What does Zhaoling mean? Why are there Tang Dynasty and Qing Dynasty?
Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, Ming Zhaoling is the burial tomb of Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses. It is the first large-scale restored cemetery in the Ming Tombs at present, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the Mausoleum.
The life of the tomb owner
(1) Ming Muzong Zhu Zaihou
Ming Muzong Zhu Zaihou, the third son of Sejong Zhu Hou, was born in the palace in January of 16th year of Jiajing (in 1537), became Emperor Yu in February of 18th year, succeeded the emperor in December of 45th year, and was renamed as "Qin Long" in the following year, and was in Ganqing Palace on May 26th of 6th year of Qin Long (in 1572). Qiaocheng "Qi Tianlong Daoyuan Yi Kuan Ren Xian Wen Guang Wu Chun De Hong Emperor Xiao Zhuang", was buried in Zhaoling on September 19th.
Zhu Zaihou * * * has eight brothers, none of whom are descendants. His brothers, Prince Ai Chong and Prince Zhuang Jing, will be introduced later. Mu Zong ranked third, born of filial piety to Du Taihou (Kang Fei at the beginning, Kang Fei in the 15th year of Jiajing, and Queen Mother after Mu Zong acceded to the throne). Mu Zong also has five younger brothers, the eldest brother Jing Gong Wang Zhu Zaizhen, born to Lu Jingfei, the same age as Mu Zong, only in January, Jiajing was named King Jingwang in the eighteenth year, died in De-an Yu (Hubei Anlu) Wangfu in the forty-fourth year, and the second brother Ying was born to Wang Zhuzai and Jiang Sufei. The third brother, Qi Huaiwang Zhu Zai, was born by Zhao Yifei; The fourth brother Ji Ai Wang Zhu Zai was born by Chen Yongfei; The five brothers all miss Wang Zhuzai and Zhao Rongfei (all four kings died before their first birthday).
according to the etiquette of the Ming dynasty, after the death of two princes, Ai Chong and Zhuang Jing, Mu Zong should be appointed as the prince. However, Sejong believes that Mu Zong's two brothers died prematurely after being made a prince, so they dare not make a prince again. As a result, Mu Zong's half-brother, relying on his mother, Lu Jingfei, was favored by Emperor Sejong and sometimes wanted to seize the crown prince. At that time, there was a lot of discussion between the monarch and the minister, and Sejong ordered King Jing to be a vassal of De 'an in Jiajing forty years. Four years later, King Jing died. Sejong said to Xu Jie, a great scholar: My son always had the heart to seize his office, and now he is finally dead.
at the beginning of his accession to the throne, Mu Zong had a frugal trip. In the handling of state affairs, Mu Zongchu entered the political arena, and there was no lack of revitalization. Faced with the serious financial crisis and unstable factors left by Sejong Dynasty, he trusted Li Fang, a decent eunuch in the palace, and appointed some outstanding politicians such as Xu Jie, Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng among the ministers, which led to a new improvement in North Korea's politics.
At the beginning of his administration, when Xu Jie, the minister of cabinet records, was drafting the testament of Sejong and the imperial edict of Mu Zong's accession to the throne, he proposed to rehabilitate the officials who were convicted of making suggestions (persuading the emperor) during Jiajing period, hand over the alchemist who had made trouble with Sejong to the legal department for punishment, stop fasting activities, stop weaving, stop buying jewelry and spices and other useless actions, and grant amnesty to the world and exempt him from Jiajing for forty-three years (in 1564). After the implementation of these popular measures, the "gratitude of the ruling and opposition parties" played a certain role in eliminating all kinds of disadvantages of Sejong Dynasty.
After Mu Zong ascended the throne, although his political affairs were uplifted, he was used to living in the luxurious palace. The beauty of his early politics only lasted less than a year, and he was intoxicated with the pleasures of the harem.
he ignored the economic situation of empty state treasury and depressed people's livelihood at that time, and took Taicang silver into the inner government many times. He also ordered the household department to buy cat's eye stones, emeralds and all kinds of jewels everywhere, and to build a palace on a large scale. During his six years in office, he ordered hundreds of thousands of pieces of silver.
In the palace, three eunuchs, Teng Xiang, Meng Chong and Chen Hong, "strive to decorate their strange skills and coquettish skills to please the emperor". Li Fang, the eunuch, remonstrated, but Mu Zong dismissed him as an official. Empress Chen was banished from the palace for remonstrance. Ministers also remonstrated in succession, but Mu Zong simply wouldn't listen, and many people were cut off by the court staff.
Mu Zong indulged in debauchery and fun all day, and was bored with imperial politics. He didn't go to court for many years, and he didn't want to go out of the palace and observe the people's feelings.
