What do these solar terms have to do with agriculture?
Beginning of Spring
Beginning of spring is at the top of the 24 solar terms. The so-called beginning of spring is the beginning of spring, such as "Twenty-four solar terms": "The festival of the first month is the same as the beginning ... long summer and autumn and winter." Beginning of spring is usually located on February 4th or 5th every year, when the sun reaches 3 15 degrees.
According to the ancient classification method of China, the fifteen days in beginning of spring can be divided into three periods: when the east wind thaws, when the stinger starts to vibrate, and when the fish turns cold. It means that a warm east wind blew five days ago and the earth thawed; Five days later, the dormant insects gradually woke up; In five days, the glaciers began to melt, and fish began to swim on the water, often pushing unfrozen borneol. This is also the case. When spring comes, everything recovers, and spring returns to the earth, full of vitality, and everything recovers. The scene of freezing and snowing in Wan Li is coming to an end, and spring has begun. Because the 45th or 46th day from the date of "Winter Solstice" is usually designated as the day of "beginning of spring" in astronomical calendar, the solar term proverb "Take five Kyubi no Youko in spring or take six or nine heads in spring" often comes into being.
After beginning of spring, the temperature, sunshine and precipitation gradually tend to rise or increase. At this time, the growth of crops is obvious and there is an accelerating trend. With the increase of water demand for bolting rape and jointing wheat, farmers will water them in time, properly fatten them and promote crop growth. There is a saying in an agricultural proverb: "When it begins to rain in spring, get up early and go to bed late", which means that the preparation for farming in Da Chun has begun. Although beginning of spring has visited, it is chilly in spring, and most parts of South China are still a cold scene. Various climatic characteristics have an influence on the arrangement of agricultural activities. The following is a farming song, which summarizes the farming activities in this period:
Visit relatives and friends to celebrate the New Year, and don't forget to plant good fields. Only by mastering the 24 solar terms can we have a bumper harvest and a high yield. Look at the sky and talk about science, and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery will develop together. The land is gradually frozen, and raking is not slow. Harvesting, moisturizing, warming and tillering of winter wheat. Don't forget to prevent drought and start the machine to irrigate the spring fields. Farm tools and machinery were brought early, and fertilizers and pesticides were fully prepared. Grain and cotton seeds are fully prepared, and excellent varieties should be selected. Check the melon and vegetable pits frequently, and the melons and vegetables in the greenhouse should be thin tubes. Take good care of trees and fruit trees to prevent damage and abuse. Livestock and poultry should eat carefully and epidemic prevention should be popularized. Fish ponds patrol day and night, and it is better to manage grain and cotton than fish. Let's set off a spring tide and strive for another bumper harvest year.
The drizzle moistens everything-rain
As the name implies, the solar terms of rain indicate that large-scale snowfall has stopped and started to enter the rainy season (but sometimes light snow is not excluded). The warm and humid air stream began to land in the southeast of China, and the rain gradually increased. Nature is gradually sketching out a picture of "ten-mile warblers singing green and reflecting red, and spring rain moistening things silently". The rain is usually around February 18 every year, when the sun reaches 330 degrees. The names of solar terms basically have two meanings: ① As the weather gets warmer, the rainfall gradually increases. (2) It shows that the snowfall decreases, mostly due to rainfall. "Twenty-four solar terms": "Spring begins with wood, but there must be water for those who grow wood, so there must be rain in beginning of spring. If the east wind melts, it will disperse into rain. "
Because precipitation has a particularly important impact on the growth of crops in this period, there is a proverb that "spring rain is as expensive as oil". During this period, the precipitation in North China, Northwest China and Huanghuai areas is less, which often fails to meet the needs of agricultural production. In the case of little rain in early spring, the economic benefits of crops can be greatly improved if water is replenished in time before and after the rain solar term. At this stage, the area south of Huaihe River should strengthen ploughing and hoeing, improve field waterways and prevent excessive spring rain. "Water the buds with wheat, water the flowers with vegetables", and topdressing the coated rape with moss fertilizer in time to increase pods and weight. In South China, this period is the time to raise seedlings of double-season early rice, so it is necessary to sow in sunny days.
