Korean customs, culture and history?

chaoxianzu

Korean ethnic minority group

has a population of 1923842.

ethnic profile

Koreans are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. The rest are scattered in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Xi 'an and Wuhan. Among them, most residents of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province use Korean and Korean. Chinese is commonly used by Koreans in mixed areas. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2, the population of Koreans is 1923842.

The ancestors of Korean people in China were Koreans who moved from the Korean Peninsula to the three northeastern provinces of China. After they settled down, they gradually developed into a nation in China. During the national census in 1982, it was found that some Korean ancestors in China had settled in the northeast as early as the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. For example, the Korean surnamed Park in Pujiagou Village, Gai County, Liaoning Province has settled in the local area for more than 3 years. Since the mid-19th century, more Koreans have moved in from the Korean Peninsula, which is the main source of Korean in China. Due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of the feudal ruling class in Korea at that time, especially when the northern part of Korea was devastated in 1869, some suffering Korean farmers crossed the Yalu River and Tumen River and came to China to reclaim land along the two rivers, where people of Han and Manchu nationalities lived together. However, at this time, the number of people moving in is not very large, most of them come in spring and go in autumn, and their residence is still unstable. With the intensification of Japanese imperialist aggression in Korea, a large number of residents moved to the northeast frontier of China in order to find a way out, regardless of the Qing government's ban. According to statistics, in 187, there were 28 Korean-inhabited townships along the north bank of the Yalu River. In the seventh year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1881), there were more than 1, Koreans in Yanbian area. In 1883, there were more than 37, Korean residents in Ji 'an, Linjiang and Xinbin counties. During the same period, the area along the Wusuli River also moved into a large number of Korean farmers.

In the 195s and 196s, the Qing government still adopted a policy of banning the entry of North Korean farmers. Later, he switched to the policy of recruiting people for reclamation. In 1881, he set up a famine bureau in Jilin, and set up a reclamation bureau in Nangang (Hunchun), Yanji, Donggou and other places to recruit immigrants. All those who should be recruited were China subjects. In 1885, the Qing government designated the area on the north bank of Tumen River, which is about 7 miles long and 5 miles wide, as a special reclamation area for Korean farmers, making it easier for Korean farmers to move into the northeast in large numbers.

when Japanese imperialism annexed Korea in p>191, the Korean people and some patriots, who could not bear the cruel oppression and exploitation of imperialism, moved to northeast China in large numbers, reaching more than 36, by 1918.

the Korean people have a glorious revolutionary tradition. After Japanese imperialism invaded the Korean settlement in 196, the Korean people began anti-Japanese activities, from spontaneous to organized anti-Japanese activities emerged one after another. In October, 1927, the organization of China's * * * Production Party began to be established in North Korea. Under the leadership of China's * * * production party, Korean and Chinese anti-Japanese guerrillas were established in various places. In the second army of Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Forces, Koreans account for the vast majority, and Korean soldiers in the first and seventh armies also account for about half. In the autumn of 1938, eight female guerrillas of Han nationality and Korean nationality shot the last bullet and smashed their weapons in front of a powerful enemy, and jumped into the Ushun River, a tributary of Mudanjiang, to make a glorious sacrifice, and wrote a famous tragic anti-Japanese poem of "Eight Women Jumping into the River". Tens of thousands of Korean soldiers died in the anti-Japanese battlefield. During the War of Liberation, only 5, Koreans joined the army in Yanbian. After the outbreak of the Korean War, a large number of young Koreans responded to the call of "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea and defending their country", participated in Chinese people's Volunteer Army, crossed the Yalu River and fought side by side with their compatriots in neighboring countries, making great contributions to the victory of the Korean War.

Socio-economic

The area where Korean people live in compact communities is one of the main forest areas in China with fertile land and rich resources. Under Changbai Mountain, the Korean people have opened up this rich territory. In the early stage of exploiting wasteland in the northeast frontier, Korean people were short of food, so they used wild fruits and wild vegetables to satisfy their hunger. Living in a very humble thatched cottage; It is a wooden plow, and it is cultivated by manpower without farm animals. By 1881, more than 5,3 hectares of land had been reclaimed in Yanbian area. In 1884, more than 12, hectares of land were reclaimed in areas specially cultivated by Koreans. For a long time, most of them are engaged in agricultural production, and some of them are engaged in forestry and sideline. In the 197s, they succeeded in planting rice in Dadianzi, Tonghua County, Jilin Province, and then successively expanded rice in Linjiang, Huairen, Xingjing, Liuhe, Hailong and some areas in Yanbian. In 196, Korean farmers dug channels in Dajiao Cave, Yongzhi Township, Helong County, and diverted water for irrigation, which increased the rice yield. Since then, the rice field area in Yanbian area has increased year by year, becoming an important rice producing area in northeast China. The rice processed with rice here is white, oily and rich in nutrition, which is as famous as the "station rice" in Beijing and Tianjin. However, a small number of Manchu and Han "mountain-occupying households" with special power used various means to seize large areas of land developed by farmers with sweat, making farmers become their own tenants or employees. At the same time, there are also a few landlords among the Korean people. By the late 194s, the Korean region was in the stage of feudal landlord economy development and had some capitalist economic components. There are two kinds of tenancy relations: "live rent" and "fixed rent" The "live rent" rate is 5%. In addition, there are all kinds of super-economic exploitation. In the Republic of China, there were more than 3 kinds of tax items collected by local governments in Yanbian area alone.

after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory in p>1945, Korean areas were liberated successively, and people's democratic regime was established under the leadership of China's * * * production party. Land reform was carried out in 1946. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the China Production Party, the Korean people have undergone profound changes in all aspects and their lives have improved significantly.