Fortunately, several cabinet ministers in Qin Long, such as Xu Jie, Gao Gong, Zhang Juzheng and others, were quite successful politicians. Emperor Mu Zong was not interested in state affairs, but he was able to adopt the opinions of the cabinet. Therefore, Qin Long's reign, though short of time, did not form a "prosperous time" situation, but it also greatly eased the situation of a series of political crises left by Sejong Dynasty.
(2) Li, Empress of Xiaoyi Village
Li, Empress of Xiaoyi Village, was born in Changping, Beijing, and was the daughter of Li Ming, a hundred households in the Royal Guards (later, she was a female dignitary, and the official was a thousand households in the Royal Guards, and she was named De Pingbo). In September of the 31st year of Jiajing (1552), Sejong sent a message to the Ministry of Ritual that the third son of the Emperor (that is, Mu Zong) and the fourth son of the Emperor (King Jing) had grown up, so it was reasonable to get married, and ordered all unmarried women aged 14 to 16 in Beijing to be sent to the Erwangguan for selection. Three days later, the Ministry of Rites was invited to select 1,2 good women, and Lee was chosen as Princess Yu, who stayed in the palace temporarily and held a wedding ceremony in February of the following year. The official book was Princess Yu.
two years after their marriage, Li gave birth to yi zhu, the eldest daughter of Emperor Jiajing, who died in Yu Wangfu on April 13th. Emperor Sejong made funeral regulations for his relatives. In July of the same year, he was buried in Fengyukou, Jinshan, West Beijing. After Mu Zong acceded to the throne, he was posthumously posthumously named the Empress Xiaoyi in February of the first year of Qin Long (1567). In July of the sixth year of Qin Long, Shenzong was honored as the "Empress of Filial Piety, Zhen Hui Shun Zhe, Gong Ren Li Tian Xiang" and moved to Zhaoling.
(3) Chen, Empress of Xiao 'an
Chen, Empress of Xiao 'an, is from Tongzhou, Beijing, and the daughter of Chen Jingxing, a imperial academy Guo Jian (after Chen was selected as Yu Wang Jifei, she was given the command of the Military and Military Command Department of Midtown, and later she was granted the position of Deputy Thousand Households of Royal Guards, and was appointed as Gu 'anbo). In September of the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing (1558), she was elected as the concubine of Yu Wang, and in the first year of Qin Long (1567), she was made a queen.
Chen was childless and sickly, so he was left out in Mu Zong. In the second year of Qin Long, Mu Zong indulged in debauchery and was ordered to move to another palace after Chen's remonstrance. In the first month of the third year of Qin Long, the suggestion Zhan Yangbi visited the imperial city, and the medical officer came out of the palace. The medical officer revealed the situation in the palace, saying that the queen was living in another palace and her condition was very serious. Zhan Yangpi immediately went to Shu and said to Mu Zong, "The empress was chosen by the late emperor for your majesty, the master of the ancestral temple and the country, and also an example for the families of all directions to follow.". Now the queen has moved to another palace for nearly a year, so that depression has become a disease, but the emperor has never turned a blind eye to it. Once it is spread abroad in the future, will it not be detrimental to the emperor's holiness and be ridiculed by people all over the world? Please take back your command and let the queen return to the Palace of Kunning for recuperation. Mu Zong, however, said, "The Queen has been with Lian for many years, but she has not had any children. Recently, she became ill and moved to another palace in order to have a comfortable environment for her illness.". Wang Zhiyuan also advised Mu Zong, but Mu Zong was still stubborn.
after Mu Zong's death, Shenzong succeeded to the throne, honoring Empress Chen as "Empress Dowager Rensheng" and living in Ciqing Palace. In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), the honorific title "Zhen Yi" was added, and in the tenth year, "Kang Jing" was added. In history, Shenzong is also very filial to this non-mother. As early as when he was a prince, Shenzong visited Fengxian Hall (a place for ancestor worship in the palace) every morning. After meeting his parents, he always went to greet Queen Chen. Empress Chen is very happy when she hears the footsteps coming from Shenzong. On July 13th, 24th year of Wanli, Queen Chen died. Shenzong was honored as "filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety and filial piety" and buried in Zhaoling.
(4) After Filial Piety, Li
After Filial Piety, Li was born in Yongledian, Tongzhou, and was originally a palace maid. When Mu Zong was in Yu Wangfu, he was given the title of imperial concubine in March of the first year of Qin Long (1567), and was honored as the "Empress Dowager Mercifully" by Shenzong in the first year of Wanli (1573), and in February of the forty-second year of Wanli.
Ming Zhaoling's Mausoleum Palace Building
(1) The ancestral mausoleum was used by Sun, and Mu Zong was buried in Dayu
In the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), Mu Zong died in Ganqing Palace.
