Castle of Japanese architecture
1. Yayoi era ~ peacetime This is an era when wars began to appear. At this time, the "facilities" aimed at resisting foreign enemies began to appear necessary. Due to the tense relationship with the Tang Dynasty and Korea at that time, the earth-built water city generally appeared in Kyushu, which is the oldest city in Japan. Later, the "Korean-style mountain city" built in imitation of the Tang Dynasty and North Korea began to appear in the inland areas of China and developed into a mountain city with mountains as its defense ontology. It can be said that Japanese cities at this time still have a strong foreign color.
2. The emergence of samurai in Kamakura era greatly promoted the development of Japanese cities from Kamakura era to Muromachi era. Because most soldiers live on flat terrain, out of fighting and defensive nature, soldiers often build earth platforms and deep trenches around their homes to build relatively safe facilities. This form of "residence" later developed into "museum" and "city of peace". At the end of Kamakura, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, evil parties and mountain thieves rose. With the favorable terrain, they made the punitive shogunate army suffer a lot. Famous guardians followed suit and moved their pavilions and Pingcheng to the mountains with superior geographical position, forming the embryonic form of the all-round mountain city in the Warring States period.
3. During the Warring States Period, high military tension made battlements develop very rapidly. This period has several forms, such as Pingcheng, Pingshan, Shancheng and Shuicheng.
4. Edo era In this era of political stability, the role of cities as defense units has been greatly weakened. During this period, streets and towns were mainly built. For the purpose of economic development and convenient transportation, the mainstream of the Warring States period-mountain city is out of date, so most of the mountain cities have been destroyed, and the peaceful mountain city is the main form of cities in this era. 1. This mountain city is a harmful city. The samurai in the city usually live on the mountain or under the mountain, and climb the battlements at the top of the mountain in wartime. Different mountains build different mountain cities. For example, the small valley city by the river is all built on the mountain. And Beizhong Songshan City is built on the top of the mountain. Because you know that the higher the terrain, the less likely it is to be attacked, the average mountain city will not give up its height advantage. At that time, Nengdeng Qiwei City, Meinong Rice Leaf Mountain City and Izumo Yueshan Futian City, which were known as "unable to attack the city for a long time", were all outstanding representatives of the mountain cities. However, with the appearance of iron cannon, the average city of peace can also rely on strong firepower to firmly hold the city, so the advantages of mountain city are no longer obvious. A fatal disadvantage of mountain city is inconvenient transportation. The mobility in military operations is far less than that in Pingcheng. Secondly, in the development of Shimonomachi, the mountain city is even more congenitally deficient. Therefore, in the middle and late Warring States period, the famous names moved the city from the mountains to the flat land. The most representative cities are Antu and Osaka in Zhifeng era.
2. Pingshan City can easily misunderstand this barrier form as the development order of Mountain City-> Pingshan City-> Pingcheng. In fact, Pingshan City is a battlefield form that appears at the same time as Shancheng City. Mainly because of the limitations of natural terrain conditions, such as cities built on hills and hills. There were many battlements of this type during the Warring States Period. For example, Antu City near Jiang 'an, Pomoji Road City and kumamoto castle before flying all belong to this situation. Because the whole hill is the main body of the city, their common feature is the spectacular scale of the city.
3. Pingcheng Osaka is the largest Pingcheng. With the leveling of battlements in the middle and late Warring States period, this kind of flat city with convenient transportation and developed economy became the mainstream of the city. However, for the famous people who are still at war in the future, they can't be completely at ease with this kind of traffic jam in the same city. Therefore, a large number of satellite cities supporting defense appeared later. That is, Daming sat in the city of peace in the middle, built a mountain city around the border, and appointed ministers to guard it. Especially after the separation of soldiers and farmers, this defense system has shown its advantages. In the early Edo period, Pingcheng really became the mainstream because of the calm situation. At the same time, most sub-cities were destroyed under the command of one country and one city.