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province was established on September 3rd, 1952. In 1958, Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin Province was established. Korean people living in various places have also established dozens of ethnic townships.

in order to make full use of the above-ground and underground resources in the Korean-inhabited areas and develop the national economy, the industries, agriculture, transportation, posts and telecommunications in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have flourished under the brilliant light of the Party's ethnic policy. Yanbian Prefecture has owned industrial and mining enterprises such as steel, coal, electric power, machinery, non-ferrous metals, textiles, rubber, fertilizer, paper-making, printing, food, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, etc., and its industrial system has begun to take shape, becoming one of the production bases of national special necessities in China. The total industrial output value is increasing year by year. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery production have developed in an all-round way. Yanbian is the hometown of rice in northern China, with excellent varieties and good climatic conditions. They actively introduced science and technology to increase rice production year after year. The variety of fruits is complete, with apples and pears, which are famous all over the country, as the bulk. Flue-cured tobacco production is also considerable, and it is one of the main flue-cured tobacco producing areas in China. Ginseng and pilose antler are also traditional products in this area, which have long enjoyed a good reputation. There are railways and highways in Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture, extending in all directions, with trains connecting counties. With the further deepening of reform and opening up, Yanbian has benefited from its topography in opening up to the outside world. Hunchun Special Economic Zone has been approved by the State Council. The economic growth of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has a strong trend.

culture and art

Korean people have a long and beautiful tradition of national culture and art, especially when they are good at singing and dancing, and they like to express their feelings by singing and dancing after festivals or work. When there is a happy event in the family, they will sing and dance, forming an interesting "family song and dance party." Kaye piano playing, top water dancing, fan dancing, long drum dance and farm music dancing are all popular traditional song and dance programs. Korean dance is graceful and elegant, and its dance is gentle and graceful, such as cranes spreading their wings and willow branches brushing water; Or vigorous, lively and chic, reflecting the bright and passionate, delicate and euphemistic, subtle and deep national character. Korean songs have the characteristics of smooth melody, tactfulness and clarity. Famous songs include chorus Song of Changbai, solo Song of Daughter, and so on. Famous folk songs include Orange Stalk Ballad, Arirang, Nodor River, etc. Everyone can sing.

Korean sports activities also have their own characteristics. Wrestling is their ancient sports and entertainment. Playing football is a sport that men generally like. From township to village, they generally have their own football teams. Generally, students above grade four in primary schools organize to play football. In recent years, some women's football teams have appeared. During festivals and holidays, various sports competitions centered on football are often held. Due to the popularity of football, Yanbian has become a famous "hometown of football" in China. Swing and springboard are women's favorite entertainment and sports activities.

Korean people pay special attention to education. As early as the early 193s, they set up many schools. There is a good tradition of "I would rather chew the bark than let my children go to school". After liberation, non-governmental organizations such as "parents' meeting" and "board of directors" have been established in various places, and hundreds of primary and secondary schools have been set up with self-raised funds and materials. As early as 1949, Yanbian University, the first comprehensive university for ethnic minorities in China, was founded in Yanji. Later, more than a dozen secondary specialized schools and more than 1, primary and secondary schools such as Yanbian Medical College, Yanbian Agricultural College, Yanbian Education School and Yanbian Art School were successively established. Education networks at all levels have been formed. All kinds of colleges and universities have produced generations of Korean high and middle-level intellectuals, all over the central, provincial and Korean areas on all fronts. Various adult education schools have also been established in Yanbian area. Various scientific research groups such as agriculture, forestry, literature, history and education have made important contributions to the development of Yanbian.

customs and religious beliefs

Korean marriage is monogamous. According to the traditional custom, close relatives, kindred, and the same surname are not married. It is a common custom that "men are in charge of the outside and women are in charge of the inside". Father-son relationship is the foundation of all human relations. Pay attention to fatherhood and filial piety, and the eldest son supports his parents. Old people in society are respected, and people despise unfilial and disrespectful people and behaviors. Residents in most areas are buried, while those scattered in towns are cremated.

Koreans prefer plain white clothes. Women's clothes are short dresses and long skirts, which are called "Zegaoli" and "Chima". Men's clothes are short jackets with waistcoats and wide trouser legs. When I go out, I wear a robe tied with a cloth belt, but now I wear a uniform or a suit.

