The origin of cutting window grilles in the Spring Festival
Paper-cutting is a very popular folk art, which has been loved by people for thousands of years. Because it is often pasted on windows, people generally call it "window grilles".
Window grilles are rich in content and wide in subject matter. Because the buyers of window grilles are mostly farmers, window grilles have quite a lot of content to express farmers' lives, such as farming, weaving, fishing, herding sheep, raising pigs and chickens. In addition, there are myths and legends, drama stories and other themes. In addition, the images of flowers and birds, insects and fish, and the zodiac are also very common.
With its unique generalization and exaggeration, window grilles show auspicious things and good wishes incisively and vividly, and decorate festivals with prosperity and celebration.
Stick grilles is usually carried out after dust removal.
Window grilles are folk paper-cut artworks with various colors and patterns. This folk custom with national characteristics has a history of thousands of years. Shanxi folk paper-cuts, especially window grilles, are full of Shanxi folk local flavor and strong local flavor. The so-called "Magpie on Plum", "Two Dragons Playing with Beads", "Proud", "Goddess Scattering Flowers" and various patterns of flowers, plants, insects, fish and birds show farmers' good hopes for future life.
Paper-cutting is closely related to the beginning of the Spring Festival. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote in his poems: "Carve gold to win the secular world, and cut green to make people start the Jin style." The "Beijing custom" and "Jin style" in the poem point out this atmosphere. And clearly stated the customs of the Jin people. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the time to cut and paste window grilles to welcome the Spring Festival began in beginning of spring, and people used paper-cutting to express their joy in celebrating spring.
Window grilles can not only set off the festive atmosphere, but also bring people beautiful enjoyment, integrating decoration, appreciation and practicality.
One of the cutting and carving forms of window grilles is monochrome cutting and carving, which is widely used in red paper paper cutting. Second, color paper-cutting, big windows in palaces and shops or windows in halls and facades. Thirdly, the relief paper-cutting popular in Gansu and Qinghai has a unique style, which combines cutting and engraving with origami technology. The fourth kind is colored window grilles, which are divided into dyeing and contrasting colors. Dyed window grilles are the most famous in Fengning and Yuxian, Hebei Province. First engraved and then dyed, with bright colors and excellent light and shadow effects. Color matching window grilles are the most famous window grilles produced in Foshan, Guangdong. The main patterns are cut and carved with gold paper and tin foil paper, and the background color is colored paper, which is magnificent, rich and elegant. This practice is called "copper lining arc".
The window grilles in Shandong are mostly straight lines, which are suitable for straight windows in this area; Northwest window grilles divide the complete paper-cut into four pieces with the word "ten". In order not to affect indoor lighting, window grilles are mostly cut in the sun to get more hollowed-out area. The outline of window grilles and window frames shall be dense and symmetrical. In order to pursue fresh, bright and lively interior decoration effect, window grilles are often carved with fine wire cutting to achieve hollow and exquisite visual effect.
During the Spring Festival, people like to stick various paper-cuts on window grilles. Window grilles not only set off the festive atmosphere, but also integrate decoration, appreciation and practicality. Paper-cutting is a very popular folk art in China, which has been loved by people for thousands of years. Because it is often pasted on the window, it is also called "window grilles". With its unique generalization and exaggeration, window grilles show auspicious things and good wishes incisively and vividly, and decorate festivals with colorful colors.
The history of cutting window grilles has been thousands of years. The earliest cutting and pasting of window grilles began in spring, which means welcoming the Spring Festival. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was gradually changed to stick grilles during the Spring Festival.
Window cut is the most widely distributed, the largest number and the most popular variety among folk paper-cuts. Divided into "North-South Style", the South takes "exquisiteness" as beauty and is characterized by exquisiteness; The beauty of simplicity and vividness in the north is characterized by innocence and integrity. Other paper-cut varieties are developed and extended on the basis of window grilles. During the Spring Festival, rural areas in the north and the south all hope to have stick grilles to decorate the environment and enhance the atmosphere, placing their hopes of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new. Window grilles are the most representative of carving art in terms of subject matter, expression and carving techniques. Modern window grilles have gradually formed an independent art category, but they are called "window grilles" because they originally originated from clip art in folk festivals or folk activities and are mostly attached to the white paper of rural windows. For everyone, window grilles are a beautiful title, which can cause a lot of lingering and emotion. On the first day of the first lunar month, commonly known as the Spring Festival, decorating the living room environment with window grilles has become an important part of the Spring Festival celebrations in China.