In ancient times, rain was also divided into three stages: "One stage was that Rex sacrificed fish; Second, wait for Hongyan to come; Third, wait for the grass to sprout. " This kind of solar otter starts fishing, and putting the fish on the shore is like being sacrificed first and then being eaten; Five days later, the geese flew back to the north from the south; In five days, the vegetation will rise in the spirit of the sun in the spring rain and begin to sprout. This land has gradually formed a thriving scene.
Before and after this solar term, the weather changes abnormally, and the cold waves all year round seem to appear at this time. The change of hot and cold and the weather that turns warm and cold at first do great harm to crop greening and people's health. At this time, we should pay special attention to the cold and antifreeze work of crops, especially greenhouse vegetables.
Spring thunder sprouted-startled.
Awakening of Insects
Shock refers to awakening animals that are dormant and hibernating on the land. There is an obvious weather change before and after this solar term, that is, spring thunder gradually appears. This explains why hibernating animals are awakened. Not only does spring thunder appear, but the temperature, especially the ground temperature, is also rising during this period. At this time, the earth has reached 345 degrees of the yellow meridian of the sun, usually from March 4 to 7 every year.
When people are "shocked", there is a feeling that "a spring thunder on the flat ground awakens everything to sleep, flowers and trees compete for green, and mountains and rivers will want to change their makeup". At this time, stepping into the field, the wheat seedlings have begun to appear blue, and the mountains are near the water. It can be seen that the grass is far away but there is no trace, and the roadside flowers want to vomit. In ancient times, there were three stages of fright: "When the peach blossoms first opened; Second, wait for the sound of Cang Geng (Huang Li); Three waiting eagles turned into pigeons. " It means that it is the season of peach blossom red, plum blossom white, orioles singing and swallows coming, and most areas have entered spring ploughing. "Twenty-four solar terms" said: "February Festival, everything vibrates, and when it vibrates, it thunders, so it is called thunder. It's an escaped cockroach. "Tao Yuanming said in a poem:" In the spring rain, the east corner began to thunder, and everyone was lurking, and the vegetation was comfortable. "
It was a sunny day in September. The temperature rose rapidly and the rain gradually increased. At this time, the average temperature in most parts of the country has risen above 0℃, the average temperature in North China and South China has reached 3℃ ~ 8℃, and the average temperature in Southwest China and South China has reached 10℃ ~ 15℃. Since ancient times, the working people in our country have attached great importance to the fright and regarded it as the solar term at the beginning of spring ploughing. There is a saying in the Tang Dynasty: "A light rain brings new flowers, and thunder starts. Tian Jia was idle for a few days, and farming began. " There is also "spring ploughing can't rest, after the scare festival" and "nine flowers bloom, and farm work comes together." Agricultural proverb.
"Shocking without harrowing the ground is like steaming steamed bread", which is the experience of people in northern China in preventing drought and preserving moisture. During this period, North China began to grow green, but the soil was still frozen and thawed alternately, so timely harrowing was an important measure to reduce water evaporation. On the other hand, in Jiangnan, wheat has been jointing and rape has begun to blossom. Therefore, the demand for water and fertilizer has increased, and topdressing should be done in time, and irrigation should be properly carried out in dry and rainy places. There is abundant rain in some parts of the south, which can meet the water demand of crop growth, but attention should be paid to prevent wet damage. As the saying goes, "It is better to dump manure than to plow three pipes in wheat fields", and "If you want to harvest rapeseed, you must be diligent in managing furrows". It can be seen that it is very important to clean ditches and drain water.