4. A city completely surrounded by the sea and rivers around Shuicheng. For this form of city, the ship is the only means of attack. Therefore, it has an unparalleled advantage in defense and is difficult to be besieged. During the Warring States Period, the most famous water city was Nengdao Water City in Seto Inland Sea where Murakami Suigun was located. Fengbo's Watertown is also famous. In the battle of Danxin Island Watertown in Toyo, the big friendly army bombarded the Shimadzu water army with artillery, which made the enemy suffer enough. This later gave Shuicheng a new way of attack and defense. Edo City was built in the middle of15th century, when the scale was very small, with only 100 households. In the eighth year of Changqing (A.D. 1603), Tokugawa Ieyasu became the general of foreign conquest and set up a shogunate here, and Edo became the capital of Japan. In the first year of Meiji (A.D. 1866), after the Meiji army invaded Edo in Chiyoda-ku, downtown Tokyo, the site of this Edo city was designated as a national special historical site by the Japanese government. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2nd century, it was named because it was the residence of the Edo family.
Edo City was built nearly half a century from the 11th year of Evergreen to the 13th year of Kuanyong (AD 1636). At that time, Edo was about 5.5 kilometers long from east to west and 4 kilometers long from north to south, surrounded by internal trenches and external trenches, with a circumference of about 16 kilometers. It has the outline of a twin city with a total area of 2.64 million square meters. There are also palaces such as Benwan, Erzhiwan, Sanzhiwan and Xizhimawan. After decades of vicissitudes, the face of Edo City is very different from that of that year. The outer moat is basically flat, and the watchtowers are only Sakurada and Fuji. There are only Tiananmen Square, Qingshui and Sakurada at the gate, but Benwan, Erzhiwan, Xizhimawan and the five-story tower Tianshou Pavilion have all been burned.
The Imperial Palace in Edo City is a classical pavilion, hidden among lush trees. Cross Shuangqiao, cross the inner moat and enter the main entrance of the Forbidden City-Shuangmen, about13.4m high, with white walls and grey roofs. Typical and solemn. There are 7 palaces in the Forbidden City, all built after the war, with a total area of 23,000 square meters. Very rich in traditional Japanese architectural style. The main hall is the center of the palace, and the Matsushima Pavilion in the main hall is the place where the royal family holds important activities and ceremonial activities. Changhe Hall is a place where people congratulate Emperor Hirohito on his birthday on June 2nd and April 29th, 65438. Fengming Hall is the banquet hall, and the Forbidden City is the residence of the emperor. Dongyu Garden in the east of the Forbidden City was rebuilt in June 1968. The big door in the garden used to be. The hall of 100 people inside is the last inspection and guard station of the general in Tokugawa shogunate era, and it is also the private residence of the former general and the place where the shogunate was in power. The Peach Blossom Music Hall in Dongyu Garden is the Queen Music Hall, as well as the ancient architectural relics such as Fuji Pavilion and Tianshoutai left by the burnt Tianshou Pavilion. Erzhiwan in the park was restored on 1960. This is a Japanese return garden. There are 260 rare trees planted in 47 prefectures and counties of Japan next to Tianchi Trench in the northwest of the park. Malu in the north of the palace is a triangle surrounded by Thousand Birds Garden, Cattle Garden and Qingbeihai Ditch, which has been turned into a park since 1969. In the west, there are Japanese budokan, Science and Technology Museum, National Museum of Modern Art and a quiet Japanese garden. In A.D. 16 15, the original Osaka Castle and Toyotomi's family were destroyed by the war, and today's appearance appeared after the extension of Jiagang in Tokugawa. Now Osaka Castle has been planned as a park. As a place for citizens to relax, Osaka Castle is one of the three famous cities in Japan. The beautiful and spectacular Tianshou Pavilion was rebuilt in the sixth year of Showa, and the big hand gate, cherry gate, paddle and flame nitrate were hidden in it. After crossing the stone bridge, you can enter the inner city of Osaka City, follow the path through a cherry blossom forest with 600 plants, and you can reach Tianshou Pavilion. The museum has been changed into a museum to store Osaka historical materials, and the reconstruction of Tianshou Museum was completed in March 1997. After the completion of the city trail, a citizen forest, a memorial forest and a sports ground will be added, making it a citizen green space with rich green space.