The first cutting situation of window grilles is monochrome cutting, which is widely used in red paper paper cutting. Second, color paper-cutting, big windows in palaces and shops or windows in halls and facades. Thirdly, the relief paper-cutting popular in Gansu and Qinghai has a unique style, which combines cutting and engraving with origami technology. Fourth, colored window grilles can be divided into dyeing and color contrast. Dyed window grilles are the most famous in Fengning and Yuxian, Hebei Province. First engraved and then dyed, with bright colors and excellent light and shadow effects. Color matching window grilles are the most famous window grilles produced in Foshan, Guangdong. The main patterns are cut and carved with gold paper and tin foil paper, and the background color is colored paper, which is magnificent, rich and elegant. This practice is called "copper lining"
kirigami
Every art has its own unique artistic style. Because of the materials (paper) and tools (scissors and carving knives) used in paper cutting, paper cutting has its own artistic style. Paper-cut art is a kind of folk art that is easy to learn but difficult to master. Most of the authors come from rural women and folk artists. Because they take what they see and hear in real life as the theme, and observe things according to simple feelings and intuitive impressions, they have formed a special style of paper-cutting art, which embodies the unpretentious spirit of farmers.
Paper-cut for window decoration
kirigami
Shanxi folk paper-cutting: Grandpa sends his grandson.
Every art has its own unique artistic style. Because of the materials (paper) and tools (scissors and carving knives) used in paper cutting, paper cutting has its own artistic style. Paper-cut art is a kind of folk art that is easy to learn but difficult to master. Most of the authors come from rural women and folk artists. Because they take what they see and hear in real life as the theme, and observe things according to simple feelings and intuitive impressions, they have formed a special style of paper-cutting art, which embodies the unpretentious spirit of farmers.
Summarize past experience from the following aspects:
1. The line is connected, but the line is broken.
Because paper-cut works are cut out or carved out on paper, we should take the method of hollowing out. Because of hollowing out, paper-cuts with public lines must be connected with lines, and paper-cuts with bus lines must be disconnected with lines. If you cut off some lines, the whole paper-cut will be fragmented and deformed. Thus, there is a structure that does not fall or cut. This is an important feature of the art of paper-cutting, which pays great attention to lines, because the picture of paper-cutting is composed of lines. According to practical experience, the lines of paper-cutting can be summarized into five words: "round, sharp, square, missing and line". Requirements: "Round as autumn moon, sharp as wheat awn, square as blue brick, lacking as sawtooth, walking like beard." It can be said that lines are the basis of paper-cut modeling.
2. The patterning of composition modeling
Paper-cutting is different from other paintings in composition. "It is difficult to show the overlap of three-dimensional space, scene and image, and it often breaks through the proportion and perspective relationship between objects and images. The content is mainly based on the connection of images, and more combinations are used. Due to the exaggerated deformation in modeling, it can also use some laws of formal beauty of patterns to make symmetry, uniformity, balance, combination and continuity. It can arrange the sun, moon, stars, birds and clouds on the same picture, just like buildings, people and animals on the ground. Common ones are "layers of high bases" or "borrowing things for scenery".
3. The image is exaggerated, concise, beautiful and full of rhythm.
Due to the limitation of tools and materials, > >
What is the significance of cutting window grilles? Window grilles originated from ice flowers. Wow, it was also called "ribbon cutting" in ancient times. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the custom of cutting and pasting window grilles in the Spring Festival gradually became popular, and people used paper-cutting to express the joy of celebrating the return of spring to the earth. Traditionally, paper and samples are not drawn in advance when cutting window grilles, because window grilles are sketches in paper-cutting and improvisation, so they are cut casually. However, what you cut should be auspicious, such as "the magpie climbs the plum blossom", "the two dragons play with pearls", "there are fish in the Lotus Year" and "the pomegranate blossoms a hundred grains". Various patterns of flowers, birds, fish and insects express the good hopes of ordinary people for their future life.
What's the point of cutting window grilles in the New Year? People in many areas like to stick all kinds of paper-cut window grilles on their windows. Window grilles can not only set off the festive atmosphere, but also bring people beautiful enjoyment, integrating decoration, appreciation and practicality.
Paper-cutting is a very popular folk art, which has been loved by people for thousands of years. Because it is often pasted on windows, people generally call it "window grilles".
Window grilles are rich in content and wide in subject matter. Because the buyers of window grilles are mostly farmers, window grilles have quite a lot of content to express farmers' lives, such as farming, weaving, fishing, herding sheep, raising pigs and chickens. In addition, there are myths and legends, drama stories and other themes. In addition, the images of flowers and birds, insects and fish, and the zodiac are also very common.
