rectangular courtyard formed in front of the main room with the north room as the main room. The allocation of residence in quadrangles is very strict, and the principal rooms in the courtyards with superior positions should be given to the older generation of grandfathers and wives. Beijing Siheyuan

Cave in Northwest Loess Plateau

Peasant Courtyard-Dwellings Cave

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China is a world-famous loess plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau, because they don't have a house, use the deep, thick and excellent three-dimensional loess layer there to build a unique house-cave. Cave dwellings are divided into earth kilns, stone kilns and brick kilns. Earth kiln is a loess cave dug against the hillside, which is warm in winter and cool in summer, and has the best thermal insulation and sound insulation effect. Stone kilns and brick kilns are first arched holes made of stones or bricks, and then covered with thick loess, which is both strong and beautiful. Because building caves does not need steel and cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society, the construction of caves has been continuously improved, and caves on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, are more and more comfortable and beautiful.

Edit this section of Anhui's ancient dwellings

Anhui's ancient dwellings are located in the south of Anhui Province, and many ancient dwellings are preserved. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood and surrounded by tall walls. Houses within the fence are generally two-story buildings with three bays or five bays. Larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; There is a pool in the courtyard, bonsai plants are planted in front of and behind the hall, and exquisite patterns are carved on the beams and columns everywhere. Small buildings and deep courtyards are like artistic worlds. Architects all praise it as a "treasure house of ancient residential architecture". Ancient dwellings in Anhui

Most ordinary dwellings in Pingyao were built in the Qing Dynasty. These dwellings are large in size and exquisite in materials. Because of the dry climate in Shanxi and the fact that they were not destroyed by the war, most of them are well preserved. The layout of residential buildings is mostly in the form of strict quadrangles, with obvious axes, left-right symmetry and clear priorities. It is composed of several courtyards along the central axis, and the three courtyards are generally in the basic form of "eye". Courtyards are often separated by low walls and ornate hanging doors, and some have gardens on one side or behind the courtyards. The main room is usually a cave with three or five arch-coupon brick structures. In the front of the cave room, wooden eaves and colonnades are generally added, covered with tile roofs. The roof of the main house is flat-topped, which can be boarded by brick ladders on both sides, and some of them have a wall-mounted Feng Shui building. Some also build a double-sloping building with wooden structure on the cave. The exterior walls of Pingyao dwellings are all made of bricks, and they are made of fair-faced brick walls, which are seven or eight meters high. They don't open windows to the outside world, and their appearance is solid and magnificent. Some of them are made into castellations at the top of the walls, like small castles, and few trees are planted in the yard. Superstition holds that trees will cause ghosts and make homes restless. The ground in the yard is paved with bricks, and more flower beds are built. There is no soil and it is easy to clean. Pingyao's houses are luxuriantly decorated inside and outside, with fine hanging doors made of wood carvings, flowers hanging under the beams of the main house, lions rolling hydrangeas, Fu Lushou's Samsung, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc., all of which have certain styles. Doors and windows are all wood, and most of them have intricate patterns and are different. Some doors are also carved with the story of Tang Yao Yu Shun's Zen position. At that time, glass was widely used, and some wealthy businessmen used carved glass. In order to keep warm and cold, doors and windows are mostly made of double layers, and rafters and beams under the eaves are painted with colored pictures. The house doors along the streets and lanes are particularly exquisite. There are various types of Anhui folk houses with the top shape, such as hanging mountain with a canopy, hanging mountain with two slopes with ridges, two slopes with unequal lengths and half slopes, eaves, etc., beams are inserted under the eaves, and arches are raised out of the eaves, etc., and the practices are different. Some use columns, others make pilaster piers, etc. There is a plaque on the door leaf of the gate, with books such as Xiu De, Xiuqi, Fanao, Xiawei and Letianlun, etc. Some houses have mounted horses and tied horses, which are exquisitely carved, reflecting the wealth of these households at that time. There are more than 4 well-preserved houses in the city, which are so numerous and well-preserved that it is rare in China.

Hakka dwellings

Hakka earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong are Hakka houses in northeast and southwest Guangdong. The ancestors of Hakkas are Han people who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 19 years ago. Because most of the Hakka people live in remote and remote mountainous areas, Hakka ancestors created this huge folk house-Tulou in order to prevent bandits from harassing and protect the family's safety. A tulou can accommodate dozens of families and hundreds of people of the whole family. Earth buildings are round and square, among which the most distinctive is the round earth building. The round building consists of two or three circles, the outer circle is more than ten meters high and there are one or two hundred rooms. They are rich and poor, noble and low, and each family is equally assigned to a room from the ground floor to the high floor. Their uses are very unified. The first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms. The second circle has two floors, with 3 to 5 rooms, usually guest rooms; In the middle is the ancestral hall, which can accommodate hundreds of people for public activities. There are wells, bathrooms and toilets in the tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka earth buildings have been praised by architects all over the world. Hakka folk house is a wonderful architectural work in the southern mountainous area of China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts. For example, the veteran of the Revolution of 1911, the founder of modern education in China, and the former residence of He Ziyuan, the main league member of Jiaying Prefecture of the League. Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are dotted in the mountains in the southwest of Fujian and northeast of Guangdong, which is the Hakka residence known as the "wonderful world residence". Most of them are three to six floors, and more than 1 to 2 houses are arranged like orange petals, with a uniform layout and grandeur. Hakka earth building

Bagua layout map Houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to the gossip layout, and there is a firewall between hexagrams, which is uniform. Because of the fear of being crowded out by thieves and local people, camp-style houses were built.