Wang Xilie, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, went to Tianshou Mountain to choose a mausoleum for Mu Zong, and chose Tanyuling on the left side of Yongling (where the present Deling is located). In June of the same year, Shenzong ordered Zhang Juzheng, a university student, and Cao Xian, the eunuch of Sili Prison, to go to the mausoleum area for inspection after the ceremony of accession to the throne. Zhang Juzheng said to Shenzong: It's a great thing to die, and the geomantic theory of finding the mausoleum is very subtle. If the matter is important, it should be considered in detail in handling it; If the reason is subtle, we should gather public opinions in order to do it just right. He suggested referring to the example of selecting Yongling during Jiajing period, sending two ministers of ceremony and industry, one official of science and Taoism, one official of Qin Tianjian who is familiar with geography officials, yin and yang, etc., and then recommending one of the courtiers who is good at geography and integrity to visit together.
Therefore, Shenzong ordered Zhang Shouzhi, the senior minister of the Ministry of Commerce, Zhu Da, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of Commerce, Zhao Jin, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Li Ke to visit Tianshou Mountain with Zhang Juzheng. After coming back, at the suggestion of Zhang Juzheng and others, Shenzong decided to use Dayu Mountain as the construction site of Mu Zong Mausoleum.
why did you choose Tanyuling instead of Dayushan? According to the analysis of the historical background at that time, there are two reasons.
First, the "Feng Shui" of Dayushan is better than Tanyuling. Zhang Juzheng once described Dayushan. He said that "the mountains and rivers are surrounded by each other ... the land of heaven and earth is the true residence of the emperor". Tanyuling, however, is considered unlucky by many people. For example, Qing Liangfen once said that it was "a solitary peak, and the mountains in the water on the left and right sides were uneven." He also said that "the main mountain is steep and there is no pulse." The Deling built there is "the left shoulder is affected by the wind in the east of the north, and the right shoulder is affected by the wind in the north of the west". In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, although there were cases in which the theory of "Feng Shui" was no longer too particular, it was reasonable to try to choose the right time and bury it.
Second, Zhang Juzheng is a pragmatic politician. Dayushan has a ready-made Xuan Palace and some ground buildings. With a little additional construction, the cemetery can be completed with twice the effort, saving time and effort and expenses.
Why is there a ready-made Xuangong building in Dayu Mountain? This also needs to review some history of Sejong Dynasty.
In the 16th year of Zhengde (1521), in March, Zhu Houzhao, a dissolute Wu Zong, died of illness in his den-Leopard Room. Since Wu Zong had no children, Zhu Houzong, the prince of Xing Xian (cousin of Wu Zong), inherited the throne, namely Emperor Sejong.
after emperor sejong ascended the throne, after a "great discussion ceremony" dispute, in October of the 16th year of Zhengde, he honored his father, Yuan Xing, as the king of Xian Di, and his mother, Jiang Shi, as the queen of rejuvenating the country. In April of the third year of Jiajing (1524), he worshipped his father as the Emperor Kao Gong Mu and his mother as the Empress Dowager Zhang Sheng. In the same year, the Mausoleum Temple was renovated, and the recommendation number was "Xianling". In September, in order to please Sejong, some ministers proposed that the Emperor Xian buried in Xianling, Anlu, Hubei Province (now Zhongxiang County) be buried in Tianshou Mountain, which was exactly what Sejong wanted. He ordered the Ministry of Industry to handle it. Zhao Huang, a senior minister, thought that it was impossible to be reburied. The reasons were: the imperial examination was safe and inviolable; The mountains and rivers are beautiful and can't be lightly drained; The country is fundamental and cannot be lightly moved. He advocated not moving Xianling to Tianshou Mountain, just as Taizong did not move the imperial tomb and Taizong (that is, Chengzu) did not move Xiaoling. Ministers such as Shangshu and Xishu of the Ministry of Rites also strongly opposed it, so Sejong had to give up.
After more than ten years, the mother of Sejong, Empress Dowager Zhang Sheng, died in December of the seventeenth year of Jiajing. Sejong suddenly wrote a letter to build a tomb in Tianshou Mountain, intending to bury his parents together in Tianshou Mountain. He personally went to Tianshou Mountain to choose the mausoleum site. Seeing that Dayu Mountain is a good place to build a mausoleum, he immediately ordered Hou Guoxun of Wuding and Jiang Yao, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, to prefect the internal and external staff services and start building a mausoleum. He also ordered Xia Yan, a university student, and Yan Song, a minister of the Ministry of Rites, to make a "map of the opening of the Emperor Zigong" and a note on the relocation instrument. Soon, Sejong changed his mind again. He said: "The matter of moving the mausoleum is thought about in the middle of the night. The emperor has been in Tibet for 2 years, and once he is exposed to the wind and dust, he will be shaken away from the road and feel uneasy. " I'm going to show my mother, Queen Mother Zhang Sheng, to the tomb in Nanjiao. He ordered the Royal Guards to command Zhao Jun to go to Xianling, Hubei Province, open the Xuan Palace and examine Ouchi. But the report said that there was water in the mysterious palace. Therefore, Sejong personally visited Xianling and ordered to rebuild the Xuan Palace for burial. Sejong passed the tomb of Yao's mother in Qingdu on his way back to Beijing. He had a brainwave and wanted to imitate the story of Yao's parents being buried in a different tomb. Instead of moving his father's coffin, he buried his mother in Dayu Mountain. In the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), he personally went to Dayu Mountain to see the mausoleum workers, and said, "The valley is desolate and desolate, and it is not as perfect as Chunde Mountain (the mountain behind Xianling). Before using it, I decided to serve the south of Cigong." Due to the uncertainty and impermanence of Sejong, after many twists and turns, this newly built Xuan Palace was empty. Mu Zong didn't build Shougong in advance before his death, so he just used it.