With its unique generalization and exaggeration, window grilles show auspicious things and good wishes incisively and vividly, and decorate festivals with prosperity and celebration.
Boot error, Troy. PSW.LMir.rm
Destruction method: Trojan horse that steals the legendary password.
First, the virus copied itself to the system directory, named it "sws32.exe" and released "swin32.dll".
Modify the registry to self-boot:
HKLM \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ Current Version \ Run Services \ WS _ DS
HKCU \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ Current version \ Run \ws_ds
Third, viruses frequently search for "legendary world clients". Try to get the user's account, password, weapons and equipment when the user logs in to the game and send them to the designated mailbox.
Rescue method: first run msconfig, find sws32.exe in the startup item, and remove the hook in front;
Run regedit in the registry:
In HKEY _ local _ machine \ soft wageng e \ Microsoft \ Windows \ currentversion \ run, delete "sws32.exe".
Delete "sws32.exe" when HKEY _ current _ user \ software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ current version \ is running.
HKEY _ Local _ Machine \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows NT \ Current Version \ Winlogon Change the shell subkey to "Explorer.exe".
The historical reason of stick grilles during the Spring Festival is a custom in China.
The Origin, Culture and Customs of the Spring Festival (1)
Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a small village under the beautiful Dingyang Mountain. On the hillside at the head of the village, there is a small stone house where a young man named Wannian lives. He was born in poverty and made a living by collecting firewood and digging for medicine. At that time, festivals were chaotic and farmers could not farm. Wan nian is a young man with calculation. He wants to set the festival accurately, but he doesn't know where to start.
One day, Wannian went up the mountain to collect firewood and sat under a tree to rest. The movement of the shadow inspired him, so he made a sundial and measured the shadow to calculate the length of the day. However, cloudy, cloudy, foggy and rainy days affect the measurement. He wants to make another timer to make up for the sundial. That day, he went up the mountain to dig medicine and came to the spring to drink water. The spring on the cliff was ticking rhythmically, which caught his attention. He looked at the spring, thought for a while and then lost his mind. I went home, drew a picture, tried it, and made a five-story leaky pot. From then on, he measured the shadow of the sun, looked for loopholes and worked hard. Slowly, he found that every 360 days, the length of a day would be repeated from the beginning. The solstice in winter is the shortest day.
At that time, the son of heaven was called Zu Ti. The chaos of the festival made him very anxious. Just call a hundred officials. Discuss the difficulties of chaos in Korean festivals. The name of the festival official is Aheng. If you don't know the laws of the sun and the moon, you can say that people are careless and have sinned against God. Only by kneeling devoutly can you get God's forgiveness. Zuyi took a vegetarian bath. Take officials to the Temple of Heaven to worship heaven, send a message to the whole country, and build a platform to worship heaven.
But the sacrifices come and go, with no effect, and the season is still very chaotic; People all over the country must serve and donate to build altars. It's really bile mixed with coptis chinensis. Bitter is worse than bitter. Ten thousand years can't help it. He took the sundial and the clepsydra to see the son of heaven.
I met the son of heaven, talked about the winter solstice, talked about the cycle of the sun and the moon. Zu Ti was overjoyed at this. Even if he built a large-scale building, he built the Sun and Moon Pavilion, the sundial platform and the Leaky Pot Pavilion in front of the Temple of Heaven. And left 12 boys to serve for 10 thousand years. Let six boys watch the sundial and six boys watch leaky cauldron for ten thousand years, carefully record and report on time.
One day, Zuyi asked Ah Heng to go to Riyuege to inquire about calendar making. Wannian pointed to the calendar and said, "Sunrise and Sunset 360, start all over again. The vegetation is divided into four seasons and there are twelve laps a year. " Ah Heng was deeply sensible when he heard this, but his heart was uneasy. He thought to himself: If the festival is set at 10,000 years, and the son of heaven is happy, who will listen to me? Ah Heng thought and thought, bent on getting rid of Wan Nian.
On that day, Aheng found that he was a good shooter, so he sent someone to invite him home, held a wine feast, explained the reason, and promised him a heavy gift. The assassin promised to assassinate him that night. On the second drum of the day, the assassin left Aheng drunk and ran to Riyuege. But around the Temple of Heaven, Sun Moon's adult was guarded by guards, so the assassin couldn't get close, so he pulled out his bow and arrow and shot at Wannian who was watching the stars on the Sun Moon Pavilion. Who knows that the assassin drank too much, his eyes were dim, and the arrow only hit Wan Nian's arm. Ten thousand years fell to the ground with a sigh, and all the teenagers cried for the thief. Hearing the shouts, the guards went out together, caught the assassin and leaned forward to see the son of heaven.