In the meantime, South China should pay close attention to early rice sowing and do a good job in cold prevention. As the temperature rises, tea trees gradually begin to sprout. Necessary construction and "accelerating germination fertilizer" can promote its multi-branch and multi-leaf, and increase tea yield. Fruit trees should also pay attention to fertilization before flowering at this time. During the period of fright, warm climate conditions are conducive to the occurrence and spread of many diseases and insect pests, and weeds in the field also germinate. Therefore, pest control and intertillage weeding should be done in time. "Peach blossoms bring swine fever", and attention should also be paid to the epidemic prevention of poultry and livestock.
Equal division of day and night-vernal equinox
Spring Equinox
The vernal equinox is usually in late March. In ancient times, it was also called "Japan, China and Japan", "Day and night" and "Mid-spring Moon". It is celebrated around March 21(20th to 22nd) every year. The lunar calendar date is not fixed, and the sun reaches 0 degrees. Since then, the temperature has obviously risen (called northern beginning of spring in meteorology), and the day and night time is basically half. If you look closely, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west during this period.
In ancient times, the vernal equinox was also divided into three stages: "Yuan birds arrived in time; Second, wait for Lei Nai to make a sound; Third, wait for electricity. " It means that after the vernal equinox, swallows will fly back from the south; When it rains, thunder in the sky will be accompanied by lightning.
With the arrival of the "vernal equinox", people obviously feel that the morning comes early, giving people engaged in agriculture a sense of urgency in time. At this time, in phenology, poplars are blooming, willow branches are green, and wheat in the field is also rising, which can be described as a moment of spring. As the saying goes, spring struggles against the sun and summer, blaming yourself for missing the farming season. People are required to get rid of the joyful winter vacation and the unfinished mental state some time ago. At the same time, it reminds people that if the time in beginning of spring has passed half since the "beginning of spring", they should devote themselves to intense productive labor as soon as possible.
During the vernal equinox, the average temperature in all parts of the country reached above 0℃ stably, except in alpine regions and high latitudes, and the temperature rose rapidly. Especially in North China and Huanghuai Plain, the average daily temperature rose to above 10℃ almost at the same time as that in rainy areas along the Yangtze River and south of the Yangtze River, and entered a bright spring. On the vast land, the shore is green, the grass grows in Fei Ying, the wheat is jointing, the rape blossoms are fragrant, the peach blossoms are red, Li Bai is welcoming the spring, and the yellow is yellow. At this time, South China is already a scene in late spring.
Judging from the climate law, the precipitation in Jiangnan increased rapidly at this time and entered the period of "peach blossom flooding"; However, the precipitation in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China is less, and the drought relief work in these areas is very prominent. "Wheat rises at the vernal equinox, and every moment is worth 1000 yuan." In areas with little rain in the north, we should pay close attention to spring irrigation, water saving and jointing fertilization, and pay attention to preventing late frost and freezing injury; The south needs drainage and flood prevention.
Early rice seedling raising in Jiangnan area and early rice seedling raising in Jianghuai area have started, and the weather changes frequently, so we should pay attention to cold air. As the saying goes, "A cold tail warms the head, so don't worry about transplanting rice." At this time, reasonable sowing should be carried out according to the weather conditions. At this time, quick-acting fertilizer should be applied to spring tea in time to prevent pests and ensure the quality of tea.
Welcome the festival in March-Qingming
Qingming Festival
Qingming is generally located in early April. Among the 24 solar terms, only Qingming is both a solar term and a festival. Tomb-Sweeping Day was also called March Festival in ancient times, and the Gregorian calendar was called Tomb-Sweeping Day from April 4th to 6th every year. As a festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day is different from pure solar terms. Solar terms are symbols of phenological changes and seasonal order in China, while festivals contain certain customs and activities, which have certain commemorative significance.