In July of the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), Zhu Heng, a senior minister of the Ministry of Industry, came back from the construction site and told Shenzong about the situation in the Xuan Palace. He said that the Xuan Palace built by Emperor Su for Ruizu (offering the emperor's temple name "Ruizong") "is full of purple light, and the door is clean, just like a" warm room ". Shenzong was very happy when he heard this, and immediately ordered the Ministry of Rites to agree on the introduction. On August 22nd, Li's coffin of Empress Xiaoyi was buried in Zhaoling, and on September 19th, the coffin of Emperor Mu Zong was also buried in Zhaoling. It was the first case in the Ming Dynasty to use the Xuan Palace built for others to bury the Empress like this.
(2) It cost millions of silver to start work twice
Since June 15th, the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), Shenzong sent a letter to build a mausoleum in Dayushan, and the massive ground construction project began. Zhu Heng, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, was appointed as the governor of Shanling affairs, Zhao Jin, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, was in charge of supervising the construction of wood and stone, Xiong Ruda, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Zhou Xuan, the eunuch of the Inner Palace, were in charge of the construction of the works. In addition, Zhu Xixiao, the left commander of the Royal Guards, and Yang Junqing, the secretary of the Royal Guards, were on the scene to supervise the work.
The project is progressing very rapidly. In just one year, all the projects in Zhaoling were completed. To this end, God granted Zhu Heng, a minister of the Ministry of Industry, and others a number of silver coins, and also granted permission to wait on Lang Xiong Ruda's son to study in imperial academy.
However, many good things happen. Because the construction is not detailed, it took only one year, and the foundation settlement of the cemetery building appeared. In July of the second year of Wanli (1574), Tao Jin, the supervisor of Zhaoling Jingu Palace, said: "Since June, on the second day of rain, the masonry inside and outside the Lingen Gate of this mausoleum has subsided." Wang Shuling, the director of the Ministry of Industry, ordered to check, and when she came back, she was consistent with Tao Jin. He also said that there was no damage to the temple, the Ming building and the treasure city. As a result, the Ministry of Industry also reported to Shenzong that the tomb was an important place, and the accident occurred less than one year after the ding was built, and both internal and external management officials should investigate and deal with it. Zhang Juzheng, the assistant minister, also cited the example of the leakage of Hubei Xianling Diange and punished the management officials, demanding that this be investigated. Therefore, Shenzong criticized Wang Shuling's echo, saying that the mausoleum is an important place, how can it be said that the subsidence is not important? He also decided to ask questions about Zhou Xuan, the eunuch of the prefect project, Guo Quange 'en, the left supervisor, Yi Keyi, the foreman, Shi Han, the foreign minister, and Wang Xuan, the official craftsman.
Before the matter was finished, Wu Wenjia said to Shenzong, "There is a lot of subsidence in the gate and temple of Lengen, and the collapse damage of masonry in Baocheng is even more worrying." Shenzong immediately ordered Chen Yisong, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Hu Ruqin, who was in charge, to visit the cemetery again. When I came back, I reported that the cemetery was seriously sunk, and the Danbi and the square walls of the Temple of Lengen were sunk and flashed to varying degrees, which was far from what Tao Jin and Wang Shuling played. Shenzong Lanzou was very angry and immediately ordered Douchayuan to join the Ministry of Industry to take part in the accident. This time, the punishment was more severe than last time. Zhou Xuan and Guo Quan were each demoted by three levels and removed from their duties as stewards. Xiong Ruda has become an official, with a crown and a leisure life, and he has gone out of business with grace; Yi Keyi and Shihan were each demoted by three levels and transferred to other posts; Wait for the law department to ask again; Zhu Heng took Shangshu as an official; Yang Junqing and other four supervisors were downgraded, and Guo Yuanxiang was paid for half a year; Ma Lu and other legal departments asked questions.
Tao Jin and Wang Shuling reported.