Zu Ti asked the truth, sent a command to put Ah Heng into prison, and made a meditation to visit the Sun Moon Pavilion for ten thousand years. Wan Nian was very moved and pointed to Shen Xing and said, "Shen Xing has caught up with silkworms and astrology has been restored. Giving children in the evening, the old year has passed, and it is spring again. Let's hope that the emperor will make a festival. "
Zu Ti said, "Spring is the first year of a year, so let's call it Spring Festival. Ai Qing has been in the cabinet for three years, and she has the courage to make the lunar calendar based on the full moon. This is really a great achievement. Ai Qing was assassinated by a traitor today. Come with me to the palace to recuperate. "
Wannian said: "Although the lunar calendar was originally created, it is still not accurate, and there are still a few hours at the end of the year. If you don't decorate the end of the year, the sun and the moon will fly, and it will be wrong to come and go. I failed to live up to the expectations of all beings, and I am deeply grateful to the emperor. I am willing to break my heart, be careful and make a calendar. "
In this way, in the Sun Moon Pavilion for 10,000 years, carefully observe the ups and downs of vegetation and wheat bran, carefully calculate and moisten the end of the year. In May of that year, Zu Ti went to the Temple of Heaven to offer sacrifices to the gods, and then boarded the Sun and Moon Pavilion to present the May Peach to the God of Ten Thousand Years. The lunar calendar is ten thousand years, and Zu Ti looks forward to ten thousand years of hard work day and night. His eyebrows are white and his beard is white. He was deeply moved, so he named the lunar calendar the perpetual calendar and the birthday star of the sun, the moon and the moon. Therefore, people later called the Spring Festival "Year". Every Spring Festival, Shou Xingtu is hung in the house, symbolizing the longevity of the new year and paying tribute to the great achievements of that year.
The origin of the Spring Festival (2)
In Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, there are magical legends about the Spring Festival.
According to legend, the Jade Emperor sent Maitreya from Heaven to earth in order to rule the world. When the Tathagata learned this, he thought: I am the master of the Buddha, why don't you let me go? > & gt
Spring Festival couplets, the origin of paper-cutting, are a kind of couplets and a unique literary form. It depicts the background of the times and expresses good wishes with neat, dual, concise and exquisite words, which is China's literary form. Every Spring Festival, no matter in urban or rural areas, every household should choose a pair of bright red Spring Festival couplets and stick them on the door to add a festive atmosphere to the Spring Festival. Spring Festival couplets, pronounced chūn lián, are also called "opposite the door", "spring stickers", "couplets" and "couplets". It depicts the background of the times and expresses good wishes with neat, dual, concise and exquisite words, which is a unique literary form in China.
Spring Festival couplets originated in Fu Tao (rectangular red boards were hung on both sides of the gate in the Zhou Dynasty). According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? According to etiquette records, Fu Tao is six inches long and three inches wide. The words "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" are written on the mahogany board. "On the first day of the first month, I made a peach symbol for this family and named it Xianmu. All ghosts are afraid of it." Therefore, the Qing Dynasty's "Yanjing Shi Sui Ji" said: "Spring Festival couplets, that is, Fu Tao."
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in the court, some people wrote couplets on peach symbols. "Song history according to? The Shu family said: Meng Chang, the master of the later Shu Dynasty, asked Zhang Xun, a bachelor, to write a poem on the mahogany board. "Because he didn't do business properly, he pretended to write a poem saying,' Come in the New Year, and celebrate Changchun'". This is China's first Spring Festival couplets. Until the Song Dynasty, Spring Festival couplets were still called "Fu Tao". There is a saying in Wang Anshi's poem that "thousands of households are the narrowest, and new peaches are always replaced with old ones". In the Song Dynasty, the peach symbol was changed from mahogany board to paper, which was called "Spring Sticker". The earliest Spring Festival couplets in the world recorded in world record association, China are: "Three Yang begins to spread; Open the fourth order first. "This Spring Festival couplets is recorded on the Dunhuang suicide note (volume number Stein 06 10) unearthed in the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Mogao Grottoes. This suicide note recorded twelve pairs of Spring Festival couplets, written at the beginning of the year, the day of beginning of spring. This couplet is the first couplet, written by Liu Yu in the 11th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (723), which is 240 years earlier than the inscription of Meng Chang, a master of Shu. "Four-sequence first opening" broke the world record of "Spring Festival in Qing Yu, Spring Festival in Changchun" and was selected as the earliest Spring Festival couplets in world record association, China. The folk custom of pasting Spring Festival couplets began in the Song Dynasty and prevailed in the Ming Dynasty. According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, loved couplets. He not only wrote it himself, but also often encouraged courtiers to write.