At this time, the climate is getting warmer, plants are sprouting, the sky is clear and everything is thriving. "When I was 100 questions" said: "Everything grows clean and bright at this time. So it is called Qingming. " This means that Qingming comes, the temperature rises and the rainfall increases, which is a good time for spring ploughing and sowing. Therefore, there are agricultural proverbs such as "before and after Qingming, point melons and plant beans" and "planting trees, not crossing Qingming". It can be seen that this solar term is closely related to agricultural production. "Qingming" season, the spring breeze and joy, full of spring, in its environment, but see the beautiful spring, picturesque spring, but also Qian Shan beautiful, magnificent, lush, relaxed and happy lively feeling. During the Qingming Festival, people often go out together, or go for an outing or stroll in the fields, or face the stream; Or climb mountains or enjoy trees. Those who are interested will even set up shelves and swing, fly kites and even take their wives and daughters to dig shepherd's purse in the wild. If it rains this day, it is another matter. People will think of "wet clothes, apricot flowers and rain, blowing cold willows"; "It rains in the Qingming period, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy points to Xinghua Village "; Poems such as "Four hundred and eighty halls in southern dynasties, misty rain and terraced fields" describe spring, which makes people feel infinite charm. State organs, schools and organizations also organize the masses to mourn, mourn and sweep the revolutionary martyrs in cemeteries and cemeteries during this solar term. Farmers often have the custom of paying homage to their ancestors. In the scene of Tomb-Sweeping Day's sacrifice, the azaleas were dyed red with tears, and the scene of children laughing at the lamp at night came into view from time to time.
The rain produced hundreds of valleys-Grain Rain.
Grain Rain
Grain Rain is generally located in late April, that is, from April 19 to April 2 1 day every year. Grain Rain means "Rain gives birth to hundreds of valleys". At this time, the rainfall in nature began to increase, which was very beneficial to the growth of cereal crops. Twenty-four solar terms: "In mid-March, after the rain, the earth's paste pulsates, and now it rains its valley in water. Rain is silent, just like the rain in my field. At this time, cover the valley and sow, from top to bottom. " Many crops were planted before and after this solar term. As the saying goes, Grain Rain planted cotton before, and Grain Rain planted beans after. Mild weather and increased rainfall have great influence on the growth and development of cereal crops, which is beneficial to the greening and sowing of crops. The so-called "rain gives birth to hundreds of valleys" vividly embodies the significance of modern agricultural climate of "Grain Rain".
Ancient Grain Rain is also divided into three stages: "The first stage is when Ping was born; The second time, the cuckoo blows feathers; The third is that Dai Sheng fell to Sang. " It means that duckweed began to grow during this period, and then cuckoo began to remind people to sow. Finally, Dai Sheng bird can be seen on mulberry trees. There is a saying in the agricultural proverb: "Before Grain Rain, cotton was well planted", and there is another saying: "Grain Rain doesn't grow flowers, and his heart crawls like a crab". Cotton farmers regard Grain Rain Festival as an indicator of cotton planting, and make proverbs, which are passed down from generation to generation. Most weather proverbs of Grain Rain Festival revolve around the center of rain but no rain, such as "Grain Rain is gloomy, it rains in summer", "Grain Rain rains, and there is no dry soil for forty-five days" and so on. There are solar terms in Grain Rain, such as high temperature and frequent rainy days, which will cause the occurrence and prevalence of diseases and insect pests of three wheat crops. According to the weather changes, do a good job in the prevention and control of pests and diseases of three wheat crops.
Before and after Grain Rain, the temperature was stable, the weather was generally warmer, and the rainfall increased obviously. During this period, rain is beneficial to the growth of overwintering crops and the germination and emergence of spring sowing seeds. However, too much rain or severe drought will often cause harm and affect the later yield. In addition, the Grain Rain Festival is also a period of great temperature difference between China and Japan in a year. Sometimes it is hot, and sometimes strong cold air goes south, resulting in severe cooling and even disastrous weather such as hail. This poses a certain threat to the maturity and spring sowing of wheat and rape.