The main foods of Korean people are generally rice and millet, and Beijing pickled vegetables (that is, spicy pickles) are indispensable dishes. I like to eat big cakes, cold noodles, miso soup, peppers and dog meat. Nowadays, many people learn the cooking skills of the Han nationality.

most Korean villages are located on the flat land under the hillside. The buildings in the village face the southeast, south and southwest. There are tile houses and straw houses, and the walls of the houses are painted white. Rooms are generally divided into bedrooms, guest rooms, kitchens and warehouses. There is a flat kang in the room. Take off your shoes and sit on the kang. In recent years, the furnishings in the family have become increasingly exquisite. Korean people are very polite and pay attention to hygiene, especially avoiding spitting. The house, tableware, clothes and quilts are all neat.

Korean festivals include Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Adding soil to graves on Qingming Festival, weeding in Mid-Autumn Festival, and offering sacrifices to show mourning for old friends. In addition, there are three family festivals, namely, the first anniversary of the baby's birth, the "Jia Hui Festival" (6th birthday) and the "Wedding Festival" (6th wedding anniversary). On the last two festive days, children, relatives and friends, and neighbors all give birthday wishes to the elderly.

Korean people believe in religion less. Some believers believe in Buddhism, while others believe in Christianity or Catholicism. Buddhism has a long history among Koreans, and some etiquette and customs of Buddhism have already penetrated into the lives of Koreans and become national customs. However, Buddhism has little influence on Korean people now. In recent years, influenced by South Korea, more and more Korean people believe in Christianity. However, the Korean people do not have a unified religion for the whole people.

Korean cultural customs

Korean entertainment

Korean people love sports very much. Wrestling is their ancient sports and entertainment. Playing football is a popular sport for men. Yanbian is known as the hometown of football. Swing and springboard are the favorite entertainment and sports activities of Korean women.

Springboard: a traditional sport of Korean nationality. Popular in Korean-inhabited areas in Jilin, Heilongjiang and Liaoning. Most of them are held on Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Most of the participants are women. During the competition, 2-4 people stand at the two ends of a seesaw about 5 meters long, which has two types: "drawing the line" and "performing". "Line-drawing" is to put a ball of thread at both ends of the seesaw, and tie the drawn thread to the ankle of the competitor. Within a specified time, the winner or loser is judged by the length and height of the thread drawn by the competitor when bouncing. There are two kinds of "performance": optional action and prescribed action, which are mainly scored according to the difficulty and posture of the contestants' jumping action.

Swing: Also known as "Swing", it is a traditional Korean sport, especially loved by women, and it is often played. There are several ways to evaluate the winners in the competition: one is to take the leaves or flowers on the tall tree in front of the swing frame as the target, and those who touch or bite off the leaves (flowers) with their feet will win; One is to hang a long rope under the pedal and measure the height of the swing. The highest one wins. Another is to erect two tree poles in front of the swing frame, and pull a rope with bells horizontally on the poles. The swingers decide the outcome by the number of times they ring the bells.

Wrestling: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province, known as the "hometown of wrestling", has a long history of wrestling. Every Dragon Boat Festival or Mid-Autumn Festival, four wrestlers gather to compete for the championship, and people often choose a fat ox as a prize for the winner. During the competition, both sides put on special clothes, tied a white belt on their right legs, put their left hands into each other's belts, and grabbed each other's belts with their right hands. When the referee gave the order, both sides stood up at the same time, and after many rounds of contests, the winner led the ox around the field in the sound of gongs and drums.

Tielianji: Korean Wushu has a history of more than 5 years, and the martial arts routines are mainly instruments, among which Tielianji is a famous instrument. Tielian is very similar to the big tip of Chinese traditional martial arts. At the end of a shoulder-high stick, there is a ring, which is sleeved with three short joints arranged in a radial direction, and the length is more than feet. When you dance, you can hold the stick with both hands. The style is brave, the control range is wide, and there are techniques such as smashing, swinging, sweeping, winding, covering, shelving and grilling, which are extremely wonderful.

Top-jar Race Walking: a traditional Korean sports activity, which is mainly popular in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province. Often held after work, the participants are all women. Before the start of the competition, the participants first stood on the starting line with a earthen jar with 1 Jin of water on their heads. After the referee gave the order, they sprinted, with each race lasting 1 or 2 meters. When you leave, the winner is the one who won't fall, the water won't spill and the one who reaches the finish line first.

Korean costumes

Koreans prefer plain white clothes to show cleanliness, cleanliness, simplicity and generosity, so Koreans have been called "white people" since ancient times and call themselves "white compatriots". Women wear short dresses and long skirts, which is also a major feature of Korean women's clothing. Short coat is called "high profit" in Korean, which is a kind of clothes with oblique collar and no buckle and tied with a belt, covering only the chest; Long skirt, also known as "Chima" in Korean, is loose and elegant with fine pleats at the waist. This kind of clothes is mostly made of silk and has bright colors. Korean men usually wear a plain jacket with a waistcoat, trousers with wide trouser legs and ribbons tied at the trouser legs. When going out, wear more oblique lapels and beat them with cloth belts.