By the Qing Dynasty, the ideological and artistic quality of Spring Festival couplets had been greatly improved. Liang Zhangju's monograph Poetry of Spring Festival couplets discusses the origin of Spring Festival couplets and the characteristics of various works. Spring Festival couplets had become a literary and artistic form at that time.
There are many kinds of Spring Festival couplets, which can be divided into door heart, frame pair, horizontal batch, Spring Festival couplets and bucket couplets according to the place of use. The "door core" is attached to the center of the upper end of the door panel; The "door frame pair" is attached to the left and right door frames; "Horizontal batch" is attached to the crossbar of the door; "Spring strips" are posted in corresponding places according to different contents; "Dou Jin", also known as "door leaf", is a square diamond, often attached to furniture and screen walls.
At the same time, every household should put the word "Fu" on the door, wall and lintel. Sticking the word "Fu" during the Spring Festival is a long-standing folk custom in China. According to Dream of Liang Lu, "When I was young, I would visit department stores, draw door gods and spend the Spring Festival ..."; "Scholars, big or small, must sweep the floor, clean the family, change the door gods, hang Zhong Kui, nail peaches, stick spring cards and worship their ancestors." The "spring card" in this article is the word "fu" written on red paper. The word "fu" is now interpreted as "happiness", but in the past it meant "good luck" and "good luck". No matter now or in the past, the word "Fu" posted in the Spring Festival has pinned people's yearning for a happy life and wishes for a better future. In order to fully reflect this yearning and wish, the people simply turn the word "Fu" upside down to mean "Fu has arrived" and "Fu has arrived". There is also a legend that the word "fu" is posted upside down among the people. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, took the word "fu" as a secret memory and prepared to kill people. In order to eliminate this disaster, kind Ma Huanghou asked all the families in the city to put "Fu" on their doors before dawn.
Naturally, no one dares to go against Ma Huanghou's will, so the word "Fu" is posted on every door. If one of the families can't read, turn the word "fu" upside down. The next day, the emperor sent people to the streets to check and found that every family had posted the word "Fu", and another family had posted the word "Fu" upside down. When the emperor heard the news, he was furious and immediately ordered the body guard to cut down the house. When Ma Huanghou saw that things were not good, he quickly said to Zhu Yuanzhang, "The family knew that you were visiting today, and deliberately turned the word" Fu "upside down. Isn't this what' Fudao' means? " When the emperor heard the truth, he ordered his release, and a great disaster was finally eliminated. Since then, people ... >>
Where is the custom of cutting window grilles? Shanxi(Province)
Shaanxi is an important birthplace of China's ancient culture, and the paper-cut of window flowers here has a long history and is widely circulated among the people. Every New Year's Day, bright red window paper is pasted on the windows of grey tile houses in Guanzhong and caves in Shaanxi Plateau to express people's good wishes and increase the festive atmosphere. Shaanxi window grilles have a variety of themes, including figures, birds and animals, flowers and plants, fish and insects, which are characterized by rough and bold, concise and exaggerated. Paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi shows hunger, simplicity, simplicity and boldness; Guanzhong paper-cut is exquisite and concise, beautiful and bold.
What is the origin of the name window grilles? Window grilles have a history of thousands of years, and gradually spread and shaped during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. China folk paper-cut handicraft art has its own formation and development process. China's paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty BC. Before this, there could be no paper-cutting art, but at that time, people used the thin material hollowing-out carving technique to make handicrafts, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, cutting patterns on gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves by carving, engraving, cutting and other techniques. "Jiantong Di Feng" records that in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when he became king, he cut the plane leaves into "reeds" and gave them to his younger brother, and concubine was named Tang Hou. During the Warring States period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from the Warring States site in Guwei Village, Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting. The earliest paper-cutting works in China were discovered in 1967, when China archaeologists discovered two paper-cuts with flowers of the Northern Dynasties in Astana near Gaochang site in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. They use hemp paper, all of which are folded sacrificial paper-cuts. Their discovery provides physical evidence for the formation of Chinese paper-cutting.