Tianshou Pavilion in Osaka Castle was first built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the16th century. In order to build Osaka Castle, he ordered the governors of the whole country to participate in the construction project. Many stones in moats and battlements were also donated by local governors in the past three years, and hundreds of thousands of laborers built them with their hard work and sweat. It is estimated that about 500,000 stones are used in the whole 65,438+02 km stone wall outside Osaka. The overall architectural structure of Osaka Castle is divided into inner city, middle city and outer city. Despite the war, two moats and two tall stone walls inside and outside are still well preserved. Only from the remaining charred stone walls can we remember the tragic situation when Tokugawa fought Toyotomi. Others, such as Dashoumen and Duomen Arched Tower, are designated as important cultural heritages and worth seeing. In addition, there is a stone about 36 tatami in Sakura Gate, which makes the viewer wonder how much effort and sweat it takes to stand on the stone wall with pliers.
Tianshou Pavilion refers to the main building in Osaka Castle. The current Tianshou Pavilion was built after 193 1 year, imitating the Tianshou Pavilion in Toyotomi era. Tianshou Pavilion is13m high and stands 39.8m.. On the eighth floor, the highest floor overlooks Osaka City. On other floors, there are all kinds of weapons, wooden statues of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, letters, and battle maps showing the actions in those years with models. In addition, television and projection depict Toyotomi Hideyoshi's life. In addition, the restored Osaka city model is also displayed. In the data hall from the 2nd floor to the 7th floor, you will see the little Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed from a civilian to a hero, with a glorious but regrettable life. Therefore, Tianshouge is the best place to learn about the fierce Japanese in the Warring States period. After the renovation of 1997, Tianshou Pavilion is now decorated with white walls and green tiles, and animals such as tigers and leading fish (meaning carp yue longmen) made of gold foil are decorated on each cornice, which looks quite resplendent, as if recreating the grandeur and glory of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in those days. Kumamoto castle is located in Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture, and kumamoto castle is also known as Ginkgo City (because when Katou Kiyomasa was building this city, considering the need for food supply in case of an siege, Ginkgo biloba was widely planted, and even the materials of Liancheng inner bed were dried with taro stems, which could be used as wartime reserves). It is one of the famous scenic spots in Japan. Together with Osaka and Nagoya, it is known as the three famous Japanese cities. For the famous Katou Kiyomasa, it took seven years to complete. After the Toyotomi regime came to the government in the Edo era, the official residence of the local governors covered an area of 980,000 square meters. Its most famous feature was "making the army want to give up" (the return of fighters), which meant that it was easy to defend but difficult to attack; But before Xixiang Army launched the offensive (Meiji 10 (1877) Southwest Civil War), a fire broke out in Tianshouge. Although the fire was immediately controlled, many important cultural relics and towers were burned. After the war, the Japanese government designated kumamoto castle as an "important national cultural treasure". 1960 Start reconstruction. Kumamoto Castle was built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi's subordinate general Katou Kiyomasa in 1607 when he was Lord of Kumamoto. Katou Kiyomasa is famous for being good at building cities. At first, kumamoto castle was famous for its 49 towers made of pure wood, but it was ravaged by Zhu Rong in 1877, and now it is gone. In the past, kumamoto castle had stabilized half of Japan in the turmoil of the "Southwest War" in the Meiji era. At that time, Kyushu hero Xixiang Longsheng's army went north from Kagoshima and was invincible. But when the army arrived in kumamoto castle, it could not be defeated, and it could only look at the city and sigh. The Great Tianshouge and the Small Tianshouge (the military center of Japanese castles) were destroyed and rebuilt, and now they have become the representatives and symbols of Kumamoto Castle, while the Utopia Pavilion for storing food and weapons is still very well preserved. In addition, there are stone walls and Tianshouge, which are called "The Return of Fighters". There are armor, knives, swords, flags and antiques left by Kato and Hosokawa Morihiro family, which are not to be missed. Today, the main Tianshou Pavilion in kumamoto castle was rebuilt in the thirty-fifth year of Showa (1960), but the overall pattern of kumamoto castle is still quite complete.