Mongolian yurts

Traditional houses of nomadic people such as Mongolia. In ancient times, it was called the vault, also known as felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer, and Manchu is Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. This kind of residence created by nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu era and has been in use ever since. The yurt is round, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 13 ~ 16 cm high and 23 cm long. The pieces are woven into a net with strips of wood, and several pieces are connected to form a circle, and an umbrella-shaped dome is covered and connected with the side walls. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwest wall for installing door panels, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke emission, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy and snowy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 3 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol Khanate, the tents of Khan and kings could hold 2 people. There are two types of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more stationary buildings are built, with soil walls built around them and covered with reeds; Nomadic areas are mostly swimming. Swimming is divided into two types: detachable and non-detachable. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the number of Mongolian settlers increased, and only in nomadic areas did Mongolian yurts remain. In addition to the Mongols, herdsmen of Kazak and Tajik nationalities also live in yurts when they are nomadic. It is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is beneficial to the relocation and mobility during grazing.

Dai bamboo house

Dai people's residential areas are located in the subtropical zone, with high temperature. Therefore, Dai bamboo houses are all near the water of Pingba, on both sides of the river by the stream, and around lakes and marshes. Where bamboo trees are surrounded, there must be Dai villages. The big stockade is home to two or three hundred families, and the small village has only a dozen people. Houses are single buildings, surrounded by open spaces, and each family has its own courtyard. There are many bungalows with earth walls along the Tenglong border, and each house is divided into three bedrooms, which is obviously influenced by the Han people and is no longer an inherent form of the Dai people. On the border of Sipu, there are completely bamboo buildings and wooden frames, with people living on the top and livestock living on the bottom. The style is similar to a big tent, which is completely consistent with the situation of "nesting in South Vietnam" recorded in Huainanzi, and it is also the "dry-diaphragm" residence of ancient Liao people "living by trees and building blocks" recorded in history books. This is a typical building of the Dai people. This kind of bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, with four uncovered columns, and horses and cattle tied to columns. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which turns into a long big room, and a corner is separated by a bamboo fence to be the master's bedroom and also the storage place of important money and things; The rest is a large open room, with a low roof and sloping sides, and the eaves are on the floor, so there is no window. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are also small windows on both sides and a door at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pond. No matter in winter or summer, brew tea burns day and night and cooks, all of them are on this fire, and the host and guest gather to talk and squat or sit around the furnace. The roof is covered with thatch, and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo. The construction of this kind of house is extremely easy. It can be built in a few days by cutting down big bamboo and gathering neighbors to help each other. But it is also very easy to rot, and it must be repaired after the rainy season every year. Toastmasters' houses are mostly built of wood instead of bamboo, and the style is still like a bamboo building, only slightly tall, and instead of thatching, they use a tile roof. In Xishuangbanna, the Dai people can burn their own tiles, which are like fish scales, three inches square and only two or three points thin. One side of each tile has a hook, and bamboo strips are nailed horizontally on the rafters of the roof, about two inches apart. The tiles are hung on the bamboo strips like fish scales, so the roof of the Dai people cannot be climbed. If the tiles need to be replaced, just reach out under the rafters and break the tiles. Anyone who lives in this kind of house is a big family in the village, that is, the Xuanwei yamen in the car. The architectural style is just so much, but the area is much larger than that of the common Dai folk wooden building. The whole building is made of 12 large wooden columns, which are more than ten meters long and seven or eight feet wide. The upstairs is divided into several rooms, surrounded by walkways, but no windows are opened, so it is dark, and the downstairs is empty and there is no shelter. Only one hundred and twenty large wooden columns are arranged neatly. This kind of houses where people live above and cattle and horses are raised below can be generally seen in the southwest border region, such as Hani, Jingpo, Yi and Miao, Yao and Li nationalities, and so are housing buildings, but the lower floors are mostly made of stones or mud. The bamboo house of the Dai people is empty on all sides of the lower floor. Every morning, when cattle and horses are out of the barn, they will remove the feces, so that people living in the upper floor will not be fumigated by foul air.

Tujia diaojiaolou

Tujia people love to live in groups and live in diaojiaomulou. Houses are built by village and village, and there are few single-family households. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhanging eaves, wooden railings, walking around the corner, and antique. Generally, there are small courtyards at home, with fences in front of the courtyard, bamboo groves behind the courtyard, green flagstones paving the way, planking the walls, and Song Ming lighting up. The family lives a quiet pastoral life with sunrise and sunset. Tujia nationality, with a population of 574223, mainly lives in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed. Tujia area is surrounded by hills and rich in products. It has magnificent natural scenery and rich ethnic customs, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China and has become a new tourist attraction. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "a native". More than 2 years ago, they settled in today's western Hunan and western